This work aimed to design, construct and operate a new laboratory scale water filtration system. This system was used to examine the efficiency of two ceramic filter discs as a medium for water filtration. These filters were made from two different ceramic mixtures of local red clay, sawdust, and water.  The filtration system was designed with two rotating interfered modules of these filters.  Rotating these modules generates shear force between water and the surfaces of filter discs of the filtration modules that works to reduce thickness of layer of rejected materials on the filters surfaces. Each module consists of seven filtration units and each unit consists of two ceramic filter discs.    The average measured hy

The main objective of present work is to describe the feasibility of friction stir welding (FSW) for
joining of low carbon steel with dimensions (3 mm X 80 mm X 150 mm). A matrix (3×3) of welding
parameters (welding speed and tool rotational speed) was used to see influence of each parameter on
properties of welded joint .Series of (FSW) experiments were conducted using CNC milling machine
utilizing the wide range of rotational speed and transverse speed of the machine. Effect of welding
parameters on mechanical properties of weld joints were investigated using different mechanical tests
including (tensile and microhardness tests ). Micro structural change during (FSW) process was
studied and different welding zones

Friction stir welding (FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which the material that is being welded does not melt. This process uses a nonconsumable tool to generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. The welding parameters such as tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force, etc., and tool pin profile play a major role in deciding the weld quality. In this investigation an attempt
has been made to understand the effect of tool pin profile and rotation diameter on microstructure and mechanical properties in aluminum alloy (2218-T72). Five different tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical, threaded cylindrical, triangular, square, and threaded cylindrical with flat), with three different rotation
d

The degradation performance of aqueous solution of pesticide Alachlor has been studied at solar pilot scale plant in two photocatalytic systems: homogeneous photocatalysis by photo-Fenton and heterogeneous photocatalysis with titanium dioxide. The pilot scale system included of compound parabolic collectors specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications, and installed at University of Baghdad, Department of Environmental Engineering back yard. The influence of different concentrations, H₂O₂ (200-2400 mg/l), Fe⁺²(5- 30 mg/l) and TiO2 (100-500 mg/l) and their relationship with the degradation efficiency were studied.

      The COD removal efficienc

An agricultural waste (walnut shell) was undertaken to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solutions in batch and continuous fluidized bed processes. Walnut shell was found to be effective in batch reaching 75.55% at 20 and 200 rpm, when pH of the solution adjusted to 7. The equilibrium was achieved after 6 h of contacting time. The maximum uptake was 11.94mg/g. The isotherm models indicated that the highest determination coefficient belongs to Langmuir model. Cu (II) uptake process in kinetic rate model followed the pseudo-second-order with determination coefficient of 0.9972. More than 95% of the Cu(II) were adsorbed on the walnut shells within 6 h at optimum agitation speed of 800 rpm. The main functional groups responsible for biosorption of

In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system for speed control of fixed displacement hydraulic motor using proportional valve and (PID) controller is investigated theoretically ,experimentally and simulation . The theoretical part includes the derivation of the nonlinear mathematical model equation of (valve – motor ) combination system and the derivation of the transfer function for the complete hydraulic system , the stability test of the system during the operation through the transfer function using MATLAB package
V7.1 have been done. An experimental part includes design and built hydraulic test rig and simple PID controller .The best PID gains have been calculated experimentally and simulation, speed control performance te

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of open cavity on the pattern of fully developed internal flow and convection heat transfer. In this experimental work the velocity profile, temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were determined at various Reynolds numbers (1.9*104≤ Re ≤ 2.7*104
) for smooth surface as well as for flow over open cavity (with and without excitation). The results showed that the presence of the cavity led to change the downstream velocity profile and the dissimilarity of downstream skin friction coefficient between the upper and lower surfaces around (64 %) at distance to the length cavity (x/L= + 20.5). As a result the heat transfer coefficient and Nu in

The aim of the present work is to study the e possibility of controlling cracking due to differential temperature rise and differential shrinkage between surface and interior of mass concrete is bot climate .The experimental work consisted of meanaring temperature change with time various depths, within en the mass concrete foundation of 850 cubic meters in Measurements of the concrete shrinkage were also taken surface and st shot climate, The current understanding is that at a temperature difference of 20 C between the core of mais concrete and ita marface will cause cracking lo hot climate, higher temperature difference usually develops, and combined with shrinkage may cause development of wide cracks, even whes precautions are taken,

