This research was conducted using ceramic microfiltration membrane for treatment of oily wastewater in the pilot-scale dead-end filtration system designed in the laboratory under the influence of conditions of feed flow rate 15-35 l/h, feed temperature 32-48°C, oil feed concentration 300-1200 ppm, feed solution pH 2.6-9.8. The influence of these conditions on the permeate flux rate and oil rejection percent were investigated. Experimental results indicated that when feed flow rate increased to 35 l/h permeate flux
rates increased to 100 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent decreased to 70.1%, and when feed temperature
increased to 48 ºC permeate flux rate increased to 62 l/m2.h and oil rejection percent decreased to 56.44%.
But wh

The effect of different Ti additions on the microstructure of Al-Ti alloy prepared by powder metallurgy was investigated. A certain amount of Ti (10wt%, 15wt%, and 20wt%) were added to aluminium and the tests like microhardness, density, scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical microscope (OM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were conducted to determine the influence of different Ti additives on the Al-Ti alloy properties and microstructure. The results show that the grains of α-Al changed from large grains to roughly spherical and then to small rounded grains with increasing Ti content, the micro-hardness of the alloy increases with increasing Ti, and XRD results confirm the formation of TiAl₃ intermetallic co

The solar photocatalytic degradation of diuron, which is one of the herbicides, has been studied by a solar pilot plant in heterogeneous solar photocatalysis with titanium dioxide. The pilot plant was made up of compound parabolic collectors specially designed for solar photocatalytic applications. The influence of different variables such as, H2O2 initial concentration, TiO2 initial concentration, and diuron initial concentration with their relationship to the degradation efficiency were studied. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) found to increase the rate of diuron degradation. The best removal efficiency of heterogeneous solar photocatalytic TiO2 system was found to be 46.65 % and for heterogeneous solar photocatalytic TiO2/ H2O2 system was fo

The paper proposes a methodology for predicting packet flow at the data plane in smart SDN based on the intelligent controller of spike neural networks(SNN). This methodology is applied to predict the subsequent step of the packet flow, consequently reducing the overcrowding that might happen. The centralized controller acts as a reactive controller for managing the clustering head process in the Software Defined Network data layer in the proposed model. The simulation results show the capability of Spike Neural Network controller in SDN control layer to improve the (QoS) in the whole network in terms of minimizing the packet loss ratio and increased the buffer utilization ratio.

The aim of this work is to study reverse osmosis characteristics for copper sulfate hexahydrate
(CuSO4.6H2O), nickel sulfate hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O) and zinc sulfate hexahydrate (ZnSO4.6H2O)
removal from aqueous solution which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as Alnasser Company for
mechanical industries. The mode of operation of reverse osmosis was permeate is removed and the
concentrate of metals solution is recycled back to the feed vessel. Spiral-wound membrane is thin film
composite membrane (TFC) was used to conduct this study on reverse osmosis. The variables studied are
metals concentrations (50 – 150 ppm) and time (15 – 90 min). It was found that increasing the time results in an increase in concen

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) consist of hydrocarbons obtained by refining crude oil, either from propane or butane or a mixture of the two. There are often other components such as propylene, butylene or other hydrocarbons, but they are not the main component. The study aims to review previous studies dealing with designing an LPG system to deliver gas to residential campuses and buildings. LPG is extracted from natural gas NG by several processes, passing through fractionation towers and then pressuring into CNG storage tanks. Gas contains several problems, including gas leakage through the pipes and leads to fires or explosions in LPG storage and distribution tanks, so safety conditions were taken in the design and implementation. T

In this research the treatment of 7201 cutting fluid was carried out to decrease its environmental impact on water resources after being used and being less effective due to the action of contaminants.
The breaking of emulsion was carried out using two methods: The first method was by using acid and/or heat. 1 molar sulfuric acid was used to decrease pH to 1.5 whth heating the emulsion to 90 ºC. It was found that the acid is the dominating factor in emulsion breaking and the maximum efficiency achieved was 85% after one day using (10335 ppm) sulfuric acid. The second method was by using two different types of coagulants calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) at different emulsified oil concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, 10% by

