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LEGAL RULES GOVERNING THE DURATION OF THE CONTRACT IN ITS PERIOD OF FORMATION (COMPARATIVE LEGAL STUDY)
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The duration of the contract is a legal term first provided for in French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016, and given the increasing importance of time in contracts, we have chosen to study the legal rules governing time at the formative stage by drawing on changes in French law compared to both Iraqi and Egyptian laws. Article 1102 of French Amendment Decree No. 131/2016 stipulates that: "Everyone is free to contract or not to contract, to choose the person with whom he contracts, and to determine the content and form of the contract within the limits established by law." Contractual freedom does not permit a breach of the rules relating to public order), as well as article 1104, which provides for (contracts must be negotiated, concluded and executed in good faith) and combined with article 1210 of the same decree, in which the provision was opened (prohibition of life-long obligations), the legal principles controlling the contract are the principle of contractual freedom[i], which is limited by public order[ii], as well as the principle of good faith[iii] and the principle of prohibition of life-long obligations. Since the principle of contractual freedom and the principle of good faith do not attach to the duration of the contract, there was no room for their consideration in the study other than the principle of prohibition of life-long obligations.   [i] The principle of contractual freedom dominates the stage of contract formation, rather it is the cornerstone of the law of obligations, (Lauriane Hauchard) https://www.lepetitjuriste.fr/laffirmation-de-liberte-contractuelle the will alone has the power to create the contract and determine its effects. The tendency of the will to create a legal effect is called a legal act, which is either the union of two wills - or more - and this is the contract, or it is a single will, and this is the singular will like a binding offer and a will. Dr. Hammad Shield, the General Theory of Obligations - Part One Sources of Commitment, Dar Al-Sanhoury, Beirut, 2016, p. 32. [ii] (The consequences of implementing the idea of ​​public order within the framework of contractual relations concluded within the scope of civil law are the invalidity of legal actions violating the rules of public order) dr. Hussein Abdullah Al-Kalabi, Public order as an obstacle to the application of foreign law, a collection of unpublished lectures delivered to master’s students for the academic year 2019-2020, College of Law, University of Baghdad, and paraphrases the idea by saying (the idea of public order is the effective tool for curbing the power of will and preserving the higher interests of society), Dr. Hussein Abdullah Al-Kalabi, The Decadal Public System, a comparative study, Dar Al-Sanhouri, Edition 1, Beirut, 2016, p.9. [iii] Good faith is a general legal presumption, so the judiciary presupposes good faith always, although the legislator did not presuppose good faith except in certain places. Dr. Abdul Razzaq Al-Sanhoury, Al-Wasit, Volume 2, Margin pg 600.

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 01 2026
Journal Name
Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery
Surgical outcomes and challenges in spinal cord tumor resection: a comparative study of elderly vs. young patients
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Publication Date
Thu Dec 05 2024
Journal Name
Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care
A comparative study between tongue thickness measured by ultrasonography and thyromental distance in anticipation of difficult intubation
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Background & objective: Difficult intubation remains a risk for patients undergoing general anesthesia (GA) or mechanical ventilation in an intensive care unit (ICU). Macroglossia is a known factor for difficult intubation. But it is not routine to assess the tongue size to predict difficult intubation. Studies are found deficient in comparing usefulness of measuring thyromental distance and the tongue thickness (TT) measured by ultrasonography to estimate difficult intubation. We compared tongue thickness measured by ultrasonography and thyromental distance as a means to anticipate difficult intubation. Methodology: A convenient sample of 60 patients; 32 males and 28 females, who were undergoing elective surgery with GA were i

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Publication Date
Mon Dec 21 2015
Journal Name
Al-mustansiriyah Journal Of Science
A comparative Study of Adiponectin and Oxidative Stress (malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite) levels in Iraqi Patients with Acromegaly
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The aim of this study is to find a relationship between oxidative stress and adiponectin in Iraqi patients with acromegaly. The present study included 30 patients with acromegaly disease attending at Al-Yarmuk teaching hospital , and 30 healthy individuals as a control group.The two groups with ages ranging (30-55) years. The results revealed a highly significant elevation in all parameters (GH,IGF-1 , adiponectin , malondialdehyde , and peroxynitrite ) levels in sera of patients when compared with healthy control .It can be concluded that oxidative stress (malondialdehyde and peroxynitrite ) may be valuable in detecting of endocrine diseases like acromegaly .