De-waxing of lubricating oil distillate (400-500 ºC) by using urea was investigated in the
present study. Lubricating oil distillate produced by vacuum distillation and refined by furfural
extraction was taken from Al-Daura refinery. This oil distillate has a pour point of 34 ºC. Two solvents were used to dilute the oil distillate, these are methyl isobutyl ketone and methylene chloride. The operating conditions of the urea adduct formation with n-paraffins in the presence of methyl isobutyl ketone were studied in details, these are solvent to oil volume ratio within the range of 0 to 2, mixer speed 0 to 2000 rpm, urea to wax weight ratio 0 to 6.3, time of adduction 0 to 71 min and temperature 30-70 ºC). Pour point of de-w

Numerical solutions are presented for the transient natural convection heat transfer problem in horizontal isothermal cylindrical annuli, enclosed in heated inner and cooled outer cylinders. Solutions for laminar case were obtained within Grashof number based on the inner diameter which varied from 1x102 to 1x105 in air. Both vorticity and energy equations were solved using alternating direction implicit (ADI) method and stream function equation by successive over relaxation (SOR) method. The structure of fluid flow such as a velocity vector and temperature distribution as well as Nusselt number were obtained and the effect of diameter ratio on them is examined. In addition, the Grashof number was changed with the influence of variation

Pilot-scale dead end microfiltration membranes were carried out to determine the feasibility of the
process for treating the oily wastewater which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as power station of south of Baghdad and the general company of petrochemical industries. Polypropylene membranes
(cylindrical shape) with different pore diameters (1 and 5 micron) were used to conduct the study on
micromembrane process. The variables studied are oil concentration (100 – 1000 ppm), feed flow rate (20 –
40 l/h), operating temperature (31 – 50°C) and time (0 – 3 h). It was found that the flux increases with
increasing feed flow rate, temperature and pore size of membrane, and decreases with increasing oil
concen

In this paper two stages of analysis are studied. In stage I, the influence of crack shape on the
crack-tip stresses, critical loads and subsequent propagation direction is investigated via a simple
analytical model for cracks in homogeneous materials. This model is verified through finite element
simulations using ANSYS. It is demonstrated that accurate predictions of mechanical energy release
rate and crack deflection angle may be obtained from a smaller number of crack shape parameters.
In stage II, this concept is extended to curved cracks in functionally graded materials (FGMs).It is
common that analytical and computational models of fracture in FGMs have focused almost
extensively on straight cracks. If it can

The Concept of Alienation has succeeded in being the main and most dealt phenomena and estate in the modern era , thus it was issued in different fields of knowledge such as Language , philosophy , Social and Psychological Sciences alongside the field of Architecture , and that caused the special pivot of the research and that was represented with ( Alienation in the Built Environment) . 
The Concept of Alienation consists of three main forms ( Physical/Spatial , Social and Psychological Alienation) ; The first can be defined as the rapture in the relationship between man and his surrounded built environment caused by the urban tissue disintegration, the latter effected on the built environment physical consistencies like the archi

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient kL.a was calculated using two gases (air and CO2) in water and NaOH solution. The experiments were carried out using 0.1 m column diameter. Empirical and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) correlation were developed to predicted mass transfer coefficient in form of dimensionless groups (Sh, Re,Bo and We). The use of Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) gave better results than other correlations found in literature and than the empirical one found in this study.

