This research studying the electromagnetic behavior of the induction furnace when its core is a magnetic material taking into consideration the effect of the non-linear dependence of the magnetic flux induced in it due to the applied magnetizing force. Since the magnetic characteristics are severely affected by temperature rise in a non-linear way, so as the specific electric resistance of the charge material, this work deals with studying the effect of temperature on the non-linear characteristics of a magnetic core simultaneously with that on the specific electric resistance to show the electromagnetic behavior of the furnace during heating operation. The distribution of the current density, flux density and the magnetizing force at di

In this paper, an evolutionary algorithm (EA) for “colorizing” grayscale images is introduced by
evolving color patch transfer process between a source colored image and a target grayscale image. As
the general problem of inverting a gray palette to a color palette is a severely under-constrained,
ambiguous problem and has no exact, objective solution, human labor and costly semantic knowledge
are required. The presented EA attempts to minimize the amount of human work by automatically
choosing colored patches from the source image and applying their colors to the grayscale patches of
the target image. Furthermore, the best patch matching over all EA parent individuals are recombined
in a single multi-sexual reco

Transmission lines are generally subjected to faults, so it is advantageous to determine these faults as quickly as possible. This study uses an Artificial Neural Network technique to locate a fault as soon as it happens on the Doukan-Erbil of 132kv double Transmission lines network. CYME 7.1-Programming/Simulink utilized simulation to model the suggested network. A multilayer perceptron feed-forward artificial neural network with a back propagation learning algorithm is used for the intelligence locator's training, testing, assessment, and validation. Voltages and currents were applied as inputs during the neural network's training. The pre-fault and post-fault values determined the scaled values. The neural network's p

An integrated GIS-VBA (Geographical Information System – Visual Basic for Application), model is developed for selecting an optimum water harvesting dam location among an available locations in a watershed. The proposed model allows quick and precise estimation of an adopted weighted objective function for each selected location. In addition to that for each location, a different dam height is used as a nominee for optimum selection. The VBA model includes an optimization model with a weighted objective function that includes beneficiary items (positive) , such as the available storage , the dam height allowed by the site as an indicator for the potential of hydroelectric power generation , the rainfall rate as a source of water . In a

This work aimed to design, construct and operate a new laboratory scale water filtration system. This system was used to examine the efficiency of two ceramic filter discs as a medium for water filtration. These filters were made from two different ceramic mixtures of local red clay, sawdust, and water.  The filtration system was designed with two rotating interfered modules of these filters.  Rotating these modules generates shear force between water and the surfaces of filter discs of the filtration modules that works to reduce thickness of layer of rejected materials on the filters surfaces. Each module consists of seven filtration units and each unit consists of two ceramic filter discs.    The average measured hy

The main objective of present work is to describe the feasibility of friction stir welding (FSW) for
joining of low carbon steel with dimensions (3 mm X 80 mm X 150 mm). A matrix (3×3) of welding
parameters (welding speed and tool rotational speed) was used to see influence of each parameter on
properties of welded joint .Series of (FSW) experiments were conducted using CNC milling machine
utilizing the wide range of rotational speed and transverse speed of the machine. Effect of welding
parameters on mechanical properties of weld joints were investigated using different mechanical tests
including (tensile and microhardness tests ). Micro structural change during (FSW) process was
studied and different welding zones

Friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt. This process uses a nonconsumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the weld quality. In this investigation an attempt
has been made to understand the effect of tool pin profile and rotation diameter on microstructure and mechanical properties in aluminum alloy (2218-T72). Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, square, and threaded cylindrical with flat), with three different rotation
d

The degradation performance of aqueous solution of pesticide Alachlor has been studied at solar pilot scale plant in two photocatalytic systems: homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton and heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide. The pilot scale system included of compound parabolic collectors specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications, and installed at University of Baghdad, Department of Environmental Engineering back yard. The influence of different concentrations, H₂O₂ (200-2400 mg/l), Fe⁺²(5- 30 mg/l) and TiO2 (100-500 mg/l) and their relationship with the degradation efficiency were studied.

