When the flange of a reinforced concrete spandrel beam is in tension, current design codes and specifications enable a portion of the bonded flexure tension reinforcement to be distributed over an effective flange width. The flexural behavior of the RC L-shaped spandrel beam when reinforcement is laterally displaced in the tension flange is investigated experimentally and numerically in this work. Numerical analysis utilizing the finite element method is performed on discretized flanged beam models validated using experimentally verified L-shaped beam specimens to achieve study objectives. A parametric study was carried out to evaluate the influence of various factors on the beam’s flexure behavior. Results showed that

Trickle bed reactor was used to study the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene over Ni/SiO2 catalyst. The catalyst was prepared using the Highly Dispersed Catalyst (HDC) technique. Porous silica particles (capped cylinders, 6x5.5 mm) were used as catalyst support. The catalyst was characterized by TPR, BET surface area and pore volume, X-ray diffraction, and Raman Spectra. The trickle bed reactor was packed with catalyst and diluted with fine glass beads in order to decrease the external effects such as mass transfer, heat transfer and wall effect. The catalyst bed dilution was found to double the liquid holdup, which increased the catalyst wetting and hence, the gas-liquid mass transfer rate. The main product of the hydrogenation reaction of n

The behavior of externally prestressed composite beams under short term loading has been studied. A computer program developed originally by Oukaili to evaluate curvature is modified to evaluate the deflection of prestressed composite beam under flexural load. The analysis model based on the deformation compatibility of entire structure that allows to determine the full history of strain and stress distribution along cross section depth, deflection and stress increment in the external tendons .
The evaluation of curvatures for the composite beam involves iterations for computing the strains vectors at each node at any loading stage. The stress increment determined using equations depended on the member deflection at points of connecti

The pavement is one of the basic components of road infrastructure and, therefore, directly influences general levels of transport safety, as well as the quality of transportation services in human and cargo traffic. Accordingly, the objective of the present study is to develop the prediction model for pavement
condition index (PCI) for flexible pavement. To achieve this objective, (80) selected pavement sections in four sites in the study area and (1100) sample of pavement sections were selected from these sections for the purpose of (PCI) model building. These data include ; longitudinal , transverse, alligator , slippage and block cracking , rutting ,depression , bleeding , polishing , patching and pothole . The effort to develop

In this research a new system identification algorithm is presented for obtaining an optimal set of mathematical models for system with perturbed coefficients, then this algorithm is applied practically by an “On Line System Identification Circuit”, based on real time speed response data of a permanent magnet DC motor. Such set of mathematical models represents the physical plant against all variation which may exist in its parameters, and forms a strong mathematical foundation for stability and performance analysis in control theory problems.

A new pavement technology has been developed in Highway engineering: asphalt pavement production is less susceptible to oxidation and the consequent damages. The warm mix asphalt (WMA) is produced at a temperature of about (10-40) ^oC lower than the hot asphalt paving. This is done using one of the methods of producing a WMA. Although WMA's performance is rather good, according to previous studies, as it is less susceptible to oxidation, it is possible to modify some of its properties using different materials, including polymers. Waste tires of vehicles are one of the types of polymers because of their flexible properties. The production of HMA, WMA, and WMA modified with proportions of (1, 1.5, and 2%) of rub

This paper proposes a new structure of the hybrid neural controller based on the identification model for nonlinear systems. The goal of this work is to employ the structure of the Modified Elman Neural Network (MENN) model into the NARMA-L2 structure instead of Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) model in order to construct a new hybrid neural structure that can be used as an identifier model and a nonlinear controller for the SISO linear or nonlinear systems. Weight parameters of the hybrid neural structure with its serial-parallel configuration are adapted by using the Back propagation learning algorithm. The ability of the proposed hybrid neural structure for nonlinear system has achieved a fast learning with minimum number

In this study, structures damage identification method based on changes in the dynamic characteristics
(frequencies) of the structure are examined, stiffness as well as mass matrices of the curved
(in and out-of-plane vibration) beam elements is formulated using Hamilton's principle. Each node
of both of them possesses seven degrees of freedom including the warping degree of freedom. The
curved beam element had been derived based on the Kang and Yoo’s thin-walled curved beam theory
in 1994. A computer program was developing to carry out free vibration analyses of the curved
beam as well as straight beam. Comparing with the frequencies for other researchers using the general
purpose program MATLAB. Fuzzy logic syste