The aim of sustainability represents one of the most important aims that most architects sought for achieving it. Thus, the economical factor appears to have the priority within the set of factors leading to this aim, where the effect of this factor appears much clearly in housing projects in comparison to other types of buildings. Therefore, many attempts and experiments were adopted in the field of economical low cost housing in different places of world. These attempts were associated with many aspects concerning the subject of achieving the possible economy of house of all levels. In spite of the numerous attempts that were adopted on the local level for putting general lines for the economical housing directions; the results were no

This work deals with slags produced from melting processes of cast iron and steel .as an industrial solid by product with investiga effect environment in general .Huge quantities of slag are produced from foundries and steel work complexes , as (10-30)% of iron alloys produced .In order to use those quantities at the same foundries , this work investigates the using of slag in sand moulding mixtures 10,20,30 and 40 % of milled slag to the same size of silica sand , instead of silica , and prepared standard speciemens to test grean compression strength and gas permeability in green and dry cases.Results showed improvement in comp.strength in green tests, by using slag. While in dry tests, however, that comp. strength increased by using sl

It is well known that petroleum refineries are considered the largest generator of oily sludge which may cause serious threats to the environment if disposed of without treatment. Throughout the present research, it can be said that a hybrid process including ultrasonic treatment coupled with froth floatation has been shown as a green efficient treatment of oily sludge waste from the bottom of crude oil tanks in Al-Daura refinery and able to get high yield of base oil recovery which is 65% at the optimum operating conditions (treatment time = 30 min, ultrasonic wave amplitude = 60 micron, and (solvent: oily sludge) ratio = 4). Experimental results showed that 83% of the solvent used was recovered meanwhile the main water

Water plays a strategic role in the development of many facilities in our country. Still, the biggest construction projects in the world take place in Iraq with the creation of the most ambitious architectural centers. Great water production plants and distribution networks are constructed and management of available water resources is an important issue. This paper includes the identification of the hazards and introduction of control points that serve to minimize these potential hazards that providing more effect control for drinking water quality. We can conclude that end-product testing is a reactive rather than preventive way to demonstrate confidence in good and safe drinking water. This justifies the need for the formulation of a

In this work, a developed modified one sampling ahead preview (OSAP) controller with repetitive control action for single – phase voltage source PWM inverters used in (UPS) systems is proposed. The proposed technique minimizes largely the plant modeling errors resulted from simplification made to obtain a linear discrete - time plant model. In addition, due to the repetitive control action, this digital control scheme can minimize the steady-state error and periodic distortions caused by nonlinear cyclic loads. Hence, the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) will be reduced. This technique utilizes a switching frequency greater than the sampling frequency, yielding additional minimization in the plant modeling errors. As the sampling freque

Hydrogenation of D-glucose in the presence of Raney nickel as a catalyst was employed for the preparation of D-mannitol. The effects of the reaction time (15-115 min), reaction temperature (15-65 oC), and catalyst to D-glucose ratio (3-11 %) on the yield of D-mannitol were studied. The experimental design of Box-Wilson method was adopted to find a useful relationship between the effecting variables and the D-mannitol yield. The experimental data collected by this design was successively fitted to a second order polynomial mathematical model. The analysis of variance shows that the reaction time had the greatest effect on the yield of D-mannitol among other variables. An optimum operating conditions of 115 min reaction time, 50 ˚C reacti

The conversion of nC5-nC7 over 0.32wt%Pt/HY-Zeolite catalyst was studied with temperature range 240-270ºC, liquid hourly space velocity range 1-3h-1, hydrogen to n-alkane mole ratio 8-24 and atmospheric total pressure. The effect of the PH2, PnC5, PnC6, and PnC7 orders on the overall reaction rate was studied. For nC7, the reaction order with respect to hydrogen varied between -0.998 and -0.948 while with respect to nC7 varied between 0.154 and 0.156. For nC6, the reaction order varied between -0.811 and -0.808 while with respect to nC6 varied between 0.332 and 0.337. For nC5, the reaction order with respect to hydrogen varied between -0.652 and -0.620 while the reaction order with respect to nC5 was varied between 0.336 and 0.339. The

In this paper an investigation has been made into the effect of residual stresses on the vibration characteristics of a thin rectangular stainless steel plate with multi-line spot welded stiffeners. A new general frequency equation with and without the effect of residual stresses due to multi-line spot welding along the length and width of the plate for different boundary conditions were obtained. The results give that the free ends tries to increase the natural frequencies while the clamped edges try to decrease the natural frequencies; also the central position weld line has the great influence on the natural frequencies.

