Numerical models are used to solve the two-dimensional transient natural convection heat transfer problem in an inclined shallow porous cavity. A constant heat flux is applied for heating and cooling all opposing walls. Solutions for laminar case are obtained within Rayleigh number varied from 20 to 500 and aspect ratio for porous cavity varied from 2 to 4. A finite difference method is used to obtain numerical solutions of full governing equations. Both vorticity and energy equation are solved using alternating direct implicit (ADI) method and stream function equation by successive over relaxation (SOR) method. The results are presented for the flow filed, temperature distributions, and average Nusselt number in terms of the Rayleigh nu

Numerical study of separation control on symmetrical airfoil, four digits (NACA

0012) by using rotating cylinder with double steps on its upper surface based on the computation of Reynolds-average Navier- Stokes equations was carried out to find the optimum configuration of unconventional airfoil for best aerodynamics performance. A model based on collocated Finite Volume Method was developed to solve the governing equations on a body-fitted coordinate system. A revised (k-w) model was proposed as a known turbulence model. This model was adapted to simulate the control effects of rotating cylinder. Numerical solutions were performed for flow around unconventional airfoil with cylinder to main stream velocities ratio in the range

This research represents a practical attempt applied to calibrate and verify a hydraulic model for the Blue Nile River. The calibration procedures are performed using the observed data for a previous period and comparing them with the calibration results while verification requirements are achieved with the application of the observed data for another future period and comparing them with the verification results. The study objective covered a relationship of the river terrain with the distance between the assumed points of the dam failures along the river length. The computed model values and the observed data should conform to the theoretical analysis and the overall verification performance of the model by comparing i

This paper presents experimentally a new configuration of shear connector for Steel-Concrete-Steel (SCS) sandwich beams that is derived from truss configuration. It consists of vertical and inclined shear connectors welded together and to cover steel plates infilled with concrete. Nine simply supported SCS beams were tested until the failure under a concentrated central load (three- point bending). The beams were similar in length (1100mm), width (100mm), and the top plate thickness (4mm). The test parameters were; beam thickness (150, 200, 250, and 300mm), the bottom plate thickness (4, and 6mm), the diameter of the shear connectors (10, 12, and 16mm), and the connector spacing (100, 200, and 250mm). The test results sh

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel engine exhaust have been measured in terms of mass, using
99.98 % pure ethanol blended directly, without additives, with conventional diesel fuel (gas – oil),to
get 10 % , 15 %, 20 % ethanol emulsions . The resulting PM collected has been compared with those
from straight diesel. The engine used is a stationary single cylinder, variable compression ratio Ricardo
E6/US. This engine is fully instrumented and could run as a compression or spark ignition.
Observations showed that particulate matter (PM) emissions decrease with increasing oxygenate
content in the fuel, with some increase of fuel consumption, which is due to the lower heating value of
ethanol. The reduction in

pole assignment technique specifies all closed-loop poles. Such a system where the reference input always zero is called a regulator system. The problem of shifting the regulator poles (closed-loop poles) at the desired location is called pole assignment problem, and this can be done if and only if the system is completely state controllable. Controller's objective is to maintain the speed of rotation of the motor shaft with a particular step response. Results obtained were compared with another controller applied to the DC motor based on Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control. The controller was designed and tested using MATLAB 7 programming language.

New fast sealed lead acid (SLA) battery chargers must be able to charge the fully discharged
batteries in a short time. In the same time, the charger must monitor the battery state of health in
order to prevent over charge and to extend the battery life time.
In this paper a Fast charger was presented to charge SLA batteries in short time and monitor the
battery voltage to prevent over charge. The design was implemented practically. And 150 charger of
similar type was produced for commercial use. They are now in service in different Mobile base
station sites around Baghdad. It can charge a fully discharged 12V, 4.5Ah battery in less than 5
hours. To supply PLC control system on DC power to about 24 hour of continuous

This study investigates the effects of the presences of harmonics in the exciting voltage
when using a dc/ac inverter on the performance of a single-phase induction motor, the
investigation includes theoretical and experimental parts and together with performance
comparison of the motor with the nominal sinusoidal input voltage. The computed
performance of the motor depend on the theoretical equivalent circuits which are modified
to take into account the existence of harmonics in the inverter output to compute the
performance at each harmonic order. It conclude from the analysis that the pulsating torque
is inherent in single-phase induction motor even when supplied from a sinusoidal voltage
source. Particular att

Tigris River water that comes from Turkey represents the main water resource of this river in Iraq. The expansion in water river implementations has formed a source of trouble for the workers in the water resources management field in Iraqi. Unfortunately, there is no agreement between Iraq and Turkey till now to share the water of this international river. Consequently, the optimal operation of water resources systems, particularly a multi-objective, multi-reservoir, is of the most necessity at the present time.

 In this research two approaches, were used the dynamic programming (DP) approach and simulation model to find the optimal monthly operation of Ilisu Dam (from an Iraqi point of view) through a comp

n the Last Recent Years, the Conservation of Natural Environment Resources be a Problem that to and fro to get a line between two elements, First of one is the Natural Environment Resources Balance, and the other is the Reduction of its Consumption and Limitation of Negative Results upon this Environment, Last Years seeks to but Modern Architecture Concept to Conservator Energy Resources and Natural Sources To Reach that Known Sustainable Buildings Which have the Lessees Effect on the Natural Environment and its Environmental Properties.

On the Concern that Materials is the Main Component of Architectural Configuration and appearance that Architect use it in Sustainable Construction to redecate the Environmental effect and to est

E-learning comprises all forms of electronically supported teaching and learning. The information and
communication system, whether networked or not, serve as specific media to implement the learning
process; Computer based learning is one of the applications and processes of E-learning, sometimes
abbreviated to CBL, refers to the use of computers as a key component of the educational environment [2]. Through my teaching, I found that there is a need for software learning packages at the lab to help students understand their courses especially in the subjects that need imagination like data structure. This research presents a data structure learning package for array and linear structure. Linear structure covers non-linked struc

The primary components of successful engineering projects are time, cost, and quality. The use of the ring footing ensures the presence of these elements. This investigation aims to find the optimum number of