The present study addresses the behavior of gases in cultivation media as an essential factor to develop the relationship between the microorganisms that are present in the same environment. This relationship was explained via mass transfer of those gases to be a reasonable driving force in changing biological trends. Stripping and dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water and dairy wastewater were investigated in this study. Bubble column bioreactor under thermal control system was constructed and used for these processes. The experimental results showed that the removal of gases from the culture media requires more time than the dissolution. For example, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the removal

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of open cavity on the pattern of fully developed internal flow and convection heat transfer. In this experimental work the velocity profile, temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were determined at various Reynolds numbers (1.9*104≤ Re ≤ 2.7*104
) for smooth surface as well as for flow over open cavity (with and without excitation). The results showed that the presence of the cavity led to change the downstream velocity profile and the dissimilarity of downstream skin friction coefficient between the upper and lower surfaces around (64 %) at distance to the length cavity (x/L= + 20.5). As a result the heat transfer coefficient and Nu in

The aim of the present work is to study the e possibility of controlling cracking due to differential temperature rise and differential shrinkage between surface and interior of mass concrete is bot climate .The experimental work consisted of meanaring temperature change with time various depths, within en the mass concrete foundation of 850 cubic meters in Measurements of the concrete shrinkage were also taken surface and st shot climate, The current understanding is that at a temperature difference of 20 C between the core of mais concrete and ita marface will cause cracking lo hot climate, higher temperature difference usually develops, and combined with shrinkage may cause development of wide cracks, even whes precautions are taken,

Numerical solutions are presented for the transient natural convection heat transfer problem in horizontal isothermal cylindrical annuli, enclosed in heated inner and cooled outer cylinders. Solutions for laminar case were obtained within Grashof number based on the inner diameter which varied from 1x102 to 1x105 in air. Both vorticity and energy equations were solved using alternating direction implicit (ADI) method and stream function equation by successive over relaxation (SOR) method. The structure of fluid flow such as a velocity vector and temperature distribution as well as Nusselt number were obtained and the effect of diameter ratio on them is examined. In addition, the Grashof number was changed with the influence of variation

This work describes the experimental activities developed to study the biomass transport
phenomena occurring in upflow anaerobic reactor influencing the biomass washout. The
experimental investigations have been carried outon pilot UASB fed with the aim to determine the
height to which washout is affected by: daily flow distribution; upflow velocity; concentration and
sedimentation properties of the biomass. The experiments had shown a considerable influence on
the biomass behavior of the time interval between two successive feeds of the reactor. It was found
that, if this period is more than 1 hr larger losses of the biomass into the effluent were obtained,
independent of the upflow velocity. Shorter time periods g

Travel Time estimation is largely caused by the stochastic process of arrivals and departures of vehicles and its reliability measurements considering important issues for improving operational efficiency and safety for traffic road networks. The exploration of travel time variability and spatio-temporal analysis of urban streets using the Global Positioning System (GPS) concluded that the mixed land uses and travel congestions caused higher travel times and delays. The accessibility indices were increased by increasing access points and decreasing traffic volumes. The Geographic Information System (GIS) networks can produce a model that overcomes some restrictions of accessibility indices. Different prediction models we

Among the available chaotic modulation schemes, differential chaos shift keying (DSCK) offers the perfect noise performance. The power consumption of DCSK is high since it sends chaotic signal in both of 1 and 0 transmission, so it does not represent the optimal choice for some applications like indoor wireless sensing where power consumption is a critical issue. In this paper a novel noncoherent chaotic communication scheme called differential chaos on-off keying (DCOOK) is proposed as a solution of this problem. With the proposed scheme, the DCOOK signal have a structure similar to chaos on-off keying (COOK) scheme with improved performance in noisy and multipath channels by introducing the concept of differential coherency used in DCS

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one of recent years multicarrier modulation used in order to combat the Inter Symbol Interference (ISI) introduced by frequency selective mobile radio channel. The circular extension of the data symbol, commonly referred to as cyclic prefix is one of the key elements in an OFDM transmission scheme. This paper study The influence of the cyclic prefix duration on the BER performance of an OFDM-VCPL (Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing - Variable Cyclic Prefix Length) system and the conventional OFDM system with frame 64-QAM modulation is evaluated by means of computer simulation in a multipath fading channel. The adaptation of CP is done with respect to the delay spread estimation

