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Natural Bitumen in Hot Asphalt Mixture: Suitability of Using Treated Natural Bitumen Instead of Petroleum Asphalt Binder
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In recent years, the search for economic and environmentally friendly alternatives has become a global necessity to achieve sustainability and preserve raw materials. From this concept, natural bitumen (NB) derived from sulphur springs is now one of the most promising alternative energy resources for many applications, especially in asphalt pavement construction. Its low price and abundance characterise NB since sulphur springs produce thousands of tonnes of NB annually and are used in very limited fields. Two main objectives were adopted for this work. The first objective is to examine the virgin NB properties from five sulphur springs and compare them with petroleum asphalt. The second objective is to enhance NB properties by applying heat treatment. The experimental results reveal that heat treatment is highly effective in improving the NB properties. This was confirmed by conducting many tests, such as asphalt, Marshall, SEM-EDX, and indirect tensile strength tests. Based on the experimental test outcomes, virgin NB properties do not conform to asphalt specification limits and are unsuitable for flexible roads. Also, MS-NB significantly affected the mechanical properties of the asphalt mixture, as Marshall's stability increased by 41.3% compared to the conventional mixture. In addition, SS-NB was more effective in moisture damage resistance due to increasing the tensile strength ratio by 5.72 % and provided a higher stiffness index than the conventional mixture by 40.36%. In conclusion, the treated NB can successfully be used as a binder material in hot asphalt mixtures. ABSTRAK: Beberapa tahun kebelakangan, pencarian alternatif baharu ekonomi dan mesra alam telah menjadi satu keperluan global bagi mencapai kemampanan dan memelihara bahan mentah. Melalui konsep ini, bitumen asli (NB) yang diperoleh daripada mata air sulfur kini merupakan satu sumber tenaga alternatif yang berguna bagi digunakan dalam pelbagai aplikasi, terutamanya dalam pembinaan turapan asfalt. NB dicirikan oleh harga yang rendah dan kelimpahannya kerana mata air sulfur menghasilkan beribu-ribu tan NB setiap tahun dan digunakan dalam bidang terhad. Dua objektif utama telah dipakai untuk kajian ini. Objektif pertama adalah memeriksa sifat NB dara daripada lima mata air sulfur dan membandingkannya dengan asfalt petroleum. Objektif kedua adalah meningkatkan sifat NB dengan menggunakan rawatan haba. Dapatan eksperimen mendedahkan bahawa rawatan haba sangat berkesan dalam meningkatkan sifat NB. Ini disahkan dengan menjalankan pelbagai ujian, seperti ujian asfalt, ujian Marshall, ujian SEM-EDX, dan ujian kekuatan tegangan tidak langsung. Berdasarkan dapatan eksperimen, sifat NB dara tidak mematuhi had spesifikasi asfalt dan tidak sesuai untuk jalan fleksibel.  Selain itu, MS-NB mempunyai kesan ketara pada sifat mekanikal campuran asfalt kerana kestabilan Marshalls meningkat sebanyak 41.3% berbanding campuran konvensional. Tambahan, SS-NB lebih berkesan dalam rintangan kerosakan lembapan kerana meningkatkan nisbah kekuatan tegangan sebanyak 5.72 % dan memberikan indeks kekukuhan yang lebih tinggi daripada campuran konvensional sebanyak 40.36%. Kesimpulannya, NB yang dirawat boleh berjaya digunakan sebagai bahan pengikat dalam campuran asfalt panas.

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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2026
Journal Name
Rsc Advances
Green biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles by <i>Ralstonia insidiosa</i> which demonstrate effectiveness against human cancer cells, <i>Candida</i> species and multidrug-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>
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Green biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles from Ralstonia insidiosa show potent activity against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii , pathogenic Candida spp. and human prostate cancer cells.

