Because of practical importance of protecting industrial equipments from galvanic corrosion,
the need arises to analyze the effects of variables, such as temperature, velocity, and area fraction of  metals on galvanic corrosion in systems under mass transfer control as in seawater (pH=7). For these reasons the galvanic corrosion of Fe-Zn is analyzed to study the influence of Reynolds number, temperature, and area fraction on the galvanic corrosion rates and galvanic corrosion potential under mass transfer control. It is found that galvanic corrosion rate of more active metal (Zn) is increased with Reynolds number while the corrosion rate of more noble metal (Fe) is slightly increased with Re depending on the galvanic potential tha

A new application of a combined solvent extraction and two-phase biodegradation processes using two-liquid phase partitioning bioreactor (TLPPB) technique was proposed and developed to enhance the cleanup of high concentration of crude oil from aqueous phase using acclimated mixed culture in an anaerobic environment. Silicone oil was used as the organic extractive phase for being a water-immiscible, biocompatible and non-biodegradable. Acclimation, cell growth of mixed cultures, and biodegradation of crude oil in aqueous samples were experimentally studied at 30±2ºC. Anaerobic biodegradation of crude oil was examined at four different initial concentrations of crude oil including 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/L. Complete removal of crud

Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) is a multiple-access technique allowing multiusers to share the same communication resources, increasing spectral efficiency and throughput. NOMA has been shown to provide significant performance gains over orthogonal multiple access (OMA) regarding spectral efficiency and throughput. In this paper, two scenarios of NOMA are analyzed and simulated, involving two users and multiple users (four users) to evaluate NOMA's performance. The simulated results indicate that the achievable sum rate for the two users’ scenarios is 16.7 (bps/Hz), while for the multi-users scenario is 20.69 (bps/Hz) at transmitted power of 25 dBm. The BER for two users’ scenarios is 0.004202 and 0.001564 for

A plastic tubes used as absorber of active flat plate solar collector (FPSC) for heating water were studied numerically and experimentally. The set-up is located in Babylon (republic of Iraq) 43.8⁰ East longitude and 32.3⁰ North latitude with titled of 45⁰ toward the south direction.  The study involved three dimensions mathematical model for flat coil plastic absorber which solved by FLUENT-ANSYS-R.18 program. Experiments were conducted at outdoor conditions for clear days on January and February 2018 with various water volume flow rates namely (500, 750, 1000, 1250, and 1500 Liter per hour LPH) on each month for Reynolds number range of (1 x 10⁴ to 5 x 10⁴) th

Used vegetable oil was introduced to transesterfication reaction to produce Biodiesel fuel suitable for diesel engines. Method of production was consisted of filtration, transesterfication, separation and washing. Transesterfication was studied extensively with different operating conditions, temperature range (35-80oC), catalyst concentration (0.5-2 wt. % based on oil), mixing time (30-120 min.) with constant oil/methanol weight ratio 5:1 and mixing speed 1300 rpm. The concentration of Fatty acid methyl esters (Biodiesel) was determined for the transesterficated oil samples, besides of some important physical properties such as specific gravity, viscosity, pour point and flash point. The behavior of methyl esters production and the phys

As the prices of the fuel and power had fluctuated many times in the last decade and new policies appeared and signed by most of the world countries to eliminate global warming and environmental impact on the earth surface and humanity exciting, an urgent need appeared to develop the renewable energy harnessing technologies on the short-term and long-term and one of these promising technologies are the vertical axis wind turbines, and mostly the combined types. The purpose of the present work is to combine a cavity type Savonius with straight bladed Darrieus to eliminate the poor self-starting ability for Darrieus type and low performance for Savonius type and for this purpose, a three-bladed Darrieus type with symmetric

Tests were performed on asphalt concrete specimens with (101.6 mm in diameter and 101.6 mm in height), and the results were implemented for calculating permanent deformation and resilient modulus under repeated compressive stress with different levels of stresses (0.068, 0.138 and 0.206) MPa at 40 ºC. Two types of additives namely (carbon black-asphalt) and (SBR-asphalt) were tried as rejuvenators with three percentages of (0.5, 1 and 1.5) % by weight of asphalt cement along with two ratios of AC (1 and 2) % have been implemented as rejuvenator and blended with the reclaimed asphalt concrete. Aged materials were obtained from the site. 100% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement material from the reclaimed mixture is implemented. A

