Leishmaniosis is a parasitic infection spreads to humans by sand flies. Over 20 different species of Leishmania are responsible for the disease, which infect over 14 million people around the world. Chemotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for leishmaniosis, however it is restricted by the high cost and/or toxicity. In this study, the possible effect of artemisinin (ART) was detected on intracellular amastigotes of Iraqi strain of Leishmania donovani in ex vivo condition in U937 macrophage cell line. Gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in U937 macrophage was investigated, before and after treatment with artemisinin. Kinetic result by real-time PCR demonstrated that the iNOS expression folding reached the maximum at concentration of 500 μM after 24 hours, at 750 μM after 48 hours and at 1000 μM after 72 hours, which was 56, 11, and 6, respectively. The copy number of iNOS gene expression was also significantly higher in treated infected U937 cells compared to both non-treated-infected cells and intact macrophages, under different concentration of ART along the three times of follow-up. Moreover, stained macrophages with fluorescent DAPI proved that the percentage of intracellular infective amastigotes was decreased to the minimum in treated U937 cells, in comparison to non-treated cells. The minimal amastigote-invasion percentage was recorded at 1000 μM, which was 26%, 27%, 21% compared to 61%, 87%, 75% in untreated cells after 24, 48, 72 hours respectively. These findings demonstrated ART positive efficacy against iNOS expression and this compound can be further studied as novel therapeutic rather than toxic available chemotherapies.
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The H-Point Standard Addition Method (H-PSAM) has been applied for spectrophotometric simultaneous determination of Cimetidine and Erythromycin ethylsuccinate using Bromothymol Blue (BTB) as a chromogenic complexing agent in a buffer solution at pH 5.5.
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In the current work, the mixing ratios ( 𝛿 ) of gamma transitions were calculated from energy levels in the isotopes neodymium 60𝑁𝑎 142−150 populated in the 60Nd 142− 150 (n, n ˊγ) 60Nd 142− 150 using the 𝑎2 ratio method. We used the experimental coefficient (𝑎2 ) for two γ-transitions from the initial state itself, the statistical tensor 𝜌2(𝐽𝑖), associated with factor 𝑎2 , would be the same for the two transitions. The results obtained are in good agreement or within the experimental error with -those previously published. And existing contradictions resulting from inaccuracies in the empirical results of previous work. The current results confirm that the , 𝑎2 − method is used to calculate th
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The research aims to determine the strength of the relationship between time management and work pressure and administrative leadership, where he was taken a sample of (47) of the administrative leadership at the Higher Institute of security and administrative development in the Ministry of Interior was used questionnaire as a key tool in collecting data and information and analyzed the answers to the sample surveyed by using Statistical program (spss) in the arithmetic mean of the calculation and test (t) and the correlation coefficient, the research found the most important results: the existence of significant moral positive relationship between both time management and work pressure and administrative leadership, the leadership of th
... Show MoreEducation by lectures has been standard for 100 years or more. Given the 21st century technology, people can connect with others around the world instantly, electronically. With the pandemic, teaching changed to one-way information transfer with the loss of interpersonal learning experience. SNI® and now SNI Digital™ have been experimenting with different forms of communication to transfer information.
Using an interactive education model, a meeting for neurosurgeons in Baghdad was held for students, residents, and neurosurgeons
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In this research the Inter-Particle Expectation Values have been studied for atomics Helium (He) and Beryllium (Be) also for He-like ions, Be-like ions (Li-1, B+1? Li+1, Be+2, B+3) by using Hartree-Fock wave functions, We compared the results to some ions which have the same atomic number from each group with atomic number, We compared the results with published calculations to the last studied .
Experimental densities, viscosities η, and refractive indices nD data of the ternary ethanol+ n-hexane + 3-methyl pentane system have been determined at temperatures 293.15,303.15 and 313.15 K and at atmospheric pressure then these properties were calculated theoretically by using mixing rules for densities, viscosities and refractive indices .After that the theoretical data and the experimental data were compared due to the high relative errors in viscosities an equation of viscosity was proposed to decrease the relative errors.
This research concentrate on cultivated Iraqi Agave attenuata dried leaves and roots, because of little studies on this plant especially on the root that lead to the eager of study and comparison of phytochemical constituents between leaves and root. Extraction of bioactive constituents was carried out using several solvents with increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol) by soxhlet apparatus. Steroidal saponins in Agave genus is well documented in many species, lightening the minds in this research on extraction method which is specific for steroidal saponins. Phytochemical screening was done by GC/MS for n-hexane fraction, qualitative and quantitative estimation of several bioactive constituents (caffe
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