      The COD removal efficienc

The surface roughness of the machined parts is the most important parameter to predict the performance of mechanical components. Moreover, predicting the optimal machining parameters conditions is the preferable method for cost reduction and achieving the desired surface quality of the product. This study investigates three cutting parameters, such as depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed for the milling aluminium alloy AA6061, to predict the surface roughness quality. The experimental work utilized a manual milling machine with a coated carbide cutter. Furthermore, the experiments were arranged using the Taguchi L₉ orthogonal array (OA) method. The average surface roughness (Ra) was measured and converted to

An experimental investigation was conducted to study the various parameters affecting the production of oxalic acid by the action of concentrated nitric acid on carbohydrates. Two feedstocks were studied, viz., dates fruit and dates syrup. The study also covered the effect of the amount of nitric acid and catalyst used in addition to employing two acid concentrations (67 wt.% and 98 wt.% acid). The results showed that when using 67 wt.% nitric acid, dates syrup was best suited as a raw material. And the best amount of nitric acid and V₂O, catalyst were in the ratio of 150 mls: 25 mg per 50 g feedstock. When using 98 wt.% nitric acid, no catalyst was required for the reaction and the reaction proceeded violently with the evolu

Now days: large and small manufacturing companies own several numerically controlled (NC) iathe machines. hey are finding that NC/CNC machines can make dramatic saving possible. Certain aspects of NC/CNC shop operations require a high skilled operator level than conventional method. So that the need to develop a computerized technology to support the adoption of these machines and get the maximum benefits that's offer is highly recommended. The present work aims to develop such system that stand over the most modern available technologies to support this task. The system database is used to organize the factory data. The database hold factory lathe machines delinition at current state tooling and the available tools and materials with th

A study concerns the dispersion of pollutants in Diyala River using one-dimensional Finite ditference technique (implicit method) to solve the simplified dispersion equation. The model starts at Diyala barrage and extended to the confluence of the Tigris Diyala rivers, and for 203-Km length. The simplified dispersion model results were verified by comparison with the analytical solution for different time increments. The calibration of the model was conducted on 31/11/1998 using measured data (discharge, velocity, cross sectional area, total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride CL and sulfate (SO)) concentrations at the same day and the results indicated a good agreement between the computed and measured data. The verification of the model i

This work covers the investigation of the effects of space environments factors on spacecraft structure. The satellite operates on a low earth orbit at circular (500,500) km, and subjected to different torques in space environments.The purpose of this paper is to develop the satellite structure design and test it to obtain the mechanical behaviour of structure. The satellite used so far is spin - stabilized, and rotating about one axis in 3 rpm. A configuration to the structure is suggested to be hexagonal; the dimension of structure is 110cm in diameter and 85cm high. The general static and dynamics tested of the system are verified, and analyzed to find the stress,strain, and vibration on the structure.

The effect of fiber orientation angle of composite materials on the gear tooth root stresses is analytically investigated in order to select the required orientation of the fibers inside the gear tooth. which leads to improve the gear tooth strength. The effect of geometrical parameters (loaded or unloaded pressure angles, number of teeth, radius of fillet and profile correction) and type of fibers glass, graphite and boron) are also studied. A stress analysis using the finite element method is performed for reinforced gear subject to bending loads. The results indicate that there is an effect of the fiber orientation on the root stresses of the gear tooth, and also, there is a direct proportionality between the improving of the gear str

Supersonic gas jets in confined liquid metal atomizing nozzle were studied by using the method of characteristics. Nitrogen at operation (stagnation) pressure of (1.65Mpa) was used in the study, with three different values of ambient pressure (1.25, 1.52 and 1.75 bar). For all the three values, the nozzle is over expanded. The Mach number at the nozzle exit for all the investigated cases was (2.64). The pressure and Mach number of the atomizing gas at various lattice points downstream of the nozzle exit were found. Besides, the effect of heat transfer from the liquid metal (aluminum) on the gas flow behavior was also investigated, The results showed that the stagnation temperature rise of nitrogen caused by heat transferred from aluminum

The objective of this study was to develop a complete package for prediction of volumetric and thermodynamic properties of pure hydrocarbons fluids and their mixtures in one and two phase regions. Two cubic equations of state that are Peng-Robinson and Soave-Redlich-Kwong were used with volatile and black oils respectively to calculate the desired properties in addition to bubble point and dew point pressures and temperatures. Different values of binary interaction parameter were used for each equation and effects of this parameter values on the prediction are examined. Also values of this parameter between the plus-fraction and other component have been evaluated for first time. In calculation of heat capacity, four different mixing rul

