Hand written recognition problem can be done in two major steps, first by separating each character alone and second by detecting the separated shape to its corresponding like alphabetic letter. A backpropagation neural network found to be a good artificial intelligence algorithm in facing character recognition problem.In this work, backpropagation neural network is used with 3-layers to detect and separate 26 English letter from (A to Z). In addition, a previous steps should be taken to detect the boundaries of each single written letter. Detecting a complete text can be done by separating each character through finding its boundaries, resizing the separated character to be suitable for pre-trained neural network, detecting the hand-wri

Roads irrespective of the type have specific standard horizontal distance measured at 90 degrees from a lot boundary to a development known as a setback. Non-observance of the recommended setbacks accommodated in any urban center’s master plan creates noise hazard to the public health and safety as the movement of vehicular traffic is not without the attendant noise. This study assessed noise intrusion level in shops along a section of Ibadan-Abeokuta road with due consideration to compliance with the recommended building structure setback. Analysis of noise descriptors evaluated in this study gave A-weighted equivalent sound pressure level average of 91.3 dBA, the daytime average sound level (L_D) 92.27 dBA,

The degradation and mineralization of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was investigated in this work, using both of UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton UV/H2O2/Fe+3 systems.The reaction was influenced by the input concentration of H2O2, the amount of the iron catalyst, the type of iron salt, the pH and the concentration of 4-CP. A colored solution of benzoquinon can be observed through the first 5 minutes of irradiation time for UV/H2O2 system when low concentration (0.01mol/L) of H2O2 was used. The colored solution of benzoquinon could also be observed through the first 5 minutes for the UV/H2O2/Fe+3 system at high
concentration (100ppm) of 4-CP. The results have shown that adding Fe+3 to the UV/H2O2 system enhanced

This paper discusses the limitation of both Sequence Covering Array (SCA) and Covering Array (CA) for testing reactive system when the order of parameter-values is sensitive. In doing so, this paper proposes a new model to take the sequence values into consideration. Accordingly, by superimposing the CA onto SCA yields another type of combinatorial test suite termed Multi-Valued Sequence Covering Array (MVSCA) in a more generalized form. This superimposing is a challenging process due to NP-Hardness for both SCA and CA. Motivated by such a challenge, this paper presents the MVSCA with a working illustrative example to show the similarities and differences among combinatorial testing methods. Consequently, the MVSCA is a

An experimental study to improve sand dunes to gain economic construction of highway using these locally available materials. The study was divided into two approaches; the first was by using different bituminous binder proportions from (2) to (10) percent, while the second was to use fine metals as reinforcement. The results show an increase in the degree of improvement as reinforcement layers and silt contents were increased. Also it was found that 8% 0f asphalt cement increase the stabilization of sand dunes.

In this study, the sonochemical degradation of phenol in water was investigated using two types of ultrasonic wave generators; 20 kHz ultrasonic processor and 40 kHz ultrasonic cleaner bath. Mineralization rates were determined as a function of phenol concentration, contact time, pH, power density, and type of ultrasonic generator. Results revealed that sonochemical degradation of the phenol conversion was enhanced at increased applied power densities and acidic conditions. At 10 mg/L initial concentration of phenol, pH 7, and applied power density of 3000 W/L, the maximum removal efficiency of phenol was 93% using ultrasonic processor at 2h contact time. Whereby, it was 87% using and ultrasonic cleaner bath at 16h contact time and 150 W

This paper explores a fuzzy-logic based speed controller of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive based on vector control. PI controllers were mostly used in a speed control loop based field oriented control of an IPMSM. The fundamentals of fuzzy logic algorithms as related to drive control applications are illustrated. A complete comparison between two tuning algorithms of the classical PI controller and the fuzzy PI controller is explained. A simplified fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the IPMSM drive has been found to maintain high performance standards with a much simpler and less computation implementation. The Matlab simulink results have been given for different mechanical operating conditions. The simulated