Activated carbon has been used as an adsorbent in this work to remove mercury from aqueous solutions. The aim of the work is to test how best activated carbon can be used as an adsorbent for mercury. Equilibrium isotherms, both, Dubinin-Redushkevich, and Temkin have been test. The batch experiments were conducted at room temperature (30oC) and at the normal pH (7.0±0.1) of the solution. HYBRID fraction error function analysis shows that the best-fit for the adsorption equilibrium data is represented by (D-R) model rather than Temkin model. Its found that the correction factor (R2) for (D-R) is 0.9928 while for Temkin model is 0.942, also the HYBRID fractional error was conducted for the both models and (D-R) model give minimum value of

Research covers the uses the method of Quality Rating Evaluation to evaluate the
quality of production through which a determination of product quality of its production in
order to determine the amount of sales hence the profits for the company. The most important
function is to satisfy consumer at reasonable prices. Methods were applied to the product
(toothpaste) in the General Company for Vegetable Oil – Almaamoon Factory .
The company's has obtained ISO-certified (ISO 9001-2008). Random samples of
final product intended for sale were collected from the store during months (February, April ,
June , October and December) for the year 2011 to determine the "quality rating " through
the applicat

In this research dissimilar welds were made of low carbon steel (A516) and austenitic stainless
steel (316L) by shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and with different electrodes (E7018) , (E6013) ,
(E309L) and (E308L). The sheet thickness (6 mm), welding current (120 A), voltage (78V), polarity
(DCRP) and electrode diameter (3.25 mm) were remained constant. Many tests were carried out,
mechanical tests included tensile test, bending and microhardness also made , and metallurgical
inspections included microstructure, delta- ferrite phase and x- ray diffraction analysis. It was found
from tensile and bending tests results that the electrode (E309L) was the most convenient for
dissimilar welds of base metal (C.St.

The best source of oil properties data is the laboratory PVT analysis of a reservoir fluid sample. However, in the absence of experimentally measured properties of reservoir fluids, these physical properties must be estimated from correlations. This paper employs more than thirty PVT reports that have been taken from different Iraqi fields. These reports contain about four hundred experimental points.
The paper suggests new correlation to calculate oil formation volume factor at and below bubble point pressure. All of the previous correlations did not take the pressure as a factor or independent variable because they calculate the oil formation volume factor at bubble point pressure only. The new correlation introduce the pressure whi

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is one of the most effective solid states joining process and has numerous potential applications in many industries. A FSW numerical tool, based on ANSYS F.E software, has been developed. The amount of the heat gone to the tool dictates the life of the tool and the capability of the tool to produce a good processed zone. Hence, understanding the heat transfer aspect of the friction stir welding is extremely important for improving the process. Many research works were carried out to simulate the friction stir welding using various softwares to determine the temperature distribution for a given set of welding conditions. The objective of this research is to develop a finite element sim

Because of practical importance of protecting industrial equipments from galvanic corrosion,
the need arises to analyze the effects of variables, such as temperature, velocity, and area fraction of  metals on galvanic corrosion in systems under mass transfer control as in seawater (pH=7). For these reasons the galvanic corrosion of Fe-Zn is analyzed to study the influence of Reynolds number, temperature, and area fraction on the galvanic corrosion rates and galvanic corrosion potential under mass transfer control. It is found that galvanic corrosion rate of more active metal (Zn) is increased with Reynolds number while the corrosion rate of more noble metal (Fe) is slightly increased with Re depending on the galvanic potential tha

A new application of a combined solvent extraction and two-phase biodegradation processes using two-liquid phase partitioning bioreactor (TLPPB) technique was proposed and developed to enhance the cleanup of high concentration of crude oil from aqueous phase using acclimated mixed culture in an anaerobic environment. Silicone oil was used as the organic extractive phase for being a water-immiscible, biocompatible and non-biodegradable. Acclimation, cell growth of mixed cultures, and biodegradation of crude oil in aqueous samples were experimentally studied at 30±2ºC. Anaerobic biodegradation of crude oil was examined at four different initial concentrations of crude oil including 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 mg/L. Complete removal of crud