In this investigation, steady tow-dimensional natural convective heat transfer in rectangular porous cavity, (heated from below) with horizontal walls heated to uniform but different temperatures and adiabatic sides has been studied numerically. The numerical results of heat transfer rates are presented for porous Rayleigh numbers (Ra*), based on width of cavity, in the range (Ra*≤500), with layer aspect ratios (Ar), (height / width) ranging between (0.5≤Ar≤5). Plots of streamlines and isotherms to show the behavior of the flow and temperature distribution are presented. The current study shows that the Nusselt number is a strong function of the porous Rayleigh number, and the geometry of the cavity is represented by aspect ratios.

Surface finish and monitoring tool wear is essential for optimization of machining parameters
and performing automated manufacturing systems. There is a very close relationship between tool wear and machining material parameters as surface roughness, shrinkage, cracks, hard particle ... etc. Monitoring of manufacturing processes plays a very important role to avoid dawn time of the machine, or prevent unwanted conditions such as chatter, excessive tool wear or breakage. Feature extraction and decision making is a matter of considerable interest for condition monitoring of complex phenomena with multiple sensors.  In this work, the implementation of a monitoring system utilizing simultaneous vibration and strain measurements on the

يتقصى البحث فهوم العمارة والتغير ضمن إطار علاقتهما ببعض من جهة وعلاقتهما من خلال الموضوع (المبنى) مع الذات المدركة (المتلقي) من جهة أخرى، وذلك لبيان أثر الإدراك المعرفي للمتلقي في تغيير النتاج المعماري، مع إيضاح فعل التغير المستمر الذي يقع على المبنى وما يترتب عليه من أثار وملامح تظهر في الشكل والمعنى، والتي تحدد لاحقا نوع التغير الحاصل خلال فترات الثبات النسبي من عمر المبنى، الذي يعتمد بدوره على ال

Recently, important efforts have been made in an attempt to search for the cheapest and ecofriendly alternatives adsorbents. In the present work, waste molasses from Iraqi date palm (Zahdi) had been used as a provenance to produce charcoal for the removal of methylene blue (MB) dye from water. The optimum prepared charcoal was obtained at 150 C, by increasing temperature to 175 C, the charcoal had almost converted to ash. The obtained charcoal have been inspected for properties using scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), porosity and surface area. Adsorption data were optimized to Langmuir and Freundlich and adsorption parameters have been evaluated. The thermodynamic parameters like a change

In the field of construction project management, time and cost are the most important factors to be considered in planning every project, and their relationship is complex. The total cost for each project is the sum of the direct and indirect cost. Direct cost commonly represents labor, materials, equipment, etc.
Indirect cost generally represents overhead cost such as supervision, administration, consultants, and interests. Direct cost grows at an increasing rate as the project time is reduced from its original planned time. However, indirect cost continues for the life of the project and any reduction in project time means a reduction in indirect cost. Therefore, there is a trade-off between the time and cost for completing construc

تُعَد اتصالات الموجات المليمترية (mmWave) حلولاً مبتكرة لشبكات الجيل الخامس وما بعدها، نظرًا للتطورات السريعة في عالم الاتصالات. تقدم هذه الورقة شبكة وصول راديوي سحابي غير متجانسة (HC-RAN) تستخدم نطاقات تردد الموجات المليمترية والأقل من 6 جيجاهرتز لتلبية هذه الحاجة. يتم تقديم ارتباطات المستخدمين بوحدات رؤوس الراديو البعيدة (RRHs) للتخفيف من التداخل وتعظيم إنتاجية الشبكة باستخدام خوارزمية (Q-Learning). توفر عمليات النشر

Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST) are structural members consisting of hollow steel tubes filled with concrete. Both steel and concrete work together to provide several advantages. The concrete increases the steel tube's resistance against local buckling while the steel tube confines the concrete, which increases its compressive strength. The use of CFST beams increased in high buildings due to their great mechanical properties. The researchers were interested in CFST beams because of their great ductility, stiffness, strength, and flexural capacity when compared to hollow steel beams. The properties of CFST beams were enhanced in several ways, for example, by using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrapping, addin