A novel design and implementation of a cognitive methodology for the on-line auto-tuning robust PID controller in a real heating system is presented in this paper. The aim of the proposed work is to construct a cognitive control methodology that gives optimal control signal to the heating system, which achieve the following objectives: fast and precise search efficiency in finding the on- line optimal PID controller parameters in order to find the optimal output temperature response for the heating system. The cognitive methodology (CM) consists of three engines: breeding engine based Routh-Hurwitz criterion stability, search engine based particle
swarm optimization (PSO) and aggregation knowledge engine based cultural algorithm (CA)

Gypseous soils are distributed in many regions in Iraq. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geotechnical properties of such soils due to the possible large damage that may incur structures founded and constructed in or on them. The soil used in this study is from Al-Najef City, Iraq. It is poorly graded sand. It also has a gypsum content of about 28-32٪. The mineralogical and chemical properties of the soil are established at first. However, this study is concerned with the dissolution of gypsum and its effect on the soil. The importance of the progress of dissolution is verified through the study of the characteristics of the soil skeleton and the pore fluid. Three differential equations are used to study this effect, namely, conti

The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) considered a common tool in producing topographic maps, orthophotos and civil engineering projects besides other different engineering applications. As a result many software packages were developed and used to produce DEM from different sources like field surveys, scanned topographic maps and stereo photos exposed from air or space.
This paper is devoted to evaluate the most suitable and accurate interpolation method in producing digital elevation model for the data gathered from existed topographic maps which are also compared with data gathered from field survey. Map scale (1:25000) with contour interval (50m) were chosen in the tests. The accuracy tests based on the National Mapping Accuracy Stand

A numerical method has been introduced to predict the flow through a complex geometry bounded by the fuselage, airfoil supports and rotating dish of the AWACS. The finite volume computational approach is used to carry out all computations with staggered grid arrangement. The (k-ε) turbulence model is utilized to describe the turbulent flow. The solution algorithm is based on the technique of automatic numerical grid generation of curvilinear coordinate system having coordinate lines coincident with the boundary counters regardless of its shape. A general coordinate transformation is used to represent complex geometries accurately and the grid is generated using a system of elliptic partial differential equations technique. The ext

يهدف البحث إلى تأكيد أهمية إتباع الإدارة السليمة والتخطيط المحكم للكلفة منذ بداية إقرار المشروع الإنشائي لتسهيل مهمة وضع الاسس الصحيحة لمتابعة وضبط كلفة المشروع بالإضافة إلى تحديد المعوقات الأساسية التي تؤثر على عملية ادارة وتخطيط الكلفة الإنشائية ومحاولة تقديم مقترحات حلول لها من خلال توضيح دور الأطراف المشاركة في العملية الإنشائية . واستنادا إلى المعلومات الأولية والقراءات الاستطلاعية والبيانات التي

The static characteristics of porous floating ring journal bearing under hydrodynamic
lubrication condition when operating with an improved boundary conditions are theoretically
analyzed. An isothermal finite bearing theory was adopted during this analysis. The effect of
different parameters, namely, permeability, geometrical dimensions of the ring and the bearing are
considered. It was assumed that oil is supplied through the outside diameter of the bearing under
low supply pressure. The angular extent of the oil – film formed in journal – ring and ring – bearing
oil films was obtained by applying the integral momentum equation at the leading edge of the oil –
film to define the beginning of the oil e

In this study, a different design of passive air Solar Chimney(SC)was tested by installing it in the south wall of insulated test room in Baghdad city. The SC was designed from vertical and inclined parts connected serially together, the vertical SC (first part) has a single pass and Thermal Energy Storage Box Collector (TESB (refined paraffin wax as Phase Change Material(PCM)-Copper Foam Matrix(CFM))), while the inclined SC was designed in single pass, double passes and double pass with TESB (semi refined paraffin wax with copper foam matrix) with selective working angle ((30^o, 45^o and 60^o). A computational model was employed and solved by Finite Volume Method (FVM) to simulate the air i

This study was undertaken to provide more insight on the optimum injection temperature used for the production of PE crates, thereby saving time and money, and improving part quality. The work included processing trails of HDPE crates in an injection
molding machine at five temperatures ranged from 220 to 300°C. Both Rheological and mechanical characterization was conducted in order to understand the effect of injection temperature on the properties of crates. Oven aging was also applied for (4 weeks) to evaluate the long-term thermal stability. The results revealed that producing the crates at a temperature range of (260-280 °C) gives the best rheological and mechanical result. The lowest drop in thermal stability has been observed