The research investigates the role of the Campus Landscape Design in
achieving a complete semio-communicational structure that creates a continuous
dialogue between the perceiver and the physical entity of the urban environment (through the unconscious recall of meanings and semiotic indexes implicit therein)
and achieves individuals' sense of belonging to place , thereby emphasizing the
human ,social and cultural role of the university and its vital contribution in building
up the Whole Man .The absence of a comprehensive theoretical framework for the
role of the Landscape Design in achieving a semio-communicational structure for the
campus urban environment ,constitutes the main research problem.This

In recent years, there has been expanding development in the vehicular part and the number of vehicles moving on the road in all the sections of the country. Vehicle number plate identification based on image processing is a dynamic area of this work; this technique is used for security purposes such as tracking of stolen cars and access control to restricted areas. The License Plate Recognition System (LPRS) exploits a digital camera to capture vehicle plate numbers is used as input to the proposed recognition system. Basically, the developing system is consist of three phases, vehicle license plate localization, character segmentation, and character recognition, the License Plate (LP) detection is presented using canny

Wellbore instability is a significant problem faced during drilling operations and causes loss of circulation, caving, stuck pipe, and well kick or blowout. These problems take extra time to treat and increase the Nonproductive Time (NPT). This paper aims to review the factors that influence the stability of wellbores and know the methods that have been reached to reduce them. Based on a current survey, the factors that affect the stability of the wellbore are far-field stress, rock mechanical properties, natural fractures, pore pressure, wellbore trajectory, drilling fluid chemicals, mobile formations, naturally over-pressured shale collapse, mud weight, temperature, and time. Also, the most suitable ways to reduce well

This paper represents an experimentalattempt to predict the influence of CO2-MAG welding variables on the shape factors of the weld joint geometry. Theinput variables were welding arc voltage, wire feeding speed and gas flow rate to investigate their effects on the shape factorsof the weld joint geometry in terms of weld joint dimensions (bead width, reinforcement height, and penetration). Design of experiment with response surface methodology technique was employed to buildmathematical models for shape factors in terms of the input welding variables. Thepredicted models were found quadratic type and statistically checked by ANOVA analysis for adequacy purpose. Also, numerical and graphical optimizations were carried out

Rutting is a crucial element of the mechanical performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures, which was the primary target of this study. The task involved substituting various portions of virgin coarse aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate materials that had been treated or left untreated at rates ranging from 25 to 100%, with a constant increase of 25%. The treatment process of recycled concrete aggregate involved soaking in acetic acid, followed by a mechanical process for a short time inside a Los Angeles machine without the balls. This research utilized two primary tests: the standard Marshall test to identify the optimal asphalt contents and the volumetric characteristics of asphalt mixtures. The other one w

The dynamics of flow and turbulence surrounding groynes in a bending canal are highly complex behaviors. This study, which was conducted by HEC-RAS version 6.5 software, focuses on the use of curved groynes in 180°-degree bend canals to study the flow behavior in bending by calculating the velocity of flow along the concave outer edge, in which bank erosion usually occurs, the flow velocity at the inner edge, and calculating the vortices that form between the groynes. The results showed that the curved groynes outperformed the commonly used straight groynes in the same conditions. The findings indicate that curved groins decrease the flow velocity at the outer edge by 99%, while straight groins achieve a reduction in fl

When selecting a material for product design, the focus is on its mechanical properties, a standard requirement in most applications. This paper’s research aimed to determine if better calibration of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) material samples welded with laser spot welding could be achieved by verifying joint strength performance and modulus of elasticity. Tensile tests were conducted using a universal testing machine with a 100 kN load capacity. Parameters studied included laser power, welding velocity, laser focus diameter, and spot geometric size. An orthogonal L9 array with three levels was used. Multi-objective optimization techniques TOPSIS-Quality Loss Function were used, and the results were compared. It w

The discarded construction waste materials can be re-used as a new source of aggregate. These wastes, such as clay bricks, can be managed by recycling them into new construction materials after being collected, dried, crushed, and ground for use in concrete production. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of using recycled brick waste as sand to produce sustainable reactive-powder-concrete (R-P-C), and to assess the influence of various curing techniques on its mechanical strength. In this study, two sustainable R-P-C mixtures (BM15 and BM30) were prepared, containing 15% and 30% brick waste as sand (BS), as a volume replacement for Sika sand in the reference mixture (RM). The mixtures were cured under three cu

