This study presents a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based scheme for optimal targeted load shedding and contingency severity assessment in the electric power grid (EPG). The IEEE 14 EPG was used as a testbed. The study identified critical branches and quantitatively evaluated the operational performance of an EPG under base case, outage without and with targeted load shedding schemes, utilizing convergence characteristics, voltage magnitudes and angles, and branch load flows as diagnostic metrics. The base case demonstrated excellent numerical stability, with convergence achieved in fewer than 5 iterations, and all bus voltages maintained within the IEEE standard range. A critical outage scenario caused severe diffic

In this work, a vertical pulsating heat pipe heat exchanger (PHPHE)  was designed for waste heat recovery, exchanging thermal energy between two air streams in a counterflow configuration. The heat exchanger consists of six rows, each row consists of one pulsating heat pipe (PHP), and each PHP has six turns. The working fluid used in the heat pipe was acetone with fill ratios of 50%, 60%, and 70%. The effect of evaporator inlet temperature at 40, 45, and 50°C and air velocity at 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 m/s on the pulsating heat pipes consisting of three sections- evaporator, condenser, and adiabatic, whose dimensions were 25 x 25 x 10 cm, was studied. At the same time, the condenser temperature was maintained at 26°C. The s

Autonomous systems are these systems which power themselves from the available ambient energies in addition to their duties. In the next few years, autonomous systems will pervade society and they will find their ways into different applications related to health, security, comfort and entertainment. Piezoelectric harvesters are possible energy converters which can be used to convert the available ambient vibration energy into electrical energy. In this contribution, an energy harvesting cantilever array with magnetic tuning including three piezoelectric bimorphs is investigated theoretically and experimentally. Other than harvester designs proposed before, this array is easy to manufacture and insensitive to manufacturi

An experimental analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of varying the inlet airflow rate into the drying chamber on the performance of an indirect solar dryer using a forced convection system under the climatic conditions of Baghdad, Iraq, at a latitude of 33.3°N. The dryer performance was tested at three airflow rates (0.0113, 0.0169, and 0.0226) m³/s, using a conventional flat absorber plate and a perforated plate with circular holes of diameter 3 mm. Apricots were dried in all experiments conducted in June 2024. The results showed that the perforated plate significantly enhanced the thermal efficiency of the solar collector compared with that of the flat plate. The perforated plate improved the heat exchan

Solar energy is considered a sustainable and clean source of power. Even so, solar cells face challenges such as the low efficiency of some systems and the need for large installation areas. Therefore, efforts have been directed toward developing technologies like perovskite solar cells to improve efficiency and reduce the need for large spaces. The experimental work was conducted under outdoor exposure in Baghdad, Al-Jaderia. The readings were taken on selected days, where the atmospheric conditions of clear sky. To study the impacts of temperature variations on solar performance, solar irradiance must be kept constant and vice versa. Therefore, to have a temperature range and for more accuracy, the measurements were do

The purpose of the present work is to investigate the effect of compaction on the behaviour of gypseous soil. A testing program carried out to study the geotechnical properties and the behaviour of gypseous soil (gypsum content = 37% & 56%) taken from Kirkuk city. The tests include classification tests, chemical tests, X-ray diffraction analysis, compaction characteristics, compressibility & collapsibility, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) & shear strength tests.The effect of dry unit weight, water content, compactive efforts, relative compaction & soaking on the engineering properties of the soil tested are included in the program. All tests were carried out using Standard and Modified Proctor.
Based on the results, s

The removal of heavy metal ions from wastewater by sorptive flotation using Amberlite IR120 as a resin, and flotation column, was investigated. A combined two-stage process is proposed as an alternative of the heavy metals removal from aqueous solutions. The first stage is the sorption of heavy metals onto Amberlite IR120 followed by dispersed-air flotation. The sorption of metal ions on the resin, depending on contact time, pH, resin dosage, and initial metal concentration was studied in batch method .Various parameters such as pH, air flow rate, and surfactant concentration were investigated in the flotation stage. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and Hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (HTAB) were used as anionic and cationic surfactant re

