Industrial wastewater is discharged in large quantities into water bodies, and different treatment processes are employed to reduce pollutant levels. This study quantifies copper, iron, cadmium, cobalt, lead, and nickel levels in industrial wastewater samples at Al-Dora refinery. Results showed variations before and after treatment, with physical and chemical tests conducted in summer and winter. The measured values ​​were (pH, T, Turbidity, EC, TSS, TDS ), respectively (8.23, 34.8 °C, 60.88 NTU, 2883 ms/cm, 575 mg/L, 1441 mg/L) in summer, while in the winter it was (7.516, 28.6 °C, 100.6 NTU, 1147 ms/cm, 780 mg/L, 569.8 mg/L), respectively. Heavy metals were measured and showed a slight decrease during the treatme

The design and construction of an instrumented heat pipe H.P for domestic heating that uses water as a working fluid was undertaken to investigate experimentally the performance of the H.P under various operating conditions of: Power levels, water inventories and angle of inclinations. A theoretical model to predict the temperature of the condenser surface (the temperature at which heat is rejected) and system pressure at steady state conditions was developed and used to compare these parameters with the experimental findings. The model utilizes the total heat supplied to the evaporator to predict system pressure and condenser temperature. The theoretical model is suitable for vertical H.P (i.e.  =0) and its predictions of condenser s

This work is concerned with the study of the effect of cement types, particularly OPC and SRPC, which are the main cement types manufactured in Iraq. In addition, study the effect of mineral admixtures, which are HRM and SF on the resistance of high performance concrete (HPC) to internal sulphate attack. The HRM is used at (10%) and SF is used at (8 and 10)% as a partial replacement by weight of cement for both types. The percentages of sulphate investigated are (1,2 and 3)% by adding natural gypsum as a partial replacement by weight of fine aggregate. The tests carried out in this work are: compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and density at the age of 7, 28, 90 and 120 days.

The r

This paper include study of CO and NOx emissions exhausted from single cylinder, 4-stroke S.I. engine, Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, worked by supplementary hydrogen to gasoline.
The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing on CO and NOx emissions submitted from engine.
The study showed that exhaust gas emissions depend mainly on equivalence ratio.
The higher value of NOx concentrations was in lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and reduced when getting far from this ratio.
CO concentrations were too small in the lean side, and the effect of equivalence r

Internet paths sharing the same congested link can be identified using several shared congestion detection techniques. The new detection technique which is proposed in this paper depends on the previous novel technique (delay correlation with wavelet denoising (DCW) with new denoising method called Discrete Multiwavelet Transform (DMWT) as signal denoising to separate between queuing delay caused by network congestion and delay caused by various other delay variations. The new detection technique provides faster convergence (3 to 5 seconds less than previous novel technique) while using fewer probe packets approximately half numbers than the previous novel technique, so it will reduce the overload on the network caused by probe packets.

The present research aims to study the effect of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters on temperature distribution and tensile strength of aluminum 6061-T6. Rotational and traverse speeds used were (500,1000,1400 rpm) and (14,40,112 mm/min) respectively. Results of mechanical tests showed that using 500rpm and 14mm/min speed give the best strength. A three- dimensional fully coupled thermal-stress finite element model via ANSYS software has been developed. The Rate dependent Johnson-Cook relation was utilized for elasto-plastic work deformations. Heat-transfer is formulated using a moving heat source, and later used the transient temperature outputs from the thermal analysis to determine equivalent stresses in the welde

The removal of direct blue 71 dye from a prepared wastewater was studied employing batch electrocoagulation (EC) cell. The electrodes of aluminum were used. The influence of process variables which include initial pH (2.0-12.0), wastewater conductivity (0.8 -12.57) mS/cm , initial dye concentration (30 -210) mg/L, electrolysis time  (3-12) min, current density (10-50) mA/cm2   were studied in order to maximize the color removal from wastewater. Experimental results showed that the color removal yield increases with increasing pH until pH 6.0 after that it decreased with increasing pH. The color removal increased with increasing current density, wastewater conductivity, electrolysis time, and decreased with increasing the concen