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Publication Date
Fri Aug 15 2025
Journal Name
Baghdad Science Journal
Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity and Antioxidant Studies of New Metal Ion Complexes Based on (E)-4-((benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylimino)methyl)-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenylpyrazolidin-3-one
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Publication Date
Sun Jan 01 2023
Journal Name
International Journal Of Physiology, Nutrition And Physical Education
The effect of effort perception training according to race speed rhythm control for developing speed endurance, adapting maximum heart rate, and achieving 3000 m running/hurdles for men
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Publication Date
Thu Jan 01 2015
Journal Name
Chemistry And Materials Research
Synthesis, Physico-Chemical and Antimicrobial Activities Co(II),Ni (II) ,Cu(II), Zn(II),Cd(II) and Hg(II) Mixed- Ligand Complexes of L- Alanine and Trimethoprim Antibiotic
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The Co (II), Ni (II) ,Cu(II), Zn(II) ,Cd(II) and Hg(II) complexes of mixed of amino acid (L-Alanine ) and Trimethoprim antibiotic were synthesized. The complexes were characterized using melting point, conductivity measurement and determination the percentage of the metal in the complexes by flame (AAS). Magnetic susceptibility, Spectroscopic Method [FTIR and UV-Vis]. The general formula have been given for the prepared mixed ligand complexes [M(Ala)2(TMP)(H2O)] where L- alanine (abbreviated as (Ala ) = (C5H9NO2) deprotonated primary ligand, L- Alanine ion .= (C5H8NO2 -) Trimethoprim (abbreviated as (TMP ) = C10H11N3O3S M(II) = Co (II),Ni(II) ,Cu(II), Zn(II) ,Cd(II) and Hg(II). The results showed that the deprotonated L- Alanine by KOH (Ala

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Publication Date
Wed Jan 25 2012
Journal Name
Synthesis, Characterization And Antibacterial Activities Of Some Metal (ii) Heterocyclic Polyamine Complexes With 6,6'-(1,4-phenylenebis(azanediyl) Bis(2- Amino-6-methyl-6h-1,3-oxazin-4-ol) Ligand.
Synthesis, characterization and Antibacterial activities of some metal (II) heterocyclic polyamine complexes with 6,6'-(1,4-phenylenebis(azanediyl) bis(2-amino-6-methyl-6H-1,3-oxazin-4-ol) ligand.
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Publication Date
Tue Jan 01 2013
Journal Name
Advances In Physics Theories And Applications
Adsorption Study of Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1,2-diylidenebis(methan-1-yl-1-ylidene) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] on Granulated Initiated Calcined Iraqi Montmorillonite via Columnar Method.
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The adsorption ability of Iraqi initiated calcined granulated montmorillonite to adsorb Symmetrical Schiff Base Ligand 4,4’-[hydrazine-1, 2-diylidenebis (methan-1-yl-1-ylidene)) bis (2-methoxyphenol)] derived from condensation reaction of hydrazine hydrate and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, from aqueous solutions has been investigated through columnar method.The ligand (H2L) adsorption found to be dependent on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and contact time.All columnar experiments were carried out at three different pH values (5.5, 7and 8) using buffer solutions at flow rate of (3 drops/ min.),at room temperature (25±2)°C. The experimental isotherm data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin equations. The monol

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Publication Date
Fri Jul 29 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of Environmental Science And Health, Part A
Comparing the efficiency of N-doped TiO<sub>2</sub> and commercial TiO<sub>2</sub> as photo catalysts for amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin photo-degradation under solar irradiation
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Publication Date
Thu Nov 27 2025
Journal Name
Frontiers In Robotics And Ai
Design of modified fractional-order PID controller for lower limb rehabilitation exoskeleton robot based on an improved elk herd hybridized with grey wolf and multi-verse optimization algorithms
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Rehabilitation robots are widely recognized as vital for restoring motor function in patients with lower-limb impairments. A Modified Fractional-Order Proportional-Integral-Derivative (MFOPID) controller is proposed to improve trajectory tracking of a 2-DoF Lower Limb Rehabilitation Exoskeleton Robot (LLRER). The classical FOPID is augmented with a modified control formulation by which steady-state error is reduced and the transient response is sharpened. Controller gains and fractional orders were tuned offline using a hybrid metaheuristic Improved Elk Herd Optimization hybridized with Grey Wolf and Multi-Verse Optimization algorithms (IElk-GM) so that exploration and exploitation are balanced. Superiority over the classical FOPID

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 05 2017
Journal Name
Chemical Engineering Communications
Microwave-assisted preparation of mesoporous-activated carbon from coconut (<i>Cocos nucifera</i>) leaf by H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>activation for methylene blue adsorption
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Publication Date
Mon Jul 29 2024
Journal Name
Reviews In Inorganic Chemistry
Antituberculosis, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of Schiff base derived from 2,3-diaminophenazine moiety and its metal(II) complexes: structural elucidation, computational aspects, and biological evaluation
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Abstract<p>Enticed by the present scenario of infectious diseases, four new Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Cd(II) complexes of Schiff base ligand were synthesized from 6,6′-((1E-1′E)(phenazine-2,3-dielbis(azanylidene)-bis-(methanylidene)-bis-(3-(diethylamino)phenol)) (<bold>H</bold> <sub> <bold>2</bold> </sub> <bold>L</bold>) to ascertain as effective drug for antituberculosis, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities. The organic ligand and its metal(II) complexes were characterized by numerous physical and spectroscopic methods, which showed that the</p> ... Show More
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