Nigeria's limited freshwater resources are at risk due to the discharge of wastewater from water-intensive industries, such as food processing, that does not comply with the regulations of the National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA). This could significantly harm both the ecosystem and human health. This study aims to assess the physicochemical and biological properties of wastewater discharged from selected bakeries in Benin City, Nigeria, to determine compliance with NESREA standards and highlight potential environmental risks. Wastewater samples were randomly collected from five bakeries in Benin City and examined for their physicochemical and biological features. The findings indic

In this research,  Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process technique is applied (Fuzzy AHP) which is one of  multi-criteria decision making techniques to evaluate the criteria for urban planning projects, the project of developing master plan of Al-Muqdadiyah city to 2035 has been chosen as a case study. The researcher prepared a list of criteria in addition to the authorized departments criteria and previous researches in order to choose optimized master plan according to these criteria. This research aims at employing the foundations of (Fuzzy AHP) technique in evaluating urban planning criteria precisely and flexible. The results of the data analysis to the individuals of the sample who are specialists, in this aspect.  The la

Reconstruction in Iraq requires coherent legitimate frameworks that are able to detail obligations, rights and responsibilities of the parties participating in reconstruction projects, regardless their type or delivery system.
Conditions of Contract can be considered an important component of these frameworks. This paper investigates flexibility and appropriateness of the application of Iraqi conditions of contract in reconstruction projects. These conditions were compared to FIDIC Conditions. The objective wasn't comparing individual clauses, but rather exploring the principles and philosophy laying behind each conditions, and to what extent each conditions care about realizing equity between main contract parties. Validity of applic

The work aims to calculate pollutants gases concentration that are emitted from gasoline
engine Vehicles exhaust .These concentration are compared with emission limits in other
countries. These gases are carbon monoxide (CO), unburned or partially burned hydrocarbons
(HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), lead oxides, particulate matter and soot. The research is carried out on a new and old cars .which are widely used in Iraqi roads .these cars are different in product year , distance travelled and in Exhaust- gas treatment techniques which used. The analysis of exhaust gases carried out by using the electronic exhaust gas analysis system (T156D). Which is maunfactured in Italy and operate with windows system. The results show decre

One of the important units in Sharq Dijla Water Treatment Plant (WTP) first and second extensions are the alum solution preparation and dosing unit. The existing operation of this unit accomplished manually starting from unloading the powder alum in the preparation basin and ending by controlling the alum dosage addition through the dosing pumps to the flash mix chambers. Because of the modern trend of monitoring and control the automatic operation of WTPs due to the great benefits that could be gain from optimum equipment operation, reducing the operating costs and human errors. This study deals with how to transform the conventional operation to an automatic monitoring and controlling system depending on a Programmable

Some structures such as tall buildings, offshore platforms, and bridge bents are subjected to lateral loads of considerable magnitude due to wind and wave actions, ship impacts, or high-speed vehicles. Significant torsional forces can be transferred to the foundation piles by virtue of eccentric lateral loading. The testing program of this study includes one group consists of 3 piles, four percentages of allowable vertical load were used (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) with two L/D ratios 20 and 30, vertical allowable load 110 N for L/D = 20 and 156 N for L/D = 30. The results obtained indicate that the torsional capacity for pile group increases with increasing the percentage of allowable vertical load, when the percentage of allowable vertica

The utilization of Solar Water Heating Systems (SWHS) is a potential solution to use as an alternative to fuel and electricity in areas where these resources are scarce, costly, and not easily accessible. Research was conducted in Duhok City, Kurdistan of Iraq to evaluate the efficiency of a traditional type of SWHS, namely the serpentine collector variant. An active system collector that employed a moving water pump to facilitate the circulation of water inside the systems was used in the experiment. An analysis was conducted to assess the performance of the collector concerning solar irradiation, wind speed, and mass flow rate. This study utilized a Flat Plate Collector (FPC) with a tubular serpentine shape absorber ma

In Production and Operations Management the specialists  have  tried to develop a strategy to counter the risks arising from the activities of the organization and of waste of various types and therefore the risk management in the contemporary framework represents a phenomenon of new quality, and can not be this phenomenon to take practical dimensions, but the development of culture of the organization towards the risks and deal with all aspects and paint ways to address them within an integrated program, and requires new skills and systems provide accurate information capable of coordination between the various parties within the organization.