In order to determine The Identity of Future Cities, the architecture does not provide us with one of the most basic needs (shelter), but also tangible evidence of the past and present as part of the communication, and best is an indicator of the future. Most of the  narratives of the transformations of urban in twenty one century agreed that the city changed from an industrial society, the dominant over the previous century, to a pattern dominated by knowledge,information and communications, especially those that are remote and penetrated into the urban fabric, which produced the perceptions about the nature of identity, urban cities of the future, focusing Alternative research efforts of the city's future on the role of modern communi

The effect of linear thermal stratification in stable stationary ambient fluid on free convective flow of a viscous incompressible fluid along a plane wall is numerically investigated in the present work. The governing equations of continuity, momentum and energy are solved numerically using finite difference method with Alternating Direct implicit Scheme. The velocity, temperature distributions
and the Nusselt number are discussed numerically for various values of physical parameters and presented through graphs. ANSYS program also used to solve the problem. The results show that the effect of stratification parameter is marginalized with the increase in Prandtl number, and the increase in Grashof number does not practically vary the

In this study, dead and live anaerobic biomass was used in biosorption of Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions from a synthetic wastewater. The biosorption was investigated by batch adsorption experiments. It was found that, the biosorption capacities were significantly affected by biosorbent dosage. The process follows Langmuir isotherm (regression coefficient 0.995, 0.99 and 0.987 for Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions, respectively, onto dead anaerobic biomass) model with uniform distribution over the biomass surface. The experimental uptake capacity was 51.56, 29.2 and 28 mg/g for Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II), respectively, onto dead anaerobic biomass, compared with 35, 13.6 and 11.8 mg/g for Pb(II), Cr(III) and Cd(II), respectively, onto live

In this study, two correlations are developed to calculate absolute rocks permeability from core samples tested by Gas Permeameter Apparatus. The first correlation can be applied if K g≤100, the second correlation can be applied if Kg>100. Sixty core samples having different permeabilities to give a wide range of values that necessary to achieve a correlation.

The developed correlation is easily applied and a quick method to avoid repeating the test at different pressure values. Only one pressure test is required to reach absolu

There are no single materials which can withstand all the extreme operating conditions in modern technology.  Protection of the metals from hostile environments has therefore become a technical and economic necessity.  

In this work, for enhancing their wear-resistance, boride layers were deposited on the surface of low carbon steel by a pack cementation method at 850 °C for (2, 4, and 6) h using vacuum furnace. The boronizing process was achieved using different concentration of boron source (20, 25, and 30) % wt. into coating mixture to optimize the best conditions which ensure the higher properties with lower time. The coating was characteristic by X ray diffraction (XRD), and it is confirmed t

In this work a study and calculation of the normal approach between two bodies, spherical and rough flat surface, had been conducted by the aid of image processing technique. Four kinds of metals of different work hardening index had been used as a surface specimens and by capturing images of resolution of 0.006565 mm/pixel a good estimate of the normal approach may be obtained the compression tests had been done in strength of material laboratory in mechanical engineering department, a Monsanto tensometer had been used to conduct the indentation tests.
A light section measuring equipment microscope BK 70x50 was used to calculate the surface parameters of the texture profile like standard deviation of asperity peak heights, centre lin

A numerical investigation of the non-cavitating and cavitating performance of a three-blade pump inducer under nominal and off-design operating conditions is presented. Three different simulated hydrofoils; a flat plate, “NACA0004", and "Clark-Y-6%" has been selected to represent the profile of the inducer blade. A 2D, steady, incompressible, turbulent, and isothermal flow field between the inducer blades is simulated using the FVM. The "Interface Tracking" model is selected to predict the cavity profile of the attached cavitation and the cavitating performance drop. For each blade profile, the influence of solidity in the range of (1.8 to 3.0) and blade angle in the range of (20° to 35°) on the inducer performance is studied. Compar

Dental records recently used in forensic medicine to help in human identification, based mainly on radiograph images. The aim of our study is to automate this process, using image analysis and pattern recognition techniques. Postmortem radiographs, including dental radiographs, with a database of ante mortem radiographs searching, in order to get the closest match with respect to some distinct features. Contours of teeth are used as the feature for matching, since they remain more invariant over time compared to some other features of the body. The work ineludes two stages: radiograph segmentation, with pixel classification, and contour matching Probability model is used to describe the distribution of object pixels in the image. Results