Publication Date
Mon Dec 21 2020
Journal Name
International Journal Of Environmental Analytical Chemistry
Comparative study of embedded functionalised MWCNTs and GO in Ultrafiltration (UF) PVC membrane: interaction mechanisms and performance
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Publication Date
Tue Sep 27 2022
Journal Name
Al–bahith Al–a'alami
CREATIVITY IN THE TELEVISION ADVERTISING MESSAGE AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS IN ATTRACTING THE ATTENTION OF THE RECIPIENT: (A research drawn from a Degree thesis)
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Declaration has become today has an important and active and influential role in the recipient public life، and are concentrated advertising on the creativity component manufacture to attract his attention toward what to be announced from a variety products، and is dominated by television commercials tempo and imagination، and display them a variety of ways catches the attention and an impressive simulates the their senses of hearing and sight، to influence in the receiver and the public paid for purchase.

Through it crystallization the subject of our research on the importance of creativity in television advertising and effective for attracting the attention of the publi

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 20 2007
Journal Name
Journal Of Physical Education
The effect of high-intensity interval training (using weights) during the special preparation period on functional variables among junior basketball players
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This study is concerned with the comparison of the results of some tests of passing and dribbling of the basketball of tow different years between teams of chosen young players in Baghdad. Calculative methods were used namely (Arithmetic mean, Value digression and T.test for incompatible specimens). After careful calculative treatments, it has been that there were abstract or no abstract differences in the find results of chestpass, highdribble and cross-over dribble. The clubs were: (Al-Khark, Air defence, Police and Al-Adamiyah) each one separate from the other for the year (2000-2001). After all that many findings were reached such as the lack of objective valuation (periodical tests) between one sport season and the other. In the light

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Publication Date
Sun Oct 31 2021
Journal Name
Iraqi Geological Journal
Optimizing Water Injection Performance by Using Sector Modeling of the Mishrif Formation in West Qurna-1 Oil Field, Southern Iraq
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The regular job of a reservoir engineer is to put a development plan to increase hydrocarbon production as possible and within economic and technical considerations. The development strategy for the giant reservoir is a complex and challenging task through the decision-making analysis process. Due to the limited surface water treatment facility, the reservoir management team focuses on minimizing water cut as low as possible by check the flow of formation and injected water movement through the Mishrif reservoir. In this research, a representative sector was used to make the review of water injection configuration, which is considered an efficient tool to make study in a particular area of the entire field when compared with the ful

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Publication Date
Wed Sep 28 2022
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The Level of Aligning Scientific Research in Omani Universities with the Era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Light of Oman’s 2040 vision and the Ways of its Development
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The current research aims to reveal the reality of coping the scientific research in Omani universities in the Sultanate of Oman with the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the light of Oman’s 2040 vision. It also aims derive some suggestions to develop the scientific research in these institutions. The study has adopted a qualitative approach in which interviews were conducted. The sample consisted of (16) leaders of governmental and private higher education institutions, as well as, some experts in the field of Fourth Industrial Revolution. The theoretical significance of the study is represented by its response to Oman’s vison in 2040. It is further in line with the previous international reports and educational s

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Publication Date
Thu Sep 28 2023
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Computer, Communication, Control And System Engineering
A Comparative Study Between the Fragile and Robust Watermarking Techniques and Proposing New Fragile Watermarking with Embedded Value Technique
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Since the Internet has been more widely used and more people have access to multimedia content, copyright hacking, and piracy have risen. By the use of watermarking techniques, security, asset protection, and authentication have all been made possible. In this paper, a comparison between fragile and robust watermarking techniques has been presented to benefit them in recent studies to increase the level of security of critical media. A new technique has been suggested when adding an embedded value (129) to each pixel of the cover image and representing it as a key to thwart the attacker, increase security, rise imperceptibility, and make the system faster in detecting the tamper from unauthorized users. Using the two watermarking ty

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 12 2010
Journal Name
Journal Of Planner And Development
The stage of change and institution-building and its impact on the structure of housing policy in Iraq
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The research examines the reality of the housing sector in Iraq and the stage of change and institution-building, which is increasingly challenging to respond to development needs. The legal legislation in Iraq over the last five years indicates a significant shift towards decentralization, with powers and services being delegated from federal ministries to regional levels Localization and growth in cities and urban centers is an added factor that requires responses from local governments to strengthen the capacity of their institutions to engage in national policy debate at the re
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