     The research aims to develop a blu

The lost-foam casting process using expanded polystyrene foam pattern allows more complex and detailed passages to be cast directly into the part. The advantages of the lost-foam casting process involve, forms complex internal and external shapes without cores, reduces part mass with near net-shape capability, eliminates parting lines, and reduces machining operation and costs, Complex shapes with various sizes castings were produced in this technique in the foundry of the State Company for Electrical Industrials to evaluate the process. Successful complete castings were made. Many experimental works were done to further complements about fluidity parameter dealing with lost-foam casting process. Empirical linear and non-linear formulas

This work predicts the effect of thermal load distribution in polymer melt inside a mold and a die during injection and extrusion processes respectively on the structure properties of final product. Transient thermal and structure models of solidification process for polycarbonate polymer melt in a steel mold and die are studied in this research. Thermal solution obtained according to solidify the melt from 300 to 30Cand Biot number of 16 and 112 respectively for the mold and from 300 to 30 Cand Biot number of 16 for die. Thermal conductivity, and shear and Young Modulus of polycarbonate are temperature depending. Bonded contact between the polycarbonate and the steel surfaces is suggested to transfer the thermal load. The temperat

The structure is considered in its scientific formula one of the concepts which complete the architectural image that seeks to take out an effective and attractive structure in contemporary architectural production, especially that the structure -in general- represents strength in addition to delight and functional benefits according to Vitruvius trinity. So, the role of structure depends on making its aesthetical properties able to give efficiency within architectural product. That has come through adoption of intellectual mechanism of structural means and details –as a whole or parts- and focused on structure with the recipient's needs, aesthetical, and sensory purposes in addition to its fundamental role of stabilit

This work presents the modeling of the electrical response of monocrystalline photovoltaic module by using five parameters model based on manufacture data-sheet of a solar module that measured in stander test conditions (STC) at radiation 1000W/m² and cell temperature 25 . The model takes into account the series and parallel (shunt) resistance of the module. This paper considers the details of Matlab modeling of the solar module by a developed Simulink model using the basic equations, the first approach was to estimate the parameters: photocurrent I_ph, saturation current I_s, shunt resistance R_sh, series resistance R_s, ideality factor A at stander test condition (STC) by an ite

Two dimensional turbulent natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow inside an air filled
inclined square enclosure differentially heated has been numerically studied. Fully elliptic Navier-
Stockes and energy equations are solved using finite volume method. The problem is simulated for
different angles of inclination ( 0 ≤θ ≤ 180deg. ) and Rayleigh numbers (108 ≤ Ra ≤ 1016 ). The
turbulence k-є model is used to model the effect of turbulence. The wall function approach is used
to model the regions near the walls of the enclosure. The obtained results from this study show that
the rate of heat transfer is increased with the increase of Rayleigh number and decreased with the
increase of angle of inclina

The image processing is one from the most powerful fields in the modern DSP techniques; also it has wide range of applications this day such as image compression, filtering and coloring. However, these processes required to a huge data processing so it has a problem under real time or movie.The huge data processing under real time requires spatial processing tools such as super parallel processing computers or spatial hardware systems. This paper introduces a mechanism of coloring gray scale image algorithm through dedicated hardware devices.The FPGA devices are used as a more suitable platform for image processing applications, special methods of parallelism and pipelining technique can be reconfigured and synthesized on FPGA categories

Energy use is second to staffing in building operating costs. Sustainable technology in the energy sector is based on utilizing renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, glazing systems, insulation. Other areas of focus include heating, ventilation and air conditioning; novel materials and construction methods; improved sensors and monitoring systems; and advanced simulation tools that can help building designers make more energy efficient choices. The objective of this research is studying the effect of insulations on energy consumption of buildings in Iraq and identifying the amount of energy savings from application th

This study introduced the effect of using magnetic abrasive finishing method (MAF) for finishing flat
surfaces. The results of experiment allow considering the MAF method as a perspective for finishing flat
surfaces, forming optimum physical mechanical properties of surfaces layer, removing the defective layers
and decreasing the height of micro irregularities. Study the characteristics which permit judgment parameters of surface quality after MAF method then comparative with grinding.