The performance of thermal storage porous wall with vents (gravel material) is analyzed for
passive solar heating system under Baghdad climatic conditions by comparing it with conventional
wall (Concrete wall) for a variety of control strategies. The variation has been calculated during a
period of heating season for three months from December (1999) to February (2000) by using
computer simulation with MATLAB language (Ver.6.5). A mathematical model containing the
governing differential equations of heat transfer through the wall and glazing under unsteady heat flow
was performed by using “control volume” technique to obtain the temperature distribution within the
wall. The study was carried out for a south facin

This work includes a numerical investigation of steady two dimensional laminar natural
convection heat transfer in glazed rectangular enclosure at different tilt angles ranged from (0o
to 90o) for Rayleigh number (103-106), aspect ratios(4,5, and 8),and Prandtl number (0.7). The
study considers the effect of different boundary conditions on the heat transfer within the
enclosure. The continuity equation, Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation are
solved by developing a numerical model based on finite volume method using SIMPLE
algorithm with hybrid scheme to compute the velocity vectors, temperature, pressure, and
Nusselt No. (local and average). Results show an increase in heat transfer rate with increasing

In this paper existing group technology techniques are reviewed and an alternative method using probabilistic approach to machine-components grouping in cellular manufacturing systems is introduced where it is based on production flow analysis, which uses routing information. A common feature of this approach is that it sequentially rearranges row and columns of the machine part incidence matrix according to predefined index and block diagonal is generated. The steps of this method are to assign the 1's in each row and column a probability weight, which alternately rearranged in descending order until a block diagonal matrix is created. It does not need to decide in advance, the number of required cells. It also overcomes the limitation

A numerical investigation was conducted to study the effect of simulated ice accreted on airfoil
aerodynamics performance. The simulated ice shapes were tested on NACA 0012 airfoil wing at
different Mach numbers. The study includes the one of the famous types of ice accreted on the
airfoils called the rime ice.
The calculation of ice droplet trajectories was performed by solving the trajectories governing equations of the droplet using FVM. A numerical model based on staggered FVM is built up to solve the governing equations of a body fitted grid, trajectories equation, continuity equation and momentum equation using FORTRAN 97. The turbulence model of (k-ε) has been adopted in the programming to evaluate the turbulence effe

يتناول البحث موضوع إيجاد أبنية كفوءة مناخياً تتميز أغلفتها البنائية بديناميكية عالية تمكنها من التفاعل والتكامل بتغير المواسم في منطقتنا الحارة - الجافة، إذ أن إستيراد الأفكار المعمارية وظهور التقنيات الجديدة أفرز توجهاً فكرياً وعمرانياً يتعارض وأدنى خصائص هذه المنطقة بيئياً وعمرانياً، ومن ثم نشوء عمارة غير منتمية للواقع البيئي المحيط بها فوقفت على مفترق طرق بين عدم مراعاة البيئة ومجاراة الفكر الغربي و

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a promising solid state joining process and is widely being
considered for automotive industry. In this work mechanical properties of friction stir spot welded joints were investigated for ISO(426/1CuZn10) copper alloy. The effect of main welding parameters were studied including, welding tool rotational speed, preheat time (15, 30)s , plunging time (10,30)s , dwell time 10 s ,plunging depth (0.7,0.8) mm. Group of matrices of welding parameters were used to study the effect of each parameter on properties of welded joints. Series of (FSSW) experiments were conducted using manual drilling machine. Effect of welding parameters on mechanical properties of welded joints were investigated using tensile

Finding the shortest route in wireless mesh networks is an important aspect. Many techniques are used to solve this problem like dynamic programming, evolutionary algorithms, weighted-sum techniques, and others. In this paper, we use dynamic programming techniques to find the shortest path in wireless mesh networks due to their generality, reduction of complexity and facilitation of numerical computation, simplicity in incorporating constraints, and their onformity to the stochastic nature of some problems. The routing problem is a multi-objective optimization problem with some constraints such as path capacity and end-to-end delay. Single-constraint routing problems and solutions using Dijkstra, Bellman-Ford, and Floyd-Warshall algorith

Drilling fluid loss during drilling operation is undesirable, expensive and potentially hazardous problem.

