In this paper, a Modified Weighted Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (MW-LEACH) protocol is implemented to improve the Quality of Service (QoS) in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) with mobile sink node. The Quality of Service is measured in terms of Throughput Ratio (TR), Packet Loss Ratio (PLR) and Energy Consumption (EC). The protocol is implemented based on Python simulation. Simulation Results showed that the proposed protocol provides better Quality of Service in comparison with Weighted Low Energy Cluster Hierarchy (W-LEACH) protocol by 63%.

This investigation presents an experimental and analytical study on the behavior of reinforced concrete deep beams before and after repair. The original beams were first loaded under two points load up to failure, then, repaired by epoxy resin and tested again. Three of the test beams contains shear reinforcement and the other two beams have no shear reinforcement. The main variable in these beams was the percentage of longitudinal steel reinforcement (0, 0.707, 1.061, and 1.414%). The main objective of this research is to investigate the possibility of restoring the full load carrying capacity of the reinforced concrete deep beam with and without shear reinforcement by using epoxy resin as the material of repair. All be

This paper aims to study the biosorption for removal of lead, cadmium, copper and arsenic ions using algae as a biosorbent. A series of experiments were carried out to obtain the breakthrough data in a fluidized bed reactor. The minimum fluidization velocities of beds were found to be 2.27 and 3.64 mm/s for mish sizes of 0.4-0.6 and 0.6-1 mm diameters, respectively. An ideal plug flow model has been adopted to characterize the fluidized bed reactor. This model has been solved numerically using MATLAB version 6.5. The results showed a well fitting with the experimental data. Different operating conditions were varied: static bed height, superficial velocity and particle diameter. The breakthrough curves were plotted for each metal. Pb2+ s

In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to enhance the thermal performance of a double-pass solar air heater (SAH) using phase change material (PCM) for thermal storage at climatic conditions of Baghdad city - Iraq. The double-pass solar air heater integrated with thermal storage system was manufactured and tested to ensure that the air heating reserved after the absence of the sun. The rectangular cavity filled with paraffin wax was used as a latent heat storage and incorporated into the lower channel of solar air heater. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the charging and discharging characteristics of two similar designed solar air collectors with and without using phase change material at a constant

The problem of soil contamination is increased recently due to increasing the industrial wastes such as petroleum hydrocarbon, organic solvents, and heavy metals as well as maximizing the use of agricultural fertilizers. During this period, wide development of data collection methods, using remote sensing techniques in the field of soil and environment applications appear and state the suitable technique for remediation. This study deals with the application of remote sensing techniques in geoenvironmental engineering through a field spectral reflectance measurements at nine spots of naturally hydrocarbons contaminated soil in Al-Daura Refinery Company site which is located to the south west of Baghdad using radiometer device to get stan

Islamic shrines architecture is one of the Islamic Architectural building types. It is called (Thresholds); (Atabat) in Arabic. Thoroughbred throughout the Islamic world from the east to west. In addition, it carries the style features and peculiarities of uniqueness from the rest of the types of Islamic architecture. By virtue of the particularity of its function as tomb for important person in Islamic history. Islamic shrines architecture has grown and evolved in started from the small shrines, and then taken to widen with the evolution of time in line with the value of the event and the rituals associated with it. Some of them to became centers of large cities of the largest in many parts of the Islamic world.

The world is confronted with the twin crisis of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation caused by fossil fuel usage. Biodiesel produced from renewable feedstocks such as Jatropha seed oil or animal fats by transesterification offers a solution. Although biodiesel has been produced from various vegetable oils such as Jatropha seed oil, the reaction kinetics studies are very few in literature, hence the need for this study. Jatropha curcas seed oil was extracted and analyzed to determine its free fatty acid and fatty acid composition. The oil was transesterified with methanol at a molar ratio of methanol to oil 8:1, using 1% sodium hydroxide catalyst, at different temperature

An analytical approach based on field data was used to determine the strength capacity of large diameter bored type piles. Also the deformations and settlements were evaluated for both vertical and lateral loadings. The analytical predictions are compared to field data obtained from a proto-type test pile used at Tharthar –Tigris canal Bridge. They were found to be with acceptable agreement of 12% deviation.

