Experimental Study on the Performance of Gradient Pores Density Metal Foam in a Rectangular Channel

Mohammed H. Hasan; Raed G. Saihood

doi:10.1002/htj.23248

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Publication Date

Tue Apr 08 2025

Journal Name

Heat Transfer

Volume

54

Issue Number

3

DOI

10.1002/htj.23248

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Experimental Study on the Performance of Gradient Pores Density Metal Foam in a Rectangular Channel

Mohammed H. Hasan

Raed G. Saihood

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ABSTRACTVarious approaches are employed to enhance the heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number inside the channels. One of the techniques employed for these enhancements is the utilization of porous media. In the current article, a practical investigation of forced convection heat transfer in a rectangular cross‐section channel (0.05 × 0.1 m2) with 0.25 m length is conducted. A heater with a heat flux range (450–6000 W/m2) is imposed under a copper plate, and the other sides are covered by insulation layers. The air is considered as a working fluid with <italic>Re</italic> (600–2100). The test section is fully filled with gradient pores per inch (PPI) metal foam by taking three different pores densities PPI (10, 20, and 40 PPI) and studying its effects on the temperature of copper plate, the local heat transfer coefficient, average Nusselt number, pressure drop, friction factor, and the performance factor. Three cases were studied inside the channel: one empty case and two with gradient pore density case A (40–20–10) PPI and case B (10–20–40) PPI. The results showed that inserting the metal foam inside the channel improves <italic>h</italic> and <italic>Nu</italic>. Case B appeared the best of this improvement in <italic>h</italic> and <italic>Nu</italic> by 12% and 25%, respectively, compared with that in case A. While the friction factor was the same for two cases A and B. So, the performance factor in case B showed an improvement of around 25% and 50% in comparison to case A and the empty case, respectively.

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Publication Date

Thu Jan 01 2026

Journal Name

Chalcogenide Letters

Structural and Optical Properties of Cu2ZnSn(S1−xSex)4 Nanostructures Thin Film for Photovoltaic Applications

Cu2 ZnSn(S1−x Se x)4 thin film

energy gap

dielectric constant

extinction coefficient

refractive index

Bushra A.

Ameer J.

Ahmad A.

Yasser A.

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Copper zinc tin sulfide selenide, Cu2 ZnSn(S1−x Se x)4 , absorbers are promising earth-abundant and environmentally benign materials for low-cost photovoltaic applications. This study investigates the structural and optical properties of Cu 2 ZnSn(S1−x Se x)4 nanostructured thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition using melt-quenched targets with selenium compositions x = 0.0–1.0. X-ray diffraction revealed that films with low selenium content remained amorphous, whereas higher selenium incorporation promoted the formation of polycrystalline kesterite–stannite phases with preferred orientations along (112), (200), (220), and (312). The crystallite size increased from 12.3 to 17.9 nm as selenium reached x = 1.0, indicating enha

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