    Nasiriyah oil field is one of the Iraqi oil field that suffer from lost circulation problem. It is known that Dammam, um-Radoma, Tayarat, Shiranish and Hartha are the detecting layers of loss circulation problem. Different type of loss circulation materials (LCMs) ranging from granular, flakes and fibrous were used previously to treat this problem.  

    This study presents the application of rice as a lost circulation material that used to mitigate and stop the loss problem when partial or total losses occurred.

     The experim

In the last decades, using mineral admixture in concrete became very necessary to improve concrete properties and reduce CO₂ emissions associated with the cement production process. Subsequently, more sustainable concrete can be obtained.  Ternary blended cement containing two different types of mineral admixture can achieve ambitious steps in this trend. In this research, the synergic effects of mineral admixtures in ternary blended cement and its effects on concrete fresh properties, strength, durability, and efficiency factors of mineral admixture in ternary blended cement, were reviewed. The main conclusion reached after reviewing many literature pieces is that the concrete with ternary blended cement

This research deals with a modeling of the heating process of an induction furnace with a conducting ferromagnetic core. This is done by performing a sequential coupling between two types of analysis; the harmonic electromagnetic analysis and the transient thermal analysis in order to furnish a complete numerical simulation of this device. The time elapsed to apply this procedure will be too long and unreasonable because of the consideration of the nonlinearity of the magnetic circuit. This problem is solved by the idea of the "Effective Relative Permeability", which is a constant relative permeability equivalent to the nonlinear one in calculating the eddy current losses.
The Finite Element Method (FEM) is considered in order to solv

A numerical investigation has been carried out to examine the effects of insulated baffle mounted in complex cavity representing as an industrial building on flow pattern and heat transfer characteristics. The cavity is formed by adiabatic horizontal bottom, inclined upper walls and vertical isothermal walls. This problem is solved by using flow-energy equations in terms of stream-vorticity formulation in curvilinear coordinates. Two cases are considered; in the first (case 1) the insulated baffle position attached to the horizontal bottom wall of the cavity while in the second case (case 2) the insulated baffle position attached the upper inclined wall. A parametric study is carried out using following parameters: Rayleigh number from 1

This paper deals with a Twin Rotor Aerodynamic System (TRAS). It is a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) system with high crosscoupling between its two channels. It proposes a hybrid design procedure that combines frequency response and root locus approaches. The proposed controller is designated as PID-Lead Compensator (PIDLC); the PID controller was designed in previous work using frequency response design specifications, while the lead compensator is proposed in this paper and is designed using the root locus method. A general explicit formula for angle computations in any of the four quadrants is also given. The lead compensator is designed by shifting the dominant closed-loop poles slightly to the left in the

Industrial wastewater is discharged in large quantities into water bodies, and different treatment processes are employed to reduce pollutant levels. This study quantifies copper, iron, cadmium, cobalt, lead, and nickel levels in industrial wastewater samples at Al-Dora refinery. Results showed variations before and after treatment, with physical and chemical tests conducted in summer and winter. The measured values ​​were (pH, T, Turbidity, EC, TSS, TDS ), respectively (8.23, 34.8 °C, 60.88 NTU, 2883 ms/cm, 575 mg/L, 1441 mg/L) in summer, while in the winter it was (7.516, 28.6 °C, 100.6 NTU, 1147 ms/cm, 780 mg/L, 569.8 mg/L), respectively. Heavy metals were measured and showed a slight decrease during the treatme

Globally, the focus is on maximizing the energy yield and efficiency of PV systems as an essential renewable energy source. Different methods have been proposed to achieve this goal. Where the sun’s location in the sky is changed during the day, a tracking mechanism has been proposed as a promising technology to harness the maximum amount of solar radiation by PV system as compared to the fixed panels. In this study, the design and implementation of a polar single-axis tracking system is presented to improve the energy efficiency of PV system through angular variation during the day using the proposed tracking system. This is achieved by interconnecting some devices that include GPS sensors and satellite dish actuators

The characters of facades' form of the Iraqi building after 2003 have been changed, it has been described by many names. The problem of the research is that what are the features of the characters of the form in the façades of the buildings in Baghdad city after 2003? Are the façade of the individual houses or the commercial buildings is the heaviest in the visual weight? The research aims to answer those questions by choosing the vernacular architecture as a measurement tool. It is the informal image of the architecture, which is built by people informally and spontaneously, without official control and legislation to be organized. This is smellier to what has happened in Baghdad, after 2003 according to previous stud