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Development of two-step noncatalytic esterification of waste cooking oil for biodiesel preparation
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An innovative two-step noncatalytic esterifcation technique was proposed to synthesize alkyl esters from free fatty acids simulated in waste cooking oil, as a pretreatment process for biodiesel production, without adding any catalyst under normal conditions of pressure and temperature. The efect of methanol:oil molar ratio, reaction time, mixing rate, and reaction temperature were investigated. The results confrmed that the conversion of the reaction was increased when increasing the methanol molar ratio and decreased in prolonged reaction temperature. High conversion (94.545%) was successfully achieved at optimized conditions of 115:1, 65:1 methanol:oil molar ratio in the frst step and second step, respectively, other conditions in both steps were found to be 9 s reaction time, 450 rpm mixing rate, and 62 °C reaction temperature by response surface methodology central composite design. Noncatalytic esterifcation, which eliminates the complications corresponding with catalyst utilization such as additional cost, time-wasting, and separation requirements, could be considered as a promising pretreatment technique to reduce the high acidity of waste cooking oil to the acceptable limit of 1 mg KOH/g oil or less in two steps, for biodiesel synthesize.

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Publication Date
Wed Jun 27 2018
Journal Name
Journal Of The College Of Education For Women
The uses of Iraqi women for Facebook and innovation made from them
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The problem of research is to identify the uses of Iraqi women for Facebook and the motives of these uses and the innovations that have been achieved from them, in view of the increasing role-played by social networking sites in the lives of individuals in general and women in particular.The research seeks to identify the following: Identify the extent to which Iraqi women use Facebook and the usage motives and innovations achieved by the interviewees When they using Facebook. This study belongs to the descriptive studies that are interested in monitoring the characteristics of a particular phenomenon to identify its characteristics and characteristics.This study adopted the survey methodology to test the hypotheses of the study and how

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Publication Date
Wed Jul 20 2022
Journal Name
International Journal Of Health Sciences
Determination the optimal conditions for production of nanocellulose from acetic acid bacteria
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Bacteria could produce bacterial nanocellulose through a procedure steps: polymerization and crystallization, that occur in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, the residues of glucose polymerize to (β-1,4) lineal glucan chains that produced from bacterial cell extracellularly, these lineal glucan are converted to microfbrils, after that these microfbrils collected together to shape very pure three dimensional pored net. It could be obtained a pure cellulose that created by some M.O, from the one of the active producer organism like Acetic acid bacteria (AAB), that it is a gram -ve, motile and live in aerobic condition. The bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) have great consideration in many fields because of its flexible properties, features

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 01 2015
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
Using Nanoparticles for Enhance Thermal Conductivity of Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage
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Phase change materials (PCMs) such as paraffin wax can be used to store or release large amount of energy at certain temperature at which their solid-liquid phase changes occurs. Paraffin wax that used in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) has low thermal conductivity. In this study, the thermal conductivity of paraffin wax has been enhanced by adding different mass concentration (1wt.%, 3wt.%, 5wt.%) of (TiO2) nano-particles with about (10nm) diameter. It is found that the phase change temperature varies with adding (TiO2) nanoparticles in to the paraffin wax. The thermal conductivity of the composites is found to decrease with increasing temperature. The increase in thermal conductivity ha

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Publication Date
Mon Jun 19 2023
Journal Name
Journal Of Engineering
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS FOR BEHAVIOR OF PRECAST CONCRETE GIRDERS WITH CONNECTIONS
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This research presents experimental and theoretical investigation of 15 reinforced concrete spliced and nonspliced girder models. Splices of hooked dowels and cast in place joints, with or without strengthening steel plates were used. Post-tensioning had been used to enhance the splice strength for some spliced girders. The ANSYS computer program was used for analyzing the spliced and non-spliced girders. A nonlinear three dimensional element was used to represent all test girders. The experimental results have shown that for a single span girder using steel plate connectors in the splice zone has given a sufficient continuity to resist flexural stresses in this region. The experimental results have shown that the deflection of hooked do