               Following ASTM standards D1143M-07e1,2010, a test schedule of five loading cycles were proposed for vertical loads and series of cyclic loads to simulate horizontal loading .The load test results and analytical data of 1.95

This literature review investigates the seismic behavior of low-rise steel structural frames with fixed, pinned, and base-isolated column bases under single and successive earthquake excitations. Experimental shaking table tests and Abaqus finite element models are utilized to evaluate the impact of base flexibility on structural performance measures, including inter-story drift, base shear, and acceleration response. Base-isolated systems, including elastomeric, lead-rubber, and friction pendulum bearings, demonstrate superior energy dissipation capacity and reduced seismic demand compared to traditional fixed and pinned bases. While pinned bases offer rotational flexibility that reduces moment concentration, they are s

The importance of the present work falls on the pitting corrosion behavior investigation of 304 SS and 316 SS alloys in 3.5 wt%  of aqueous solution bearing with chloride and bromide anion  at different solutions temperature range starting from (20-50)^oC due to the pitting corrosion tremendous effect on the economic, safety and materials loss due to leakage. The impact of solution temperatures on the pitting corrosion resistance at 3.5wt% (NaCl and  NaBr) solutions for the 304 SS and 316 SS has been investigated utilizing the cyclic polarization techniques at the potential range -400 to1000 mV vs. SCE at 40 mV/sec scan rate followed by the surface characterization employing Scanning Electron&nbs

This paper is devoted to investigate experimentally and theoretically the structural behavior of reinforced concrete hollow beams which have internal transverse ribs under effect of shear. The number of the internal ribs is the major variable adopted in this research, while, the other variables are kept constant for all tested specimens. The experimental part includes poured and test of four (200x300x1200mm) beam specimens, three of these specimens were hollow with different locations of internal ribs and one of them was solid. The experimental results indicated that the shear strength are increased (33%) to (60%) for beams containing internal ribs in comparison with reference beam. Also, the change of beam state from ho

الخلاصة تلعب حدود أتربيرغ دورًا مركزيًّا في الدراسات الجيوتقنية لقدرتها على تقديم رؤى أساسية حول السلوك الميكانيكي للتربة فهدفت هذه الدراسة إلى ايجاد معادلات تجريبية لتحديد حد السيولة (LL) وحد اللدونة (PL) بالاعتماد فقط على بيانات التوزيع الحبيبي للتربة باستخدام برنامج Microsoft Excel كأداة إحصائية لتحليل 10 نماذج رياضية مختلفة حي

Enhancing fatigue resistance in asphalt binders and mixtures is crucial for prolonging pavement lifespan and improving road performance. Recent advancements in nanotechnology have introduced various nanomaterials such as alumina (NA), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and silica (NS) as potential asphalt modifiers. These materials possess unique properties that address challenges related to asphalt fatigue. However, their effectiveness depends on proper dispersion and mixing techniques. This review examines the mixing methods used for each nanomaterial to ensure uniform distribution within the asphalt matrix and maximize performance benefits. Recent research findings are synthesized to elucidate how these nanomaterials and their

يعتمد تطبيق روبوت التوازن الذاتي ذو العجلتين على مهام العالم الحقيقي بشكل حاسم على قدرته على رفض الاضطرابات بشكل فعال. الهدف هو تصميم وحدتي تحكم نشطتين لرفض الإزعاج (ADRCs) لزاوية الجسم والإزاحة، على التوالي، لنظام روبوت ذاتي التوازن ذو عجلتين، والذي يصعب التحكم فيه بسبب الاقتران القوي، وعدم الخطية، وعدم اليقين في المعلمات. استنادًا إلى ديناميكيات النظام، تم تصميم إطار التحكم ADRC لتقدير وتعويض أخطاء النمذجة و