This investigation presents an extensive experimental study on the behaviour and strength of reinforced concrete T-beams before and after strengthening by using reinforced concrete jacket. Four full scale beams were first loaded to certain levels of ultimate capacity (0, 60%, 77%, 100% of failure load). Then, after formation of cracks or failure, they were repaired by reinforced concrete jacketing method and tested again up to failure. The main objective of this study is to restore the full ultimate capacity beams failed by flexure and to strengthen the cracked beam. Also, it is aimed to investigate the effect of loading condition on beam before repair on the ultimate capacity after repair. Extensive measurements of deformations, cr

The evacuated tube solar collector ETC is studied intensively and extensively by experimental and
theoretical works, in order to investigate its performance and enhancement of heat transfer, for Baghdad climate
from April 2011 till the end of March 2012. Experimental work is carried out on a well instrumented collector
consists of 16 evacuated tubes of aspect ratio 38.6 and thermally insulated tank of volume 112L. The relation
between convective heat transfer and natural circulation inside the tube is estimated, collector efficiency, effect of
tube tilt angles, incidence angle modifier, The solar heating system is investigated under different loads pattern (i.e
closed and open flow) to evaluate the heat loss coefficient

Bearing capacity of soil is one of the important matters that occupies the minds of geotechnical engineers, especially in weak soils. In the field of geotechnical engineering, soil improvement is one of the most commonly used techniques. However, difficulties in implementation and increased costs have also caused scientists to look for more efficient and effective techniques. Many researchers as one of the innovative and promising alternatives have identified using skirts beneath shallow foundations in recent years. Their research has demonstrated the effectiveness of this method in treating the condition of the soil beneath the foundation, including enhancing bearing capacity vertically and laterally by 470% and 6.6 tim

The current study presents an experimental investigation of heat transfer and flow characteristic for subcooled flow boiling of deionized water in the microchannel heat sink. The test section consisted of a single microchannel having 300μm wide nominal dimensions and 300μm height (hydraulic diameter of 300μm). The test section formed of oxygen-free copper with 72mm length and 12mm width. Experimental operation conditions spanned the heat flux (78-800) kW/m², mass flux (1700 and 2100) kg/m².s at 31˚C subcooled inlet temperature. The boiling heat transfer coefficient is measured and compared with existing correlations. Also, the experimental pressure drop is measured and compared with microscale p

Today's world is witnessing continuous development, particularly in the construction sector, which is meeting the rising population and their need for essential facilities; this is one of the reasons why construction is witnessing such development. Different crises significantly affect this sector, including the financial crisis in different countries. This paper identifies the financial crises, their categories, and the reasons for appearing them.  Inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, and the drop in global oil prices are the most important reasons for the emergence of external financial crises, especially in Iraq, which considers oil an important economic resource for its budget. The unexpected global financial

In recent years, there has been exponential growth in the Internet of Things (IoT) in various sectors, especially healthcare. The traditional healthcare sector has faced several challenges, such as poor health services, crowding and queuing at medical centers, and manual searches for or missing patient records; a smart health system is needed to overcome these challenges. This study presents the design and implementation of end-to-end IoT architecture, which is built by the integration of various open-source technologies. The pulse care system is implemented using Node.js and React.js, which offer features such as electronic health records (EHR), smart appointments, prescription documentation, and health monitoring. Addi

This study numerically investigates the effect of different welding steel plate shapes on the behavior of expanded open web asymmetrical steel composite beams. Increased web depth of asymmetrical steel beams in composite concrete results in increased stiffness and strength. Expanding the web's depth enhances the composite concrete steel beam's strength and performance in specific design scenarios, such as expanded, cellular, or castellated steel composite concrete beams. A horizontal cut in the web in each asymmetrical section can create an expanded web of asymmetrical steel profiles. Two asymmetrical tees can then be assembled, and a plate known as a spacer plate with a constant area and different shapes can be added be

This study examines the concept of urban competition, focusing on the role of heritage urban places in enhancing urban competitiveness. Urban competition refers to a city's ability to possess economic, social, cultural, and security-related competitive advantages within its geographical region compared to other competing cities. Public places and urban landscapes—particularly heritage ones—attract tourists and institutions, thereby enhancing the city's image and interactively influencing the quality of urban life. A relatively rich cultural heritage and urban atmosphere in modern cities contribute to improving the quality of the place or attracting various stakeholders (such as institutions and professionals). Many c