Plastic waste materials are constantly increasing around the world as a result of the growing human consumption of these materials day by day, with no actual solutions to get rid of them without causing harm to the environment or the health of living organisms. Therefore, in this research, two types of plastic waste materials are utilized to enhance soft clay soil: polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and nylon (N), in percentages of (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5)% from dry soil weight, to enhance the clay soft soils properties, which are characterized by their excessive compressibility, low bearing capacity, and low shear strength. This study is carried out by conducting laboratory tests before and after the addition. These tests include

يعتمد تطبيق روبوت التوازن الذاتي ذو العجلتين على مهام العالم الحقيقي بشكل حاسم على قدرته على رفض الاضطرابات بشكل فعال. الهدف هو تصميم وحدتي تحكم نشطتين لرفض الإزعاج (ADRCs) لزاوية الجسم والإزاحة، على التوالي، لنظام روبوت ذاتي التوازن ذو عجلتين، والذي يصعب التحكم فيه بسبب الاقتران القوي، وعدم الخطية، وعدم اليقين في المعلمات. استنادًا إلى ديناميكيات النظام، تم تصميم إطار التحكم ADRC لتقدير وتعويض أخطاء النمذجة و

Basrah crude oil Vacuum residue 773+ K with specific gravity 1.107 and 4.87wt. % sulfur, was
treated with hexane commercial fraction provided from Al-Taji Gas Company for preparing
deasphaltened oil(DAO)suitable for hydrotreating process.
Deasphaltening was carried out with 1h mixing time, 10ml:1g solvent to oil ratio and at room
temperature. Hexane deasphaltened oil was hydrotreated on presulfied commercial Co-Mo/ 2 3 g − Al O catalyst in a trickle bed reactor. The hydrotreating process was carried out at temperature 660 K,LHSV 1.3
h –1, H2/oil ratio 300 l/l and constant pressure of 4MPa. The hydrotreated product was distillated under vacuum distillation unit. It is found that the mixture of 75% of vacuum residue with

Laser shock peening (LSP) is deemed as a deep-rooted technology for stimulating compressive residual stresses below the surface of metallic elements. As a result, fatigue lifespan is improved, and the substance properties become further resistant to wear and corrosion. The LSP provides more unfailing surface treatment and a potential decrease in microstructural damage. Laser shock peening is a well-organized method measured up to the mechanical shoot peening. This kind of surface handling can be fulfilled via an intense laser pulse focused on a substantial surface in extremely shorter intervals. In this work, Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) and pure water as a coating layer were utilized as a new technique to improve the properti

 Heritage is considered as the civilization and cultural wealth accumulated over the . centuries, whereas architectural heritage is the physical witness of that civilization. Despite the fact that architectural heritage is the most important effort for economic development of any communit,، it suffers from deterioration and neglection especially in the Arab communities. Recently awareness has increased about the importance of investing on architectural heritage generally and sustainable investment particularly. The goal of investment process in heritage areas is to revive economic activity in addition to attempt to revive the heritage and community values. Research aims to examine the relationship between sustainable investment and

Based on a finite element analysis using Matlab coding, eigenvalue problem has been formulated and solved for the buckling analysis of non-prismatic columns. Different numbers of elements per column length have been used to assess the rate of convergence for the model. Then the proposed model has been used to determine the critical buckling load factor () for the idealized supported columns based on the comparison of their buckling loads with the corresponding hinge supported columns . Finally in this study the critical buckling factor () under end force (P) increases by about 3.71% with the tapered ratio increment of 10% for different end supported columns and the relationship between normalized critical load and slenderness ratio was g

This research aims to choose the appropriate  probability ‎ distribution  ‎‏‎ to the reliability‎        analysis‎ for  an   item through ‎ collected data for operating and stoppage  time of  the case  study.

    Appropriate choice for .probability distribution   is when  the data look to be on or  close the form fitting line for probability plot and test the data  for  goodness of fit .

     Minitab’s 17 software  was used ‎  for this  purpose after  arranging collected data and setting it in the the program‎.