The study is devoted to both static and earthquake response analysis of retaining structures acted upon by lateral earth pressure. Two main approaches were implemented in the analysis, namely, the Mononobe-Okabe analytical method and the numerical Finite element procedure as provided in the ready software ABAQUS with explicit dynamic method. A basic case study considered in the present work is the bridge approach retaining walls as a part of AL-Jadiriya bridge intersection to obtain the effects of the backfill and the ground water on the retaining wall response including displacement of the retaining structure in addition to the behavior of the fill material. Parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effects of several factors

The Post-project evaluation in highway construction is crucial but underdeveloped in infrastructure management, especially for Iraqi road project authorities. This comprehensive study combines insights from global schemes in England, Scotland, France, Australia, Norway, and New Zealand to develop a strong post-evaluation framework. This study used criteria from six international schemes, a thematic analysis framework, and open interviews with experts to identify and improve the final list of criteria that could be used in the evaluation process. Five criteria were identified as the final result, which are efficiency (cost, time, and quality), traffic analysis (volume, travel time, and impact), safety (accidents and secur

        The performance of asphalt concrete pavement has affected by many factors, the temperature is the most important environmental one which has a large effect on the structural behavior of flexible pavement materials. The main cause of premature failure of pavement is the rutting, Due to the viscoelastic nature of the asphalt cement, rutting is more pronounced in hot climate areas because the viscosity of the asphalt binder which is
inversely related to rutting is significantly reduced with the increase in temperature resulting in a more rut susceptible paving mixtures. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of temperatures variations on the permanent deformation parameters (perm

In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in wastewater treatment because of its direct impact on the environment and public health. Over time, other forms of treatment have been developed and modified, including extended aeration. This process is included in the suspended growth system. In this paper, a comparative study was conducted between the efficiency of the extended aeration plant and that of the trickling filter plant in removal of BOD and COD.  The method of comparison was done by knowing the value of the pollutant before and after the treatment and then extract the removal ratio of each pollutant within each plant. The results showed that the percentage of removal of BOD in the trickling filte

Temperature inside the vehicle cabin is very important to provide comfortable conditions to the car passengers. Temperature inside the cabin will be increased, when the car is left or parked directly under the sunlight. Experimental studies were performed in Baghdad, Iraq (33.3 ^oN, 44.4 ^oE) to investigate the effects of solar radiation on car cabin components (dashboard, steering wheel, seat, and inside air). The test vehicle was oriented to face south to ensure maximum (thermal) sun load on the front windscreen. Six different parking conditions were investigated. A suggested car cover was examined experimentally. The measurements were recorded for clear sky summer days started at 8 A.M. till 5 P.M.

This study included the extraction properties of spatial and morphological basins studied using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model linked to (GIS) to find the amount of sediment and rates of flow that flows into the Haditha reservoir . The aim of this study is determine the amount of sediment coming from the valleys and flowing into the Haditha Dam reservoir for 25 years ago for the period (1985-2010) and its impact on design lifetime of the Haditha Dam reservoir and to determine the best ways to reduce the sediment transport. The result indicated that total amount of sediment coming from all valleys about (2.56 * 10⁶ ton). The maximum annual total sediment load was about (488.22 * 10³ ton) in year 1988

After considering engineering, economics, and supply due-date strategic decisions as the death knell for the selection of industrial machinery suppliers, the technical capability of the suppliers is one of the strategic decisions for consideration. To achieve this, necessary attributes of this strategic decision were identified in this study. These attributes include the quality of mechanics used, quality of staff used, level of research work done, level of quality control, and quality of companies patronizing the vendor. They were modelled and integrated (logic) for decision-making and then evaluated using a case study of procuring a Cocoa Liquor Press for extracting butter from the cocoa liquor using three vendors V1, V2, and V3 that p

The Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) describes an indoor space condition that the wellbeing and comfortability are provided for the users. Many researchers have highlighted the importance of adopting IEQ criteria, although they are not yet well defined in the Kurdistan region. However, environmental quality is not necessary for the contemporary buildings of the Kurdistan Region, and there is no measurement tool in the Region. This research aims to develop an IEQ assessment tool for the Kurdistan region using Mixed method methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. Therefore, a Delphi Technique was used as a method initially developed as systematic, interactive forecasting on a panel of experts. Thirty-five Delphi C