This paper studies the effect of mean wind velocity on tall building. Wind velocity, wind profile and wind pressure have been considered as a deterministic phenomenon. Wind velocity has been modelled as a half-sinusoidal wave. Three exposures have been studied B, C, and D. Wind pressure was evaluated by equation that joined wind pressure with mean wind velocity, air density, and drag coefficient.

Variations of dynamic load factor for building tip displacement and building base shear were studied for different building heights, different mode shapes, different terrain exposures, and different aspect ratios of building plan. SAP software, has been used in modelling and dynamic analysis for all case studies.

A low-order panel method was used to predict the flow characteristics between two sets of wings representing wing and tail. Constant source and doublet singularities with Drichlet boundary condition are used on the body surfaces. Distance and setting angle changes of the tail are studied to predict the air flow characteristics. Since the flow is incompressible non-viscous (potential flow), the results obtained contain a large physical evidence and may give a good design tool for aircraft stability consideration. A FORTRAN program was built to calculate the flow characteristics and then validated with published data. Highly acceptable results are obtained as compared with these data, so that; the program can be used for discussing the des

Several sophisticated or "optimum" modulation strategies have been suggested for voltage source pulse with modulated (PWM) inverters for ac motor control. These modulation strategies may suppress specific low – order harmonics or minimize total harmonic.
The effectiveness of these (PWM) techniques in minimizing harmonic and reducing torque pulsation is investigated analytically, and their performance is compared with that of the usual sinusoidal or sub-harmonic PWM approach. The influence of skin effect on motor (I2R copper losses) is taken into consideration, and harmonic core losses are compared. Peak current is also an important factor in inverter design, and the various modulation strategies are again compared on this basis. Fou

The aim of this work is concerned with detailed study of transfer of ozone into water.. Since ozone cannot be stored or conveniently purchased by the gram, pound, gallon or ton, it must be produced on site as needed, (where needed and when needed). The process will carried out with two important assumptions; first that ozone is the only active species that physically dissolves in water. And second that there is no chemical reaction .the process carried out in a perforated sieve tray column with 1 m long and 33 cm diameter. The effects of process variables such as (Water flow rate, pH and air flow rate which is refer to the concentration of free ozone in the gas phase in the absorption column). The result show that the absorption rate inc

Water quality plays an important role in the restoration of marshes south Iraq, hence, in this paper water samples were taken from different sites in Hammar marsh in south of Iraq to know the variation of some water parameters with the distance along Hammar marsh. The water samples will submit to chemical and physical analyses.
Ten water samples were analysis to discuss the results of these parameters and give reasons for changing these parameters with the location along the Hammar marsh. It was found that the concentrations of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) with the acceptable range for drinking and agriculture uses, DO concentrations did not decreased less than 6 mg/l.
The analyses showed that high conc

These days, the world is facing a global environmental and sustainability problem due to the increasing generation of large amounts of waste through construction and demolition work, which causes a serious problem for the environment. Therefore, this research was conducted to get rid of the waste disposal problems, including old glass and concrete, which were used as recycled fine aggregates. Seven different mixtures were prepared. The first mixture was with the used sand, which is glass sand, and it was adopted as a reference mixture (ORPC), and three mixtures were prepared for each of the recycled materials (waste concrete and glass) and partially replaced by glass sand in different proportions (25, 50, and 75) %. Some

In this paper a theoretical analysis of South Baghdad and Dura power plant is carried out according to second law of thermodynamic depending on entropy (irreversibility coefficient or lost work) method instead of exergy (availability) method. In the used entropy method. The power plant is divided into main blocks ( boiler, turbine, condenser, and feed water heater and pumps ). The irreversibility losses and coefficient for each block are calculated and then the overall irreversibility and thermal efficiency of the plant are calculated. The results of this work are compared with previous results, that depending on exergy method. The comparison of results show that both methods give approximately the same results since both of them rely th