In recent years and decades, there is a great need for developing new alternative energy sources or renewable sustainable energy. On the other hand, new technology approaches are growing . towards benefits from the valuable nutrients in wastewater which are unrecoverable by traditional wastewater treatment processes.  In the current study, a novel integrated system of microbial fuel cell and anoxic bioreactor (MFC-ANB) was designed and constructed to investigate its potential for slaughterhouses wastewater treatment, nitrogen recovery, and power generation. The system consisted of a double-chamber tubular type MFC with biocathode inoculated with freshly collected activated sludge. The MFC-ANB system was continuously fed with real-fi

The (P.E.) values reveal a similar seasonal variation .for six selected climatological stations 6yr)r
Mujib basin' The average annual values ranges between 2200 mm in the SE region to 1400 mm firr
the NW and SW regions of the basin. The relation between the long-te.- uvirug" values and tl e
climatic parameters (Class A p*, Temperature; Wind, Sun Shine duration % RH %) for thn e
climatological stations were determined using the linear regression equations. High correlatic n
coefficient values suggest that the obtained equations are highly reliable. Mujib basin is divided in, o
three climatic zones : Moisture index > -80 where the water balance for this zone show, yy4[r)r
surplus during Dec. to Feb. an

Due to the popularity of radar , receive often “ hear “ a great number of other transmitters in addition to their own return merely in noise . The dealing with the problem of identify and / or separating a sum of tens of such pulse trains from a number of different sources are often received on the one communication channel. It is then of interest to identify which pulses are from which source , based on the assumption that the different sources have different characteristics .This search deals with a graphical user interface (GUI) to generate the radar pulse in order to use the required radar signal in any specified location .

The present research is concerned with the future phase-out of halocarbon types of refrigerants used in the vapor compression refrigeration systems. A window-type air conditioner is selected for the tests to be conducted with two different refrigerants. It is well known that these cooling units are wide spread in their applications and are circulating R-22 as a refrigerant. It is intended to replace this type of refrigerant by another type which is considered to be as environmental friendly refrigerant for smooth operation. The refrigerant selected for this object was R-407C for its favorable thermal properties and acceptable pressure and temperature ranges. The effect of replacing this refrigerant as a substitute on the performance of t

This study investigates the performance of granular dead anaerobic sludge (GDAS) bio-sorbent as permeable reactive barrier in removing phenol from a simulated contaminated shallow groundwater. Batch tests have been performed to characterize the equilibrium sorption properties of the GDAS and sandy soil in phenol-containing aqueous solutions. The results of GDAS tests proved that the best values of operating parameters, which achieve the maximum removal efficiency of phenol (=85%), at equilibrium contact time (=3 hr), initial pH of the solution (=5), initial phenol concentration (=50 mg/l), GDAS dosage (=0.5 g/100 ml), and agitation speed (=250 rpm). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis proved that the carboxylic acid, aromatic, alk

In this research a theoretical study has been carried out on the behavior and strength of simply supported composite beams strengthened by steel cover plate taking into consideration partial interaction of shear connectors and nonlinear behavior of the materials and shear connectors. Following the procedure that already has been adopted by Johnson (1975), the basic differential equations of equilibrium and compatibility were reduced to single differential equation in terms of interface slip between concrete slab and steel beam. Furthermore, in order to consider the nonlinear behavior of steel, concrete and shear connectors, the basic equation was rearranged so that all terms related to materials are isol

The problem of generated waste as a result of the implementation of construction projects, has  been aggravated recently because of construction activity experienced by the world, especially Iraq, which is going through a period of reconstruction, where construction waste represents (20-40%) of the total generated waste and has a negative effect on the environment and economic side of the project. In addition, the rate of consumpted  amounts of natural resources are estimated to be about 40% in the construction industry, so it became necessary to reduce waste and to be manage well. This study aims to identify the key factors affecting waste management through the various phases of the project, and this is accom

This study focuses on the modeling of manufactured damper when used in steel buildings. The main aim of the manufactured dampers is to protect the steel buildings from the damaging effects that may result due to earthquakes by introducing an extra damping in addition to the traditional damping.
Only Pure Manufactured Dampers, has been considered in this study. Viscous modeling of damping is generally preferred in structural engineering as it leads to a linear model then it has been used during this study to simulate the behavior of the Pure Manufactured Damper.
After definition of structural parameters of a manufactured damper (its stiffness and its damping) it can be used as a structural element that can be added to a mathematica