In this study, pebble bed as an absorber and storage material was placed in a south facing, flat plate air-type solar collector at fixed tilt angle of (45°). The effect of this material and differ- ent parameters on collector efficiency has been investigated experimentally and
theoretically. Two operation modes were employed to study the performance of the solar air heater. An inte- grated mode of continuous operation of the system during the period of (11:00 am – 3:00 pm) and non-integrated mode in which the system stored the solar energy through the day then used the stored energy during the period of (3:00 pm – 8:00 pm). The results of parametric study in case of continuous operating showed that the maximum average temperatur

Today, there are large amounts of geospatial data available on the web such as Google Map (GM), OpenStreetMap (OSM), Flickr service, Wikimapia and others. All of these services called open source geospatial data. Geospatial data from different sources often has variable accuracy due to different data collection methods; therefore data accuracy may not meet the user requirement in varying organization. This paper aims to develop a tool to assess the quality of GM data by comparing it with formal data such as spatial data from Mayoralty of Baghdad (MB). This tool developed by Visual Basic language, and validated on two different study areas in Baghdad / Iraq (Al-Karada and Al- Kadhumiyah). The positional accuracy was asses

The growing intricacy and financial risk of residential complex projects in emerging nations require dependable decision-support tools for early investment evaluation. This research presents the design and implementation of the Residential Investment Decision Support System (RIDSS), a specialized platform based on Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA). RIDSS facilitates stakeholders to assess financial feasibility by employing economic indicators such as Return on Investment (ROI) and Profitability Index (PI), while also integrating sensitivity analysis (±10% or ±20% change in cost) and dynamic cost adjustment mechanisms. Through the application of a real case study in Iraq, the system demonstrated its capability to simulate

Smart emergency hospitals constitute a transformative model that addresses the continual challenges of traditional healthcare systems, together with delayed reaction times, elevated clinical errors, and inefficient resource utilization via the combination of superior technologies, which include Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and scientific robotics. Despite the growing body of research on medical and administrative benefits, confined interest has been paid to the architectural and spatial implications of this technology. This examines objectives to discover how clever technologies influence the architectural layout of emergency hospitals, particularly in terms of spatial configuration, operat

Despite the visual and structural integration that characterizes Islamic architecture, reflecting religious and cultural values, the expressive relationship between form and structure has not yet been systematically studied in a comprehensive manner that reveals its symbolic, functional, and aesthetic dimensions. Hence, a research problem arose in the absence of a theoretical framework that interprets this relationship as a single unit that conveys meaning and embodies identity. Therefore, this is research aiming to analyze the expressive relationship between form and structure in Islamic architecture, using the Al-Mustansiriya School as a model to uncover the mechanisms that enable form and structure to work in tandem t

Traditional concrete has gained several uses in recent decades; yet, it poses some concerns in the building business.  The weight of the product is a limitation when it is used in applications that are more specialized. As a result, the building and construction sectors were the ones to introduce the idea of lightweight concrete.  In this study, five different pumice lightweight mixtures were utilized (a reference mix that did not include any fiber, a mix that contained 1% glass fiber, a mix that contained one layer of fiber glass mesh, a mix that contained three layers of fiber glass mesh, and a hybrid mix that had both glass fiber and three layers of fiber glass mesh). Every single one of the mixtures that were used

In this research the performance of 5G mobile system is evaluated through the Ergodic capacity metric. Today, in an­­y wireless communication system, many parameters have a significant role on system performance. Three main parameters are of concern here; the source power, number of antennas, and transmitter-receiver distance. User equipment’s (UEs) with equal and non-equal powers are used to evaluate the system performance in addition to using different antenna techniques to demonstrate the differences between SISO, MIMO, and massive MIMO. Using two mobile stations (MS) with different distances from the base station (BS), resulted in showing how using massive MIMO system will improve the performance than the standar