<span lang="EN-US">Iraqi people have been without energy for nearly two decades, even though their geographic position provides a high intensity of radiation appropriate for the construction of solar plants capable of producing significant quantities of electricity. Also, the annual sunny hours in Iraq are between 3,600 to 4,300 hours which makes it perfect to use the photovoltaics arrays to generate electricity with very high efficiency compared to many countries, especially in Europe. This paper shows the amount of electric energy generated by the meter square of crystalline silicon in the photovoltaic (PV) array that already installed in 18 states in Iraq for each month of the year. The results of the meter-square of PV arr

In this article, the types of renewable energies and the environmental effects of consuming these energies are studied. Energy is one of the things necessary for economic and social development and improving the quality of life, and the presence of continuous and sustainable economic energy is essential for any economic development and growth. Humankind has been aware of renewable energies such as biomass and geothermal energy for a long time and has used these energies as heat sources for shelter. With the beginning of the extraction of fossil fuels such as oil and coal and unlimited access to these products, the use of renewable energy sources, except in remote places and forest areas, has become limited and forgotten. Currently in Iraq,

     This aims tackles the importance of the organizational energy of the hotel organizations that search the success in the business field to penetrate in the whole tourist markets, and to draw the policies and firm rules which must be framed with the administrative strategies that contributed in creativity and achievement the targets besides provide a future vision due to its position among the competitive henceforth achieving the activity. This is what the chapters tackle in the theoretical side. Also many general questions have been arisen to determinate the importance of the research and many other special questions that express the problem of the study. To limit the levels of study alter

As the temperature of combustion gases is higher than the melting temperature of the turbine materials, cooling of turbine parts in a gas turbine engine is necessary for safe operation. Cooling methods investigated in this computational study included cooling flow losses. Film-cooling is one typically used cooling method whereby coolant is supplied through holes passage, in present study the holes placed along the camber line of the blade. The subject of this paper is to evaluate the heat transfer that occur on the holes of blade through different
blowing coolant rates. The cases of this study were performed in a low speed wind tunnel with two tip gap at small and large (0.03 and 0.09cm) and multiple coolant flow rates through the fil

Conjugate heat transfer has significant implications on heat transfer characteristics, particularly in thick wall applications and small diameter pipes. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical investigation was carried out using commercial CFD software “ANSYS FLUENT” to study the influence of conjugate heat transfer of laminar flow in mini channels at constant heat flux wall conditions. Two parameters were studied and analyzed: the wall thickness and thermal conductivity and their effect on heat transfer characteristics such as temperature profile and Nusselt number. Thermal conductivity of (0.25, 10, 202, and 387) W/m²C and wall thickness of (1, 5, and 50) mm were used for a channel of (1*2) mm cross

Concrete filled steel tube (CFST) columns are being popular in civil engineering due to their superior structural characteristics. This paper investigates enhancement in axial behavior of CFST columns by adding steel fibers to plain concrete that infill steel tubes. Four specimens were prepared: two square columns (100*100 mm) and two circular columns (100 mm in diameter). All columns were 60 cm in length. Plain concrete mix and concrete reinforced with steel fibers were used to infill steel tube columns. Ultimate axial load capacity, ductility and failure mode are discussed in this study. The results showed that the ultimate axial load capacity of CFST columns reinforced with steel fibers increased by 28% and 20 % for circular and square c

Many of the signs that the global energy system indicate the start of a period of transition from total dependence on fossil energy sources, especially oil, into a new era in which alternative energy sources play an important role in meeting the growing needs of energy demand, so sought many of the developed countries through research the studies carried out to try to bring renewable energy sources and non-renewable (shale oil, oil sands, solar energy, wind energy .... etc) replace traditional fossil energy sources (oil, gas, coal) and despite the recent availability dramatically and spread throughout the the world, but they are going to dry up in the foreseeable future. So many countries, especially the developed sought to find

Crystalline In2O3 Thin films have been prepared by flash evaporation. We have studied the crystal structure of as deposited at 303K and annealed at 523K using X-ray diffraction. The Hall Effect measurements confirmed that electrons were predominant charges in the conduction process (i.e n-type).It is found that the absorption coefficient of the prepared films decreases with increasing Ta. The d.c conductivity study showed that the conductivity increase with increasing Ta , whereas the activation energy decreases with increasing Ta. Also we study the barrier tunneling diode for In2O3/Si heterostructure grown by Flash evaporation technique. (capacitance-voltage C-V) spectroscopy measurements were performed at 303 K and at the annealing temper

The optical energy gap(Eopt) and the width of the tails of localized states in the band gap (?E) for Se:2%Sb thin films prepared by thermal co-evaporation method as a function of annealing temperature are studied in the photon energy range ( 1 to 5.4)eV.Se2%Sb film was found to be indirect transition with energy gap of (1.973,2.077, 2.096, 2.17) eV at annealing temperature (295,370,445,520)K respectively. The Eopt and ?E of Se:2%Sb films as a function of annealing temperature showed an increase in Eopt and a decrease in ?E with increasing the annealing temperature. This behavior may be related to structural defects and dangling bonds.