The research aims to use the computer and it's potential to identify and choose the best offers submitted by companies contracting with the third-expected increases in the wages of labor and prices of building materials and the large variability in the impact of the inability of many of the construction to complete the implementation of the specific time or the estimated cost and thus create a lot of problems executive, which affected the speed and quality of works. A good management and good planning through implementation to reflect the realities and possibilities of each of the contracting companies to tender for any contract so a knowledge of possibilities of each company and compare it with the other , according to the mechanism in

This paper include study of CO and NOx emissions exhausted from single cylinder, 4-stroke S.I. engine, Ricardo E6, with variable compression ratio, spark timing and equivalence ratio, worked by supplementary hydrogen to gasoline.
The speed of 25 rps and higher useful compression ratio (HUCR) were chosen in studying the effect of wide range of equivalence ratios and spark timing on CO and NOx emissions submitted from engine.
The study showed that exhaust gas emissions depend mainly on equivalence ratio.
The higher value of NOx concentrations was in lean side near the stoichiometric equivalence ratio, and reduced when getting far from this ratio.
CO concentrations were too small in the lean side, and the effect of equivalence r

Aluminum-Silicon alloys, with soft lubricant metal, are considered to be one of the important tribological alloys which resist seizure. The effect of different lead percentages (1-20%Pb) that added to the modified eutectic Al-12%Si alloy on the wear rate and resistance was studied by sliding these alloys under dry sliding conditions on a carbon steel disc at different sliding distances (2.24-40.37 km). The results showed that the wear rate was decreased and wear resistance increased with increasing lead percentage of Al-12%Si alloy. Furthermore, wear rate was increased linearly with increasing sliding distance.

Test results of eight reinforced concrete one way slab with lacing reinforcement are reported. The tests were designed to study the effect of the lacing reinforcement on the flexural behavior of one way slabs. The test parameters were the lacing steel ratio, flexural steel ratio and span to the effective depth ratio. One specimen had no lacing reinforcement and the remaining seven had various percentages of lacing and flexural steel ratios. All specimens were cast with normal density concrete of approximately 30 MPa compressive strength. The specimens were tested under two equal line loads applied statically at a thirds part (four point bending test) up to failure. Three percentage of lacing and flexural steel ratios wer

Convection heat transfer in a horizontal channel provided with metal foam blocks of two numbers of pores per unit of length (10 and 40 PPI) and partially heated at a constant heat flux is experimentally investigated with air as the working fluid. A series of experiments have been carried out under steady state condition. The experimental investigations cover the Reynolds number range from 638 to 2168, heat fluxes varied from 453 to 4462 W/m², and Darcy number 1.77x10^-5, 3.95x10^-6. The measured data were collected and analyzed. Results show that the wall temperatures at each heated section are affected by the imposed heat flux variation, Darcy number, and Reynolds number variation. The var

In this study the simple pullout concrete cylinder specimen reinforced by a single steel bar was analyzed for bond-slip behavior. Three-dimension nonlinear finite element model using ANSYS program was employed to study the behavior of bond between concrete and plain steel reinforcement. The ANSYS model includes eight-noded isoperimetric brick element (SOLID65) to model the concrete cylinder while the steel reinforcing bar was modeled as a truss member (LINK8). Interface element (CONTAC52) was used in this analysis to model the bond between concrete and steel bar. Material nonlinearity due to cracking and/or crushing of concrete, and yielding of the steel reinforcing bar were taken into consideration during the analysis. The accuracy of t

A laboratory-scale experiment was carried out to estimate the influence of temperature fluctuation on thermophilic anaerobic digestion of municipal organic waste (MOW). Heating failure was simulated by decreasing temperature gradually from 55 °C to 20 °C gradually 2 h time need for temperature decrease and recovery. Under conditions of 8.0 g/ (L·d) and 15 d respectively for MOW load and retention time. Following results were found: (1) biogas production almost stopped and VFA (Volatile Fatty Acid) accumulated rapidly when accompanied by pH decrease. (2) With low temperature (20°C) duration of 1, 5, 12 and 24 h, the thermophilic anaerobic digestion system reproduce methane after temperature fluctuation of 3, 11, 56 and 72 h. (3) The b