The aim of the present research is to study the dissolution and transport process of
benzene as a light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) in saturated porous media.
Unidirectional flow at water velocities ranged from 0.90 to 3.60 cm/hr was adopted to study
this process in a three dimensional saturated sand tank (100 cm×40 cm×35 cm). This tank
represents a laboratory-scale aquifer. The aquifer was constructed by packing homogeneous
sand in the rectangular tank. The experimental results were used to characterize the
dissolution behavior of an entrapped nonaqueous phase benzene source in a three dimensional
aquifer model. The time invariant average mass transfer coefficient was determined at each
interstitial velocit

In order to determine The Identity of Future Cities, the architecture does not provide us with one of the most basic needs (shelter), but also tangible evidence of the past and present as part of the communication, and best is an indicator of the future. Most of the  narratives of the transformations of urban in twenty one century agreed that the city changed from an industrial society, the dominant over the previous century, to a pattern dominated by knowledge,information and communications, especially those that are remote and penetrated into the urban fabric, which produced the perceptions about the nature of identity, urban cities of the future, focusing Alternative research efforts of the city's future on the role of modern communi

A two time step stochastic multi-variables multi-sites hydrological data forecasting model was developed and verified using a case study. The philosophy of this model is to use the cross-variables correlations, cross-sites correlations and the two steps time lag correlations simultaneously, for estimating the parameters of the model which then are modified using the mutation process of the genetic algorithm optimization model. The objective function that to be minimized is the Akiake test value. The case study is of four variables and three sites. The variables are the monthly air temperature, humidity, precipitation, and evaporation; the sites are Sulaimania, Chwarta, and Penjwin, which are located north Iraq. The model performance was

In this paper, wireless network is planned; the network is predicated on the IEEE 802.16e standardization by WIMAX. The targets of this paper are coverage maximizing, service and low operational fees. WIMAX is planning through three approaches. In approach one; the WIMAX network coverage is major for extension of cell coverage, the best sites (with Band Width (BW) of 5MHz, 20MHZ per sector and four sectors per each cell). In approach two, Interference analysis in CNIR mode. In approach three of the planning, Quality of Services (QoS) is tested and evaluated. ATDI ICS software (Interference Cancellation System) using to perform styling. it shows results in planning area covered 90.49% of the Baghdad City and used 1000 mob

In this work, strains and dynamic crack growth were studied and analyzed in thin flat plate with a surface crack at the center, subjected to cycling low velocity impact loading for two types of aluminum plates (2024, 6061). Experimental and numerical methods were implemented to achieve this research. Numerical analysis using program (ANSYS11-APDL) based on finite element method used to analysis the strains with respect to time at crack tip and then find the velocity of the crack growth under cycling impact loading. In the experimental work, a rig was designed and manufactured to applying the cycling impact loading on the cracked specimens. The grid points was screened in front of the crack tip to measure the elastic-plas

This paper describes an experimental study on the performance of sulfamic acid and citric acid in scale removal of Dura refinery heat exchange piping systems. Experiments were carried out using sulfamic acid and citric acid inhibited by hexamine as cleaning solutions at different time, temperature and concentrations. A dynamic flow system was designed for this state. A scaled copper alloy pipes from the main hot water lines (heat exchanger) was used. Hexamine was used as corrosion inhibitor.The research involved a study of effect of the time ,temperature and acid concentration of each acid on the scale removal, and a comparison of the performance of the two used acids were investigated.

A new model for the non-linear propeller-pendulum system is derived in this study. The model takes into consideration the effects of external disturbances and the properties of the pendulum elements. Two systems with PID controllers are simulated. In the first system, Simulink is used to implement the system and tune the PID parameters. In the second system, a MATLAB script is used to simulate the system and tune the PID parameters. The scrip uses the Runge-Kutta method for solving the system’s equation and uses particle swarm optimization (PSO) to tune the parameters. Further, both systems were investigated under two disturbance conditions. The performance of these systems is evaluated based on comparing the settling

The constructed building in the urban area is subject to wind characteristics due to the influence of surrounding buildings. The residential complexes currently being built in Iraq represent a case study for the subject of this research. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the interference effect because of adjacent buildings effects on the mid-rise building. The speed and pressure of the wind have been numerically simulated as well as wind load has been simulated by using a virtual wind tunnel which is available in Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis, RSA, software. Two identical adjacent buildings have been simulated and many coefficients were included in this study such as the spacing, directionality,