Reservoir quality assessment is important for detecting hydrocarbon-bearing zones and guiding future enhancement strategies. This study presents a detailed petrophysical evaluation of the Mishrif Formation in the Buzurgan Oilfield, which was selected due to its strategic value through its significant remaining reserves which making it an ideal candidate for advanced evaluation techniques. This study aims for shale content, porosity, permeability, water saturation, net to gross, and lithology determination. Well log and core data were used together to establish accurate property estimations. Permeability prediction through conventional methods, like core permeability-porosity correlations, was highly dispersive due to the

It is well known that drilling challenges, in addition to fluctuating oil prices and increasing competition for production, can contribute to unscheduled field expenditures exceeding one billion U.S. dollars annually. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating geomechanical principles into petroleum engineering, which includes reservoir, drilling, and production operations. A case study was conducted on one well in Rumaila oilfield, located in southern Iraq, to determine the geomechanical properties of carbonate, sandstone, and shale formations. Stress regimes, elastic, and rock strength properties were analyzed. The results showed the stress regime is a strike-slip regime from the Sadi to Zubair formations. The

Thermal comfort in university outdoor spaces is a fundamental requirement for creating a sustainable environment that supports student activities and events, and it is linked to the physical characteristics of the campus. The research problem emerged from a knowledge gap regarding the impact of urban formation on achieving thermal comfort in these spaces. The research assumes that specific urban formation indicators effectively influence users' perceptions of thermal comfort. It aims to analyze the impact of these indicators on improving thermal comfort within the university environment, with a focus on identifying the most effective in achieving thermal balance. A comparative analytical methodology was adopted that incl

This study evaluates the hydraulic performance of Baghdad's water supply network by analysing pressure heads and velocities. In this work, Water-CAD hydraulic models integrated with QGIS were utilized.  The districts 821 and 835 were selected in partnership with Al-Rashid Municipality Water Department, two districts fed from a single source, with the construction period of the two networks differing. They were calibrated in Darwin calibration using field-measured pressure at five and three locations, respectively, achieving coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.99. In District 821, pressure analysis during peak demand revealed that most junctions operated under 7 m H₂O, with 14% exhibiting negative pressure and 84% b

Physical Layer Key Generation (PLKG) provides a promising approach for establishing secure cryptographic keys between legitimate parties. However, in static and quasi-static environments, the key generation rate is significantly limited due to the low entropy of the wireless channel. To overcome this, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) have been proposed to enhance the channel entropy by altering the phase of incident electromagnetic waves. This paper addresses this challenge by proposing a security architecture that integrates a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) base station with a Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (BD-RIS) in multi-user scenarios, in the presence of an eavesdropper. Unlike convent

This paper describes a stego system in which a gray scale image is embedded in another one.Wavelet transform of both the cover image and the embedded image is used to sort their subbands energies to guarantee that the embedded image will be inserted in the low frequency components of the cover image with little perceptual distortion. Embedding by this way increases the robustness of the system but affects the syster 1 imperceptibility, so a variable scaling factor (a) is used to attenuate the components of the embedded image before adding them to those of the cover image. It is found that the stego image with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of about 30 dB has goo 1 imperceptibility.The attacker is proposed to be act

The major of DDoS attacks use TCP protocol and the TCP SYN flooding attack is the most common one among them. The SYN Cookie mechanism is used to defend against the TCP SYN flooding attack. It is an effective defense, but it has a disadvantage of high calculations and it doesn’t differentiate spoofed packets from legitimate packets. Therefore, filtering the spoofed packet can effectively enhance the SYN Cookie activity. Hop Count Filtering (HCF) is another mechanism used at the server side to filter spoofed packets. This mechanism has a drawback of being not a perfect and final solution in defending against the TCP SYN flooding attack. An enhanced mechanism of Integrating and combining the SYN Cookie with Hop Count Filtering (HCF) mech

A new systematic approach is introduced and used to define and study the basic concepts of the anti-virus system. These basic concepts include definitions, design and analysis criteria, and lassifications. Also, the characteristics of the ideal anti-virus system are defined. To understand how the proposed design and analysis criteria can be used in practice, the currently available antivirus products are analyzed using the proposed criteria to see whether they meet the requirements of the ideal anti-virus system or not.

