Darcy-Weisbach (D-W) is a typical resistance equation in pressured flow; however, some academics and engineers prefer Hazen-Williams (H-W) for assessing water distribution networks. The main difference is that the (D-W) friction factor changes with the Reynolds number, while the (H-W) coefficient is a constant value for a certain material. This study uses WaterGEMS CONNECT Edition update 1 to find an empirical relation between the (H-W) and (H-W) equations for two 400 mm and 500 mm pipe systems. The hydraulic model was done, and two scenarios were applied by changing the (H-W) coefficient to show the difference in results of head loss. The results showed a strong relationship between both equations with correlation coefficients of 0.999,

A cantilevered piezoelectric beam with a tip mass at its free end is a common energy harvester configuration. This paper introduces a new principle of designing such a harvester which increases the generated voltage without changing the natural frequency of the harvester: The attraction force between two permanent magnets is used to add stiffness to the system. This magnetic stiffening counters the effect of the tip mass on the natural frequency. Three setups incorporating piezoelectric bimorph cantilevers of the same type in different mechanical configurations are compared theoretically and experimentally to investigate the feasibility of this principle. Theoretical and experimental results show that magnetically stiffe

Essential approaches involving photons are among the most common uses of parallel optical computation due to their recent invention, ease of production, and low cost. As a result, most researchers have concentrated their efforts on it. The Basic Arithmetic Unit BAU is built using a three-step approach that uses optical gates with three states to configure the circuitry for addition, subtraction, and multiplication. This is a new optical computing method based on the usage of a radix of (2): a binary number with a signed-digit (BSD) system that includes the numbers -1, 0, and 1. Light with horizontal polarization (LHP) (↔), light with no intensity (LNI) (⥀), and light with vertical polarization (LVP) (↨) is represen

Expansive soils are recognized by their swelling potential upon wetting due to the existence of some clay minerals such as  montmorillonite. An effective solution was found to avoid the danger of such soils by using piles. A single pile embedded in an elasto-plastic expansive soil has been analyzed by using one of the available software which is ABAQUS to investigate the effect of applied loads on pile’s top and investigate the effect of swelling soils on load carrying capacity of the pile. The result shows that as the pile is axially loaded at its top, the axial force along the pile gradually changes from (tension) to (compression) and the pile tends to move downward. The applied load needed to initiate pile’s settlement depend

Implementation of Warm Mix Asphalt concrete (WMA) is getting global acceptance due to the restrictions for protecting the environment and the requirements to reduce fuel consumption. In this investigation, two WMA mixtures have been prepared in the laboratory using medium curing cutback (MC-30) and Cationic emulsion asphalt. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) was also prepared for comparison. The cylinder specimens (63.5mm) in height and (101.6mm) in diameter were constructed from the mixtures and subjected to indirect tensile strength test to determine the Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR). The cylinder specimens of (101.6mm) in height and (101.6mm) in diameter were also constructed from those mixtures and subjected to static compressive

The uniform flow distrbiution in the multi-outlets pipe highly depends on the several parameters act togather. Therefor, there is no general method to achieve this goal. The  goal of this study is to investigate the proposed approach that can provide significant relief of the maldistribution. The method is based on re-circulating portion of flow from the end of the header to reduce pressure at this region . The physical model consists of main manifold with uniform longitudinal section having diameter of 152.4 mm (6 in), five laterals with diameter of 76.2 mm (3 in), and spacing of 300 mm. At first, The experiment is carried out with conventional manifold, which is a closed-end. Then, small amount of water is allowed

This paper is aiming to develop a numerical procedure using the finite element method for the
analysis of soil consolidation by taking into consideration the loading and unloading cycles with
particular emphases on the pore pressure built up. The study is concerned with trapezoidal cyclic
loading. The shear stresses that are developed in the subsoil due to cyclic loading cause shear strains
and change in the mean normal stresses due to distortion of soil element. Biot’s consolidation theory
that adopted in this study may be able to take these changes into consideration. The results indicated
that the excess pore water pressure increases with load cycles and finally, a steady state conditions are
reached. This may b