Reservoir study has been developed in order to get a full interesting of the Nahr Umr formation in Ratawi oil field. Oil in place has been calculated for Nahr Umr which was 2981.37 MM BBL. Several runs have been performed to get matching between measured and calculated of oil production data and well test pressure. In order to get the optimum performance of Nahr Umr many strategies have been proposed in this study where vertical and horizontal wells were involved in addition to different production rates. The reservoir was first assumed to be developed with vertical wells only using production rate of (80000–125000) STB/day. The reservoir is also proposed to produce using horizontal wells besides vertical wells with pr

Governments allocate large sums of money annually to establish educational projects such as schools, given the importance of the education sector in the development of society. However, most of these projects suffer from poor performance. This research aims to identify the most important factors that affect educational projects in order to improve their performance and make them a suitable environment for education. Through a review of previous literature, a questionnaire was prepared to obtain the required data, which included five main categories covering a range of factors that affect performance. It was distributed to a number of specialized engineers, with different academic degrees and job titles, working in the ed

Environmental quality for a healthy life is a major focus of scientific studies on human life and health. Rapid economic growth and urbanization have exposed major cities such as Baghdad to the risk of environmental problems, including desertification, air and water pollution, and high greenhouse gas emissions. These risks can be studied and assessed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which provide a comprehensive understanding of environmental issues and evidence-based remedies. Focusing on water and air pollution, this study will examine and assess environmental risks in Baghdad. The study identified areas with high concentrations of PM10, NO₂, and SO₂ through analyzing GIS maps. These ar

The research focuses on how to reach a mechanism that assists experts, engineers, and others in the architectural & engineering project to verify the co-existence of values and sustainability constituents in it. Research problem shows a clear lack, locally, in the interest to establish a value system and a list that cares about comprehending building components whether considering sustainable building criteria. Hypothesis shows that in order to head towards the applicable sustainable approach of buildings, then a local assessment system should be established to evaluate buildings during its life cycle, and from which buildings would be categorized as sustainable or not. Research aims at establishing main and general

A photovoltaic modules convert only a fraction of incident solar energy into electricity, with the remainder dissipated as heat through various loss mechanisms. This study makes an attempt to quantify the recoverable thermal energy from multicrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules under varying irradiance conditions for arid climates. Experimental measurements were conducted over six months in Baghdad, Iraq. Data were filtered to maintain 25°C module temperature across four irradiance levels (250, 500, 750, 1000 W/m²). Results demonstrate thermal losses increasing from 10.33% to 19.02% with rising irradiance, while recoverable thermal energy fraction (ξ_u) ranges from 29.72% to 35.06%. Module efficiency dec

The numerical investigation has been performed to study the radiation affected steady state laminar mixed convection induced by a hot inner varied positions circular core in a horizontal rectangular channel for a fully developed flow. To examine the effects of thermal radiation on thermo fluid dynamics behavior in the eccentric geometry channel, the generalized body fitted co-ordinate system is introduced while the finite difference method is used for solving the radiative transport equation. The governing equations which used are continuity, momentum and energy equations. These equations are normalized and solved using the Vorticity-Stream function. After validating numerical results for the case without radiation, the detailed radiatio

With an emphasis on individuals with Type 1 diabetes, this study reviews blood glucose management techniques during the last five years. A brief introduction is provided to show how this biological issue turns out to be a control system issue in terms of plasma blood glucose management. This paper discusses new research on automated insulin delivery using the Bergman mathematical model. An attempt has been made to undertake a systematic review of the research that has been done so far in the development of artificial pancreas systems. The conclusion describes the development of a cognitive glucose-insulin controller and provides a fundamental grasp of how the nonlinear Bergman model for blood glucose regulation can be us

The dynamics of dual-spin spacecraft which containing a proposed nutation damper which consisting of a ring totally filled with a viscous liquid with offset center, to improve damping, is investigated. The equations of motion were developed using Newton-Lagrange approach resulting equations in terms of spacecraft's and damper's parameters, which are given in dimensionless form. The expression of the nutation angle and time constant in both modes are developed using zero-order approximation technique. The equilibria states and stability condition, and the analytical expression for residual nutation angle were derived. The analytical results were compared with those found numerically using computer simulation program named MATLAB, ver. 7.

