Bacterial toxins are considered to be virulence factors due to the fact that they interfere with the normal processes of the host cell in which they are found. The interplay between the infectious processes of bacteria and the immune system is what causes this impact. In this discussion, we are going to focus on bacterial toxins that act in the extracellular environment, especially on those that impair the activity of macrophages and neutrophils. These toxins are of particular interest since they may be found in a wide variety of bacteria. We will be concentrating our efforts, in particular, on the toxins that are generated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These toxins are able to interact with and have an effect on the many different types of immune cells. We utilize the Shiga toxin, cholera toxin (CT), and pertussis toxin as examples of Gram-negative toxins (PT). As examples of Gram Positive toxins, we use Alpha toxin, anthrax toxin, and botulinum toxin (BONT). In total, we look at six different types of bacterial toxins. According to the findings of the study, Shiga toxins, which are associated with the production of cytokines, chemokines, and macrophages, might thus result in post-translational modification. The cholera toxin induced a mucosal response that was mediated by secretory IgA, whereas the pertussis toxin inhibited the migration of macrophages and interacted with phagocytosis. The process by which cells take in and digest foreign material is called phagocytosis. It was revealed that S. aureus bacteremia led to an increase in the number of Th17 cells, while at the same time alpha-toxin led to a decrease in the number of Th1 cells. The anthrax toxin inhibits the synthesis of cytokines and chemokines, both of which are involved in the inflammatory response. This, in turn, causes the death of macrophages by necrosis and apoptosis. When being treated with BoNT, it was found that cells produced elevated amounts of TNF and NO in a dose-dependent way. This was determined after the cells were exposed to BoNT. This was the conclusion reached.
Eleven yoghurt samples were collected from local markets in Baghdad to isolate Lactobacillus buchneri. Only 3 isolates of L. buchneri were found and the isolate No. 3 was the most producer of bacteriocin. Bacteriocin was adsorbed 100% onto silicic acid at pH 6.0-7.0. Below or above these pH values, adsorption was decreased, ranging between 35 and 90%. Therefore, pH 6.0 was used for the purification procedure. The purification procedure including silicic acid adsorption/desorption and cation-exchange chromatography (CEC) resulted in a 11.11 fold increase in the final specific activity of pure bacteriocin (1176.47 Au/mg) compared to the culture supernatant which was 32.64 Au/mg. The molecular weight was determined to be about 3.4 kDa. The bac
... Show MoreThe aim of this study to investigate the sexual harassment, prevention strategies, and the appropriate ways that tackle this phenomena. The current research consisted of four chapter; the first chapter gave a general introduction about the targeted topic followed by the problem of statement, the significance of study, study’s aims, and end with the limitations of study. The second section of chapter one referred to the common concepts of study. Third section addressed the previous studies that related to the current one. Chapter two concerned with the sexual violence against minors. It has four section; first section addressed number of concepts which related to sexual violence. The second section focused on the implications of sexual
... Show MoreIn addition to their high quantities of active chemicals, medicinal plants are well-known for their pharmacological qualities, which include immunological modulation. T Consequently, this study aimed to examine the effects of Avena sativa and Glycyrrhiza glabra leaf extracts on immunological responses as measured by blood cytokine and liver enzyme levels. The phytochemical analysis of Avena sativa crude leaf extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids,flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, and saponins but the absence of resins and violet oils. On the other hand, violet oils, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides were detected in significant concentration in Glycyrrhiza glabra ethanolic extract, although resins and phenolic compou
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Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) causes up to 40% mortality in humans and is difficult to treat. ARDS is also one of the major triggers of mortality associated with coronavirus-induced disease (COVID-19). We used a mouse model of ARDS induced by Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), which triggers 100% mortality, to investigate the mechanisms through which Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) attenuates ARDS. SEB was used to trigger ARDS in C3H mice. These mice were treated with THC and analyzed for survival, ARDS, cytokine storm, and metabolome. Additionally, cells isolated from the lungs were used to perform single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptome analysis. A database analysis of human COVID-19 patients was also performed t
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This paper proposes and studies an ecotoxicant system with Lotka-Volterra functional response for predation including prey protective region. The equilibrium points and the stability of this model have been investigated analytically both locally and globally. Finally, numerical simulations and graphical representations have been utilized to support our analytical findings
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New twin compounds having four-, five-, and seven- membered heterocyclic rings were synthesized via Schiff bases (1a,b) which were obtained by the condensation of o-tolidine with two moles of 4- N,N-dimethyl benzaldehyde or 4- chloro benzaldehyde. The reaction of these Schiff bases with two moles of phenyl isothiocyanate, phenyl isocyanate or naphthyl isocyanate as in scheme(1) led to the formation of bis -1,3- diazetidin- 2- thion and bis -1,3- diazetidin -2-one derivatives (2-4 a,b). While in scheme (2) bis imidazolidin-4-one (5a,b) ,bistetrazole (6a,b) and bis thiazolidin-4-one (7a,b) derivatives were produced by reacting the mentioned Schiff bases(1a,b)with two moles of glycine, sodium azide or thioglycolic acid, respectively. The new b
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G-system composed of three isolates G3 ( Bacillus),G12 ( Arthrobacter )and G27 ( Brevibacterium) was used to detect the mutagenicity of the anticancer drug, cyclophosphamide (CP) under conditions similar to that used for standard mutagen, Nitrosoguanidine (NTG). The CP effected the survival fraction of isolates after treatment for 15 mins using gradual increasing concentrations, but at less extent comparing to NTG. The mutagenic effect of CP was at higher level than that of NTG when using streptomycin as a genetic marker, but the situation was reversed when using rifampicin resistant as a report marker. The latter effect appeared upon recording the mutagen efficiency (ie., number of induced mutants/microgram of mutagen). Measuring the R
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During the course of fixed orthodontic therapy, patients should be instructed to eat specific food stuffs and beverages in order to maintain good health for the dentition and supporting structures and prevent frequent attachment debonding that prolong the treatment duration. After searching and collecting articles from 1930 till July 2021, the current review was prepared to emphasize various types of foods that should be taken during the course of fixed orthodontic therapy and to explain the effect of various food stuffs and beverages on the growth and development of craniofacial structures, tooth surfaces, root resorption, tooth movement, retention and stability after orthodontic treatment and the effect on the components of fixed ortho
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