The architectural hospital field can not be empty in its lowermost boundaries of dealing from capabilities of intemal integration for the hospitals; because they are coherent system of  relationships which depending on changes which affects them through the steps of design, construction and occupying, which create tools of dealing with methodology whicir participate in drawing general logical analytic plan.
The main goal of this research is finding a method through which the changes included under heading constrains can be explained according to the main members which forms the model in its lowest most levels and system in high level, according to the hierarchy research headings.
In This research we try to deal with determinat

The steady-state injection into a semiconductor region was studied by many authors and various solutions were achieved.
The solutions gave the distribution of carriers inside such a region to aid in understanding devices operation. But extending this problem to a lightly doped semiconductor region was tackled by only few authors, and the solutions achieved were either numerical or analytical however, the analytical solution were sufiering from crude approximations,. This paper gives a realistic analytical solution, which considers both monomolecular and bimolecular recombination factors.

The optimum trajectory of a single or multi-stage satellite launcher guided with proportional
navigation guidance (PNG) is addressed. The PNG is extended to compensate for the gravity effect.
For the trajectory optimization problem, the launcher is modeled as a mass point flying around the
center of the Earth. To provide a completely valid analysis, all known influences on the launcher
trajectory have been considered; Empirical equations have been used in order to model the Earth
standard atmosphere in SI units. A computer program had been constructed in order to simulate the
trajectory of such launcher from the available initial conditions. Pegasus launcher is used as a
hypothetical example. The simulator results

This search is mainly concerned with making a comparison between three methods for analyzing
continuous concrete bridges, Priestly, Abdul-Ahad and finite elements. Three standard Design
temperature distribution, New Zealand, AASHTO and British (5400) were used to analyze the
concrete bridges in Baghdad. The analysis of two continues precast prestressed concrete bridges in
Baghdad are presented. Another comparison as made between the thermal stresses and the stress
associated with dead and live loads. Analytical results indicated that stresses and curvature values
are very sensitive to the type of temperature distribution assumed. The suggested analytical models
for the bridge can be used to be predict thermal movemen

اعتاد كثير من الناس النظر إلى الظل على انه ناتج عرضي لوجود الضوء والشكل(الجسم)،مثلما اعتادوا ان يكون
الظل دالة لوجود الشكل، فيكفي-مثلا- أن نرى ظل احد الأشكال لنوقن بوجوده، لكن، ماذا سيحصل لو قمنا باصطناع ذلك
الظل مع غياب الشكل الأصلي؟؟.
محاولة تفكيك العلاقة بين الشكل وظله وإمكانية الارتقاء بالظل ليكون عنصرا تصميميا مستقلا غير مرتبط لزوما
بوجود "شكل" مشابه له ،تلك هي مشكلة هذا البحث والتي سوف يحاول سبر أ

Twitter is becoming an increasingly popular platform used by financial analysts to monitor and forecast financial markets. In this paper we investigate the impact of the sentiments expressed in Twitter on the subsequent market movement, specifically the bitcoin exchange rate. This study is divided into two phases, the first phase is sentiment analysis, and the second phase is correlation and regression. We analyzed tweets associated with the Bitcoin in order to determine if the user’s sentiment contained within those tweets reflects the exchange rate of the currency. The sentiment of users over a 2-month period is classified as having a positive or negative sentiment of the digital currency using the proposed CNN-LSTM

 Most below-knee prostheses are manufactured in Iraq without considering the fast progress in smart prostheses, which can offer movements in the desired directions according to the type of control system designed for this purpose. The proposed design appears to have the advantages of simplicity, affordability, better load distribution, suitability for subjects with transtibial amputation, and viability in countries with people having low socio-economic status. The designed prosthetics consisted of foot, ball, and socket joints, two stepper motors, a linkage system, and an EMG shield. All these materials were available in the local markets in Iraq. The experimental results showed t

Diyala Governorate was recently exposed to high flood waves discharged from Hemrin Dam. Since the dam was at its full capacity during the flood period, these waves were discharged to the Diyala River. Because of the reduction in Diyala River capacity to 750m³/s, the cities and villages on both sides of the river banks were inundated. Thus, the study's objective is to design a flood escape out of the Diyala River, to discharge the flood wave through it. The flood escape simulation was done by using HEC- RAS software. Two hundred twenty-three cross sections for the escape and 30 cross-sections of the Diyala River were used as geometric data. Depending on the geological formation that the escape passed t