Kerberos system is a powerful and widely implemented authentication system. Despite this fact it has several problems such as the vulnerability to dictionary attacks which is solved with the use of public key cryptography. Also an important security feature that is not found in Kerberos is perfect forward secrecy. In this work the lack of this feature is investigated in Kerberos in its original version. Also a public key based modification to Kerberos is presented and it is shown that it lacks the prefect forward secrecy too. Then some extensions are proposed to achieve this feature. The extensions are based on public key concepts (Diffie-Hellman) with the condition of keeping the password based authentication; this requires little modif

The Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm is the most popular algorithm to estimate the Angle of Arrival (AOA) of the received signals. The analysis of this algorithm (MUSIC) with typical array antenna element ( ) shows that there are two false direction indication in the plan
aligned with the axis of the array. In this paper a suggested modification on array system is proposed by using two perpendiculars crossed dipole array antenna in spite of one array antenna. The suggested modification does not affect the AOA estimation algorithm. The simulation and results shows that the proposed solution overcomes the MUSIC problem without any effect on the performance of the system.

In this study regeneration process was carried out for exhausted activated carbon, which has been used for adsorption process of furfural from its solution by three different methods (washing with dilute alcohol ethanol 20%, washing with boiled distilled water at 100Co؛ and thermal processat (200 – 900) Co؛. The regenerated activated carbon has been reused in the column system of fixed
– bed in order to estimate the adsorption quantities and comparing the value with adsorptionquantity of original activated carbon under same condition (furfural with concentration 0.2 kg/m³,bed depth 5 cm, flow rate of liquid 16.16 × 10-5 m³/min and particular size of activated carbon (1.5-0.5) mm) in order to estimate the regeneration efficie

Free vibration solution will be developed for laminated simply supported closed cylindrical shells. This solution is obtained using General Third Shell Theory (G.T.T.). Also the critical in-plane fatigue load is studied and the required equilibrium equations are developed, the effects of tension or compression in-plane load on the natural frequencies are discussed also. The natural frequencies and in-plane fatigue load results are very close to those obtained by other researchers.

In order to design structures on soft soils, it is necessary to predict the behavior of the soft soil
under imposed structure load. The high excessive settlements of the soft soil can cause many
problems for the structures built on the soil like cracking and breakup of pavements, railway,
highway embankments, etc...
In this work, the finite element method is utilized as a tool for carrying out different
analyses of embankments on soft ground with different conditions. The computer program CRISP
(CRItical State Program) is developed to suit the problem requirements. CRISP uses the finite
element technique and allows predictions to be made of soil deformations using the critical state
theory.
Eight-node isoparame

The study presents the test results of Completely Decomposed Granite (CDG) soil tested under drained triaxial compression, direct shear and simple shear tests. Special attention was focused on the modification of the upper halve of conventional Direct Shear Test (DST) to behave as free
head in movement along with vertical strain control during shear stage by using Geotechnical Digital System (GDS). The results show that Free Direct Shear Test (FDST) has clear effect on the measured shear stress and vertical strain during the test. It has been found that shear strength
parameters measured from FDST were closer to those measured from simple shear and drained triaxial compression test. This study also provides an independent check on

This research presents a study in ultra-desulfurization of diesel fuel produced from conventional hydro desulfurization process, using oxidation and solvent extraction techniques. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) was the organosulfur compound that had been detected in sulfur removal. The oxidation process used hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant and acetic acid as homogeneous catalyst . The solvent extraction process used acetonitrile (ACN) and N-methyl – 2 - pyrrolidone (NMP) as  extractants . Also the effect of five parameters (stirring speed :150 , 250 , 350 , and 450) rpm, temperature (30 , 40 , 45 , and 50) ^oC, oxidant/simulated diesel fuel ratio (0.5 , 0.75 , 1 , and 1.5) , catalyst/oxidant ratio(0.125,0.25,0.5

The political situation experienced by Iraq before the events of 2003 that led to the collapse of infrastructure. rebuilding costs were estimated after 2003 by187(million USD) according to the estimates of the basic needs as stated in Five-Year Plan 2010-2014. The difficult in financing projects and the continuous demands for maintenance and operating cost, and working by contemporary styles in different countries, the strategic option is to adopt the government entering the private sector as a partner in the development process. Since public _private partnership (PPP's) is at a germinating stage of development in Iraq, it has been studied the critical success factors(CSF's) in the experiences of countries that have implemented the style

Methyle tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is the most fuel additive used through the world.Thus, it has been reported that MTBE is the second high concentration contamination found in ground water.
Study of the effect of reaction time and reaction temperature of 25 to 55° C on the kinetic of chemical oxidation has been done with 3000 ppm MTBE in water at pH range 3 to 7 and 1:1 hydrogen peroxide to Fenton’s reagent ratio.
Also, Kinetic analysis was carried out to determine reaction order and activation energy for the reaction of MTBE disappearance during the reaction with Fenton’s reagent.