Although many technological improvements are occurring in power production worldwide, power plants in third world countries are still using old technologies that are causing thermal pollution to the water bodies. Power facilities that dump hot water into water bodies are damaging aquatic life. In the study, the impact of the Al Dora thermal power plant on a nearby stretch of Tigris River in Baghdad city was assessed by measuring the temperature of the disposed of hot water in various cross-sections of the selected stretch of Tigris River, including measuring the thermal mixing length. The measurements were conducted in winter, spring, and summer. For field measurements, it was found that the impact of recovery distances

A constitutive law can be defined as a mathematical functional relation between physical quantities
such as stress and strain and may take other factors like time, temperature and additional material
properties into account. In this paper, the endochronic model is used to predict the stress-strain relations of two Iraqi clays. This model is a viscoplastic one but without introducing a yield surface. It encompasses
material behaviour such that the current stress state is a function of strain history through a time scale called “intrinsic time” which is not the absolute time but a material property. The simulation showed that the model overestimates the strains for all cases studied. This may be attributed to the material para

The present work is concerned with the theoretical and experimental investigation of flow pattern of Newtonian fluid in liquid mixing process in stirred tank with flat blade impeller. A threedimensional model for mixing process was simulated. The effected parameters are rotation speed and impeller diameter. Continuity, momentum, and turbulent equations were solved by ANSYS package software 5.4 code with FLOTRAN/CFD based on Finite Element method. In the experimental work, two visualization methods are used in this work, the first method is the acidbase reaction visualization method and the second is the particle distribution visualization method.
Different chemical materials were used in the first method, NaOH as a base, 2 4 H SO as a

The results of theoretical and experimental investigations carried out to study the effect of load and relative sliding speed on the abrasive wear behavior in drilling bit teeth surfaces of an insert tungsten carbide bit have been presented. Experimentally, an apparatus for abrasive wear tests conducted on the modified ASTM-G65 was modified and fabricated to facilitate loading and measurement of wear rate for the sand/ steel wheel abrasion test, which involves two cases of contact; first is at dry sand and second is under wet condition. These tests have been carried under varied operating parameters of normal load and sliding speed. A theoretical model based upon the Archard equation has been developed for predicting wear simulation by u

In order to implement the concept of sustainability in the field of construction, it is necessary to find an alternative to the materials that cause pollution by manufacturing, the most important of which is cement. Because factory wastes provide siliceous and aluminous materials and contain calcium such as fly ash and slag that are used in the production of high-strength geopolymer concrete with specifications similar to ordinary concrete, it was necessary for developing this type of concrete that is helping to reduce CO₂ (dioxide carbon) in the atmosphere. Therefore, the aim of this study was to study the influence of incorporating various percentages of slag as a replacement for fly ash and the effect of sl

In drilling fluid program, selecting the drilling fluid that will reduce the lost time is the first objective, and will be economical regardless of its cost. The amount and type of solids in drilling fluid is the primary control of the rheological and filtration properties. Palygorskite clay (attapulgite) is an active solid that has the ability to reactive with its environment and form a gel structure within a fluid and due to its stability in the presence of brines and electrolytes this type of clay is preferred for use. The aim of this study is to improve properties of Iraqi palygorskite (PAL) by adding different chemical additives such as caustic soda NaOH and soda ash Na₂CO₃ with a different con

Since no in situ studies exist for determining unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of Iraqi soils
during internal drainage under no evaporation conditions, a field study was conducted on a silty clay loam soil to determine unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using the Instantaneous Profile
Method(IPM) and to solve the one dimensional flow equation under gravity flow theory for obtaining easier method to predicting unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and water content profiles. An 8m  8m field plot was flooded for forty days and then covered to prevent evaporation from soil surface. Gravimetric samples were augured during 90 days of drainage following flooding as a function of depth. Soil water potentials was estimated from f