Roof in the Iraqi houses normally flattening by a concrete panel. This concrete panel has poor thermal properties. The usage of materials with low thermal conductivity and high specific heat gives a good improvements to the thermal properties of the concrete panel, thus, the indoor room temperature improves. A Mathcad program based on a mathematical model employing complex Fourier series built for a single room building. The model input data are the ambient temperature, solar radiation, and sol-air temperature, which have been treated as a periodic function of time. While, the room construction is constant due to their materials made of it, except the roof properties are taken as a variable generated practically from the

Experimental work was carried out to investigate the effect of fire flame (high temperature) on specimens of one way slabs using Self Compacted Concrete (SCC). By using furnace manufactured for this purpose, twenty one reinforced concrete slab specimens were exposed to direct fire flame. All of specimens have the same dimensions. The slab specimens were cooled in two types, gradually by left them in the air and suddenly by using water. After that the specimens were tested under two point loads, to study, the effect of
different: temperature levels (300ºC, 500ºC and 700ºC), and cooling rate (gradually and sudden cooling conditions) on the concrete compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural strength and the behavior of reinf

The Tigris River is one of two major sources of surface water in Iraq, with 1900 km length, 1415 km of which are in Iraq. Increasing demands of the river water for beneficial uses lead to increase the concern about its quality.World Health Organization (WHO, 2004) and Iraqi Quality Standards (IQS, 2001) have been adopted along the river to compare and examine the degree of permissibility of polluted parameters T.H, SO4, CI¹, and T.D.S for drinking use, whereas American Salt Laboratory Standards has been adopted basing on SAR and EC for irrigation use. Different international methods have been applied to classify the water quality index for the Tigris River at north of Baghdad station which are Brown (1970), Mecllelend (1974), and Bharga

In Iraq most of the small buildings deployed a conventional air conditioning technology which typically uses electrically driven compressor systems which exhibits several clear disadvantages such as high energy consumption, high electricity at peak loads. In this work a thermal performance of air conditioning system combined with a solar collector is investigated theoretically. The hybrid air conditioner consists of a semi hermetic compressor, water cooled shell and tube condenser, thermal expansion valve and coil with tank evaporator. The theoretical analysis included a simulation for the solar assisted air-conditioning system using EES software to analyze the effect of different parameters on the power consumption of c

This research aims to study the effect of microwave furnace heat on the mechanical properties and fatigue life of aluminum alloy (AA 2024-T3). Four conditions were used inside microwave furnace (specimens subjected to heat as dry for 30 and 60min. and specimens subjected to heat as wet (water) for 30 and 60 min.), and compared all results with original alloy (AA 2024-T3). Tensile, fatigue, hardness and surface roughness tests were used in this investigation. It is found that hardness of dry conditions is higher than wet conditions and it increases with increasing of time duration inside microwave furnace for dry and wet conditions. Also, tensile strength has the same behavior of hardness, but it increases with decreasing

This paper introduces a new model-free identification methodology to detect and identify speakers and recognize them. The basic module of the methodology is a novel multi-dimensional wavelet neural network. The WNN approach include: a universal approximator; the time frequency localization: property of wavelets leads to reduced networks at a given level of performance; The construct used as the feature mode classifier. Wavelet transform has been successfully applied to the processing of non- stationary speech signal and the feature vector that obtained becomes the input to the wavelet neural network which is trained off-line to map features to used for the classification procedure. An example is employed to illustrate the robustness and

Experimental tests were conducted to investigate the thermal performance (cooling effect) of water mist system consisting of 5μm volume median diameter droplets in reducing the heat gain entering a room through the roof and the west wall by reducing the outside surface temperature due to the evaporative cooling effect during the hot dry summer of Baghdad/Iraq. The test period
was Fifty one days during the months May, June, and July 2012. The single test day consists of 16 test hours starting from 8:00 am to 12:00 pm. The results showed a reduction range of 1.71 to 15.5℃ of the roof outside surface temperature and 21.3 to 76.6% reduction in the daily heat flux entering the room through the roof compared with the case of not using w