The spatial arrangement in the urban area in which cities exist is very important because it directly influences how active or otherwise such an environment can be. This study explores how Baghdad’s downtown area incorporates this spatial arrangement into land use patterns to support vitality. Particularly attention is given to AlShorja and Bab AlSharqi (two districts within Downtown Baghdad). The analysis of Space Syntax techniques and methods combined with GIS demonstrates that AlShorja does not only enjoy connectivity but also walking-oriented spaces while Bab AlSharqi has the opposite features with heavily structured road networks dedicated to vehicles. The compact, irregular streets in AlShorja support intense ped

Planning of electrical distribution networks is considered of highest priority at the present time in Iraq, due to the huge increase in electrical demand and expansions imposed on distribution networks as a result of the great and rapid urban development.

Distribution system planning simulates and studies the behavior of electrical distribution networks under different operating conditions. The study provide understanding of the existing system and to prepare a short term development plan or a long term plan used to guide system expansion and future investments needed for improved network performance.

The objective of this research is the planning of Al_Bayaa 11 kV distribution network in Baghdad city bas

Unmodified and modified sunflower stalks were examined for adsorption as a replacement of expensive activated carbon which has been recognized as a highly effective adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal-ion.
Two modes of operation were used, batch mode and fixed bed mode. In batch experiment the effect of sunflower stalk doses (2,3,4,5 and 6g/L) with constant initial copper concentration of 100 mg/L and constant particle size less than1.18 mm was studied.
Batch kinetics experiments showed that the adsorption rate of copper ion by sunflower stalks was rapid and reached equilibrium within 60 min. Adsorption models Freundlich, Langmuir and Freundlich-Langmuir were fitted to experimental data and the goodness of their fit for adsorp

The low order panel method with Neumann boundary condition have been used to predict the
normal force curve slope, the pitching moment curve slope, the center of pressure location and the
aerodynamic load distribution for missile in compressible, steady flow. The wing-body-canard
interference problem have been solved using two schemes (iterative method and internal singularity
method) both are based on the panel method. The normal force curve slope, the pitching moment
curve slope and the center of pressure location for a given missile has been predicted using the
present numerical method and the DATCOM technique.

This study included three trials that were made during December 2003 by using lime, of 98% w/w
calcium hydroxide to find the relation between lime doses to be added and the hardness removed
.The trials were performed by adding various doses of lime and measuring the hardness, electrical
conductivity and pH in water produce by three plants, Nissan in the north of Baghdad, Al-Karama
and Al-Wathba water treatment plant in Baghdad center. The objective of this study is to find the optimum lime dose that gives the minimum hardness content. The results indicate a non linear relation between lime dose added and the hardness removed . The results represented a 36% removal in hardness when using an optimum dose of lime 200 ppm in Niss

Heuristic approaches are traditionally applied to find the optimal size and optimal location of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices in power systems. Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique has been applied to solve power engineering optimization problems giving better results than classical methods. This paper shows the application of GA for optimal sizing and allocation of a Static Compensator (STATCOM) in a power system. STATCOM devices used to increase transmission systems capacity and enhance voltage stability by regulate the voltages at its terminal by controlling the amount of reactive power injected into or absorbed from the power system. IEEE 5-bus standard system is used as an example to illustrate the te

An experimental system was designed and built to produce the flash evaporation of upward water flow in a (1.8 m) vertical mounted glass test section pipe. The water loses the static head as it moves up, accordingly flash evaporation occurs somewhere inside the test section, where the water local temperature reaches its saturation temperature at that position, which is dependent on the water inlet temperature and its mass flow rate. The steam quality in the test section exit was measured by collecting the steam generated in the test section outlet and condensed in the condenser at specified time.

The hydrogen bubbles are injected inside the two-phase mixture flow within the test section. These bubbles act as an exciter for steam g