Analytical model is used in this paper to predict the load carrying capacity of structural concrete members under flexural and normal force which can be concentric or eccentric. The analysis is based on requirement of equilibrium and compatibility of strain in concrete and steel or FRP. The adopted model is based on the real stress strain diagrams for materials. In accordance with this model, the member cross section is covered by a mesh with the smallest cells. After that, stress or strain is determined in each cell and the integral is substituted by the process of summation to define the elements of stiffness matrix. The force vectors equations have nonlinear behaviour. However, in this model, these nonlinear equations are changed to l

Experimental model was done for pile model of L / D = 25 installed into a laminar shear box contains different saturation soil densities (loose and dense sand) to evaluate the variation of pore water pressure before and after apply seismic loading. Two pore water pressure transducers placed at position near the middle and bottom of pile model to evaluate the pore water pressure during pullout tests. Seismic loading applied by uniaxial shaking table device, while the pullout tests were conducted through pullout device. The results of changing pore water pressure showed that the variation of pore water pressure near the bottom of pile is more than variation near the middle of pile in all tests. The variation of pore water

Most available methods for unit hydrographs (SUH) derivation involve manual, subjective fitting of
a hydrograph through a few data points. The use of probability distributions for the derivation of synthetic
hydrographs had received much attention because of its similarity with unit hydrograph properties. In this
paper, the use of two flexible probability distributions is presented. For each distribution the unknown
parameters were derived in terms of the time to peak(tp), and the peak discharge(Qp). A simple Matlab
program is prepared for calculating these parameters and their validity was checked using comparison
with field data. Application to field data shows that the gamma and lognormal distributions had fit well.<

Low bearing capacity of weak soil under shallow footings represents one of construction problems.
Kaolin with water content converges to liquid limit used to represent the weak soil under shallow
footing prototype. On the other hand, fly ash, which can be defined as undesirable industrial waste
material, was used to improve the bearing capacity of the soft soil considered in this research. The soft
soil was prepared in steel box (36×36×25) cm and shallow square footing prototype (6×6) cm were
used .Group of physical and chemical tests were conducted on kaolin and fly ash. The soft soil was
improved by a bed of compacted fly ash placed under the footing with dimensions equal to that of
footing but with different de

A key characteristic of diesel engines is predicting the ignition delay period. This work predicts the ignition delay in diesel engines using combinations of ethanol/diesel fuel blend and pure diesel as fuel replacements. It provides an empirical formula for predicting delay periods.  A growing interest in alternative fuel blends, representing a substantial shift from the use of traditional diesel fuel, is reported. Modern study is focused on examining these combinations and how they might affect the dynamics of combustion in diesel engines. Experiments were carried out utilizing five different ethanol/diesel fuel blends, including pure diesel, with ethanol percentages varying from 5% to 20% in 5% quantities. Tests we

A PID controller satellite attitude yaw-axis control system was designed to step the angle of the satellite body via actuating a precise angular position of a DC motor as quickly and accurately as most optimally possible. The (PID) controller was advantageously chosen for its quick transient response and zero steady-state error. A mathematical model has been derived for the whole satellite attitude yaw-axis control
system. Then, the computation power of the MATLAB is utilized to obtain a generalized optimal controller design that enables the satellite attitude yaw-axis control system to have the quickest settling time without excessive overshoot and zero steady state error.

The static characteristics of porous floating ring journal bearing under hydrodynamic
lubrication condition when operating with an improved boundary conditions are theoretically
analyzed. An isothermal finite bearing theory was adopted during this analysis. The effect of
different parameters, namely, permeability, geometrical dimensions of the ring and the bearing are
considered. It was assumed that oil is supplied through the outside diameter of the bearing under
low supply pressure. The angular extent of the oil – film formed in journal – ring and ring – bearing
oil films was obtained by applying the integral momentum equation at the leading edge of the oil –
film to define the beginning of the oil e