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Publication Date
Sun Dec 12 2010
Journal Name
Journal Of Planner And Development
The effect of pedestrian roads in providing a comfortable environment for humans
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Planning of cities show great attention on streets planning as one of the most structural component foundations for cities, that providing many functional needs and connect parts of the city each other, and work as a commercial and services activities centers. Instead of this highly focused on distributing streets with different streets types such as economical and trading and housing streets. This concerned was only on the dimensions and scales of different types of vehicles and their movement. When scale and dimension and movement of mans were as a second priority in designing and planning streets. Which came's first for traditional streets. The research try to submit some designs guides for planners that contribute in re conce

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Publication Date
Sun Mar 30 2025
Journal Name
Studia Universitatis Babeș-bolyai Chemia
GREEN SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR CONCURRENT ESTIMATION OF PIROXICAM AND MEFENAMIC ACID MIXTURE
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Publication Date
Thu Nov 01 2018
Journal Name
Iraqi National Journal Of Nursing Specialties
Testing Bromocriptine Dose Necessary For Suppression of Lactation in Rats: Morphological Study
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Abstract: Objectives: The lowest dose of bromocriptine, necessary for suppression of lactation in rats, was estimated in this investigation. Methodology: Fifty healthy lactating rats were treated with different doses of bromocriptine. Cessation of lactation was assessed clinically and histologically. Results: Revealed that the lowest dose capable of lactation suppression is 4 mg bromocriptine / kg body wt. / day. It is very important to know the exact dose, which can suppress lactation in rats because these laboratory animals are commonly employed in experiments concerning this topic. Key words: Bromoci

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Publication Date
Thu Mar 30 2017
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-issn 1683 - 3597 E-issn 2521 - 3512)
Spectroscopic Study for Determination of Amoxicillin Using Cobalt(II) as Complexing Metal
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         This study includes analytical methods for the determination of the drug amoxicillin trihydrate (Amox.) in some pharmaceutical preparations using Cobalt ion (Co(II)) as complexing metal. The best conditions for complexation were: the reaction time was 20 minutes, pH=1.5 and the best temperature of reaction was 70 ËšC. Benzyl alcohol was the best solvent for extraction the complex.

Keywords: Amoxicillin, Cobalt(II), Complex, Molar ratio.

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Publication Date
Mon Sep 30 2013
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Chemical And Petroleum Engineering
Optimal Design of Cylinderical Ectrode Using Neural Network Modeling for Electrochemical Finishing
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The finishing operation of the electrochemical finishing technology (ECF) for tube of steel was investigated In this study. Experimental procedures included qualitative
and quantitative analyses for surface roughness and material removal. Qualitative analyses utilized finishing optimization of a specific specimen in various design and operating conditions; value of gap from 0.2 to 10mm, flow rate of electrolytes from 5 to 15liter/min, finishing time from 1 to 4min and the applied voltage from 6 to 12v, to find out the value of surface roughness and material removal at each electrochemical state. From the measured material removal for each process state was used to verify the relationship with finishing time of work piece. Electrochemi

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Publication Date
Mon Feb 04 2019
Journal Name
Iraqi Journal Of Physics
Rapid thermal oxidation of copper nanostructure thin film for solar cell fabrication
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In the present work is the deposition of copper oxide using the pulsed laser deposition technique using Reactive Pulsed Laser as a Deposition technique (RPLD), 1.064μm, 7 nsec Q-switch Nd-YAG laser with 400 mJ/cm2 laser energy’s has been used to ablated high purity cupper target and deposited on the porous silicon substrates recorded and study the effect of rapid thermal annealing on the structural characteristics, morphological, electrical characteristics and properties of the solar cell. Results of AFM likelihood of improved absorption, thereby reducing the reflection compared with crystalline silicon surface. The results showed the characteristics of the solar cell and a clear improvement in the efficiency of the solar cell in the

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