 &nb

The research focuses on determination of best location of high elevated tank using the required head of pump as a measure for this purpose. Five types of network were used to find the effect of the variation in the discharge and the node elevation on the best location. The most weakness point was determined for each network. Preliminary tank locations were chosen for test along the primary pipe with same interval distance. For each location, the water elevation in tank and pump head was calculated at each hour depending on the pump head that required to achieve the minimum pressure at the most weakness point. Then, the sum of pump heads through the day was determined. The results proved that there is a most economical lo

Cost estimation is considered one of the important tasks in the construction projects management. The precise estimation of the construction cost affect on the success and quality of a construction project. Elemental estimation is considered a very important stage to the project team because it represents one of the key project elements. It helps in formulating the basis to strategies and execution plans for construction and engineering.  Elemental estimation, which in the early stage, estimates the construction costs depending on  . minimum details of the project so that it gives an indication for the initial design stage of a project. This paper studies the factors that affect the elemental cost estimation as well as the rela

The performance of a solar assisted desiccant cooling system for a meeting-hall located in the College of Engineering/University of Baghdad was evaluated theoretically. The system was composed of four components; a solar air heater, a desiccant dehumidifier, a heat exchanger and an evaporative cooler. A computer simulation was developed by using MATLAB to assess the effect of various design and operating conditions on the performance of the system and its components. The actual weather data on recommended days were used to assess the load variation and the system performance during those days. The radiant time series method (RTS) was used to evaluate the hourly variation of the cooling load. Four operation modes were employed for perform

Brainstorming has been a common approach in many industries where the result is not always accurate, especially when procuring automobile spare parts. This approach was replaced with a scientific and optimized method that is highly reliable, hence the decision to optimize the inventory inflation budget based on spare parts and miscellaneous costs of the typical automobile industry. Some factors required to achieve this goal were investigated. Through this investigation, spare parts (consumables and non-consumables) were found to be mostly used in Innoson Vehicle Manufacturing (IVM), Nigeria but incorporated miscellaneous costs to augment the cost of spare parts. The inflation rate was considered first due to the market's

Sewer system plays an indispensable task in urban cities by protecting public health and the environment. The operation, maintenance, and rehabilitation of this network have to be in a sustainable and scientific manner. For this purpose, it is important to support operators, decision makers and municipalities with performance evaluation procedure that is based on operational factors. In this paper, serviceability and performance indicator (PI) principles are employed to propose methodology comprising two enhanced PI curves that can be used to evaluate the individual sewers depending on operational factors such as flowing velocity and wastewater level in the sewers. In order to test this methodology; a case study of al-Ru

The electrocoagulation process became one of the most important technologies used for water treatment processes in the last few years. It’s the preferred method to remove suspended solids and heavy metals from water for treating drinking water and wastewater from textile, diary, and electroplating factories. This research aims to study the effect of using the electrocoagulation process with aluminum electrodes on the removal efficiency of suspended solids and turbidity presented in raw water and optimizing by the response surface methodology (RSM). The most important variables studied in this research included electrode spacing, the applied voltage, and the operating time of the electrocoagulation process. The samples

Due to wind wave actions, ships impacts, high-speed vehicles and others resources of loading, structures such as high buildings rise bridge and electric transmission towers undergo significant coupled moment loads. In this study, the effect of increasing the value of coupled moment and increasing the rigidity of raft footing on the horizontal deflection by using 3-D finite element using ABAQUS program. The results showed that the increasing the coupled moment value leads to an increase in lateral deflection and increase in the rotational angle (α◦). The rotational angle increases from (0.014, 0.15 to 0.19) at coupled moment (120 kN.m), (0.29, 0.31 and 0.49) at coupled moment (240 kN.m) and (0.57, 0.63 and 1.03) at cou

Architecture forms theoretical summaries and multi systems that have the essence of change, and that what distinguishes Architecture from other sciences and their systems. Architecture means way of life via its expressional products and that appears through its systems. These systems are based on formative and technological properties in form, structure, services and materials as well as
their moral forms. All these are associated with techniques and facilities in order to establish integrated system.
Architectural creation does not come from void but it depends on a conception base to create a new condition for creative architectural product. The general problem of the research concentrated on limited theoretical and practica