In this paper three techniques for image compression are implemented. The proposed techniques consist of three dimension (3-D) two level discrete wavelet transform (DWT), 3-D two level discrete multi-wavelet transform (DMWT) and 3-D two level hybrid (wavelet-multiwavelet transform) technique. Daubechies and Haar are used in discrete wavelet transform and Critically Sampled preprocessing is used in discrete multi-wavelet transform. The aim is to maintain to increase the compression ratio (CR) with respect to increase the level of the transformation in case of 3-D transformation, so, the compression ratio is measured for each level. To get a good compression, the image data properties, were measured, such as, image entropy (He), percent r

 A new technique in cultivation by installing membrane sheet below the crop’s root zone was helped to save irrigation water in the root zone, less farm losses, increasing the field water use efficiency and water productivity. In this paper, the membrane sheet was installed below the root zone of zucchini during the summer growing season 2017 in open field.  This research was carried out in a private field in Babil governorate at Sadat Al Hindiya Township reached 72 km from Baghdad. Surface trickle irrigation system was used for irrigation process. Two treatment plots were used, treatment plot T1 using membrane sheet and treatment plot T2 without using the membrane sheet. The applied irrigation water, time of

Hygienic engineering has dedicated a lot of time and energy to studying water filtration because of how important it is to human health. Thorough familiarity with the filtration process is essential for the design engineer to keep up with and profit from advances in filtering technology and equipment as the properties of raw water continue to change. Because it removes sediment, chemicals, odors, and microbes, filtration is an integral part of the water purification process. The most popular technique for treating surface water for municipal water supply is considered fast sand filtration, which can be achieved using either gravity or pressure sand filters. Predicting the performance of units in water treatment plants is

Efficient cuttings transport and hole cleaning are very important factors for obtaining an effective drilling operation. In an inclined and horizontal drilling, hole cleaning issue is a common and complex problem.

   The scope of this research is to study the drilling parameters which affect hole cleaning in Iraqi directional wells through studying and analyzing some drilled wells ( vertical , directional (30 degree) , directional (60 degree) and horizontal ).An excel sheet is prepared to calculate carrying capacity index which represents an indicator for good hole cleaning in different sections. The study indicated through the field investigations, practical experiences and theoretical calculations tha

The aim of this research work is to study the effect of stabilizing gypseous soil, which covers
vast areas in the middle, west and south parts of Iraq, using liquid asphalt on its strength properties
to be used as a base course layer replacing the traditional materials of coarse aggregate and broken
stones which are scarce at economical prices and hauling distances.
Gypseous soil brought from Al-Ramadi City, west of Iraq, with gypsum content of 66.65%,
medium curing cutback asphalt (MC-30), and hydrated lime are used in this study.
The conducted tests on untreated and treated gypseous soil with different percentages of medium
curing cutback asphalt (MC-30), water, and lime were: unconfined compression strength, and o

Creep testing is an important part of the characterization of composite materials. It is crucial to determine long-term deflection levels and time-to-failure for these advanced materials. The work is carried out to investigate creep behavior on isotropic composite columns. Isotropy property was obtained by making a new type of composite made from a paste of particles of carbon fibers mixed with epoxy resin and E-glass particles mixed with epoxy resin. This type of manufacturing process can be called the compression mold composite or the squeeze mold composite. Experimental work was carried out with changing the fiber concentration (30, 40 and 50% mass fraction), cross section shape, and type of composite. The creep results showed that th

Due to a party's violation of his obligations or responsibilities indicated in the contract, many engineering projects confront extensive contractual disputes, which in turn need arbitration or other forms of dispute resolution, which negatively impact the project's outcome. Each contract has its terms for dispute resolution. Therefore, this paper aims to study the provisions for dispute resolution according to Iraqi (SBDW) and the JCT (SBC/Q2016) and also to show the extent of the difference between the two contracts in the application of these provisions. The methodology includes a detailed study of the dispute settlement provisions for both contracts with a comparative analysis to identify the differences in the appli