Despite recent attempts to improve safety in the construction sector, this sector is considered dangerous and unsafe. Iraq is one of the emerging nations that suffers from a lack of construction safety management. In 2018, the construction sector in Iraq was responsible for 38% of all industrial accidents. Creating a safety program minimizes this problem by making safety an intrinsic part of construction projects. As a result, this article aims to identify the crucial safety factors that affect the safety performance in Iraqi construction projects. After conducting a critical literature review of the related literature, a list of 35 sub-factors classified into nine categories of main factors was chosen to rank each facto

The present research is concerned with studying of the drag force on two spheres moving side by side and in line in non-Newtonian liquid. Polyacryamide (PAA) solution with different concentrations (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07)% by weight and water is used for comparison for obtaining the effect of fluid properties on the drag force. Different types of spheres stainless steel, glass and plastic with different sizes and densities were used. Within the considered range of power law index (0.6 - 1), and generated Reynolds number (1.1 -75) in power law fluid and Reynolds number (100 - 1000) for water it was found the drag coefficient increases with increasing the power law index for constant generated Reynolds number and the drag force increase

Due to the deterioration of water quality within the last few years because of the increase of water consumption and the waste water production and disposal into the river The water quality in both surface and ground water resources was negatively affected .The concept of water quality index is used as a tool for water quality classification in Tigris River within Baghdad City .Twenty two parameters of pollution were selected to measure the water quality indices of Tigris river within Baghdad city .Those parameters were measured during (2000-2004)as average monthly values ,three water treatment plants were selected out of the eight water
treatment plants that exist along the river.Al Kharkh water treatment plant to reflect the water

Porcelanite rocks were selected to be the dual media with sand in this study to improve the performance of the filtration process in water treatment plants. The work required installing a pilot filtration unit in the location of the filters in one of the water treatment plants, so the experimental work was performed on the same influent water of the filters in the plant (the effluent from the sedimentation tank. The pilot filtration consists of three plastic column filters, working parallel and simultaneously. The first contains 70 cm sand (the same type used in the filters of the plant), the second and third were dual filters (porcelanite with sand) of different depths and sizes using different filtration rates (5, 10, and 15 m/hr). The

The government of Iraq states that despite the massive amounts invested in the power generating sector, the country has been plagued by power outages for more than three decades; One of the most common sources of the problem and significant impact on the waste of public funds in contractual processes. The Ministry of Planning issued the sectorial
specialized standard bidding documents (SSBD) of Design, Supply, and Installation of the Electromechanical Works (DSIoEW), which is primarily designed to support the Ministry of Electricity (MoE) by developing economic projects to improve the contractual process that led to raisings Iraqi electricity generation field. The research evaluates the impact of
applying the SSBD-DSIoEW for

The work in this research presents an experimental and a theoretical study to obtain the effect of using a low permeability geosynthetic material on the longitudinal and lateral coefficients of dispersion. This would have its effect on the contaminants migration through an isotropic, homogenous and saturated soil. The first stage of this research involves the study of the geosynthetic material and in calculating the longitudinal and lateral coefficients of dispersion for an Iraqi sandy soil by using an experimental set-up to simulate the processes. To investigate the effect of using a geosynethtic material on the dispersion coefficients, the test was conducted for each velocity that was used in the experimental work and as follows: wi

To study the nonlinear response of composite concrete beams, a finite element analysis is presented. Material nonlinearities as a result of nonlinear response of concrete in compression, crushing and cracking of concrete, strain softening and stiffening after cracking, yielding of reinforcement, bond- slip, shear-slip, and dowel action between the precast concrete beams and the cast-in-situ slabs are considered.A biaxial concrete model is adopted. Concrete is treated as an orthotropic material with smeared rotating crack model. The steel reinforcement is assumed to be in a uniaxial stress state and is modeled as a bilinear material. I A two-dimensional plane stress finite element type is used to model the concrete Reinforcement is repres

A total of 48 experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of slit weir dimensions and locations on the maximum scour depth and scour area created upstream. The slit weir model was a 110 mm slit opening, and it was installed at the end of the working section in a laboratory flume. The flume was 10.0 m long, 30 cm wide, 30 cm deep, and almost middle. It includes a 2 m working section with a mobile bed with 110 mm in thickness. In the mobile bed, two types of nonuniform sand (with a geometric standard deviation of 1.58 and 1.6) were tested separately. The weir dimensions and location were changed with flow rates. Then dimensions of the slit weir were changed from 60 x 110 mm to 60 x 70 mm (width x height), while th

Undoubtedly, Road Traffic Accidents (RTAs) are a major dilemma in term of mortality and morbidity facing the road users as well as the traffic and road authorities. Since 2002, the population in Iraq has increased by 49 percent and the number of vehicles by three folds. Consequently, these increases were unfortunately combined with rising the RTAs number, mortality and morbidity. Alongside the humanitarian tragedies, every year, there are considerable economic losses in Iraq lost due to the epidemic of RTAs. Given the necessity of understanding the contributory factors related to RTAs for the implementation by traffic and road authorities to improve the road safety, the necessity have been a rise for

Fatigue cracking is the most common distress in road pavement. It is mainly due to the increase in the number of load repetition of vehicles, particularly those with high axle loads, and to the environmental conditions. In this study, four-point bending beam fatigue testing has been used for control and modified mixture under various micro strain levels of (250 μƐ, 400 μƐ, and 750 μƐ) and 5HZ. The main objective of the study is to provide a comparative evaluation of pavement resistance to the phenomenon of fatigue cracking between modified asphalt concrete and conventional asphalt concrete mixes (under the influence of three percentage of Silica fumes 1%, 2%, 3% by the weight of asphalt content), and (chan

Reservoir study has been developed in order to get a full interesting of the Nahr Umr formation in Ratawi oil field. Oil in place has been calculated for Nahr Umr which was 2981.37 MM BBL. Several runs have been performed to get matching between measured and calculated of oil production data and well test pressure. In order to get the optimum performance of Nahr Umr many strategies have been proposed in this study where vertical and horizontal wells were involved in addition to different production rates. The reservoir was first assumed to be developed with vertical wells only using production rate of (80000–125000) STB/day. The reservoir is also proposed to produce using horizontal wells besides vertical wells with pr

This work evaluates the economic feasibility of various production scenarios for the Zubair reservoir in the Kifl oil field using cash flow and net present value (NPV) calculations. The Kifl field is an exploratory field that has not yet been developed or assessed economically. The first well was drilled in 1960, and three other wells were later drilled to assess the oil accumulation, so in this research, Different production scenarios were evaluated economically. These scenarios were proposed based on the reservoir model of the Zubair formation in the field. The research methodology used QUE$TOR software to estimate capital expenditures (CapEx) and operating expenditures (OpEx) based on field-level data, production prof

Today's world is witnessing continuous development, particularly in the construction sector, which is meeting the rising population and their need for essential facilities; this is one of the reasons why construction is witnessing such development. Different crises significantly affect this sector, including the financial crisis in different countries. This paper identifies the financial crises, their categories, and the reasons for appearing them.  Inflation, currency exchange fluctuations, and the drop in global oil prices are the most important reasons for the emergence of external financial crises, especially in Iraq, which considers oil an important economic resource for its budget. The unexpected global financial

This work studies the impact of input machining parameters of Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) on the machining process performance. Tool steel O1 was selected as the workpiece material, copper as the electrode material, and kerosene as the dielectric medium. Experimental runs have been carried out with a Design of Experiment (DOE) technique. Twenty tests are accomplished with the current range of (18 to 24 Ampere), a pulse duration range of (150 to 200 µs), and a pulse-off time range of (25 to 75 µs). Based upon the experimental study's output results, the EDM parameter's effect (voltage of power supply, discharge current, pulse duration, and pulse pause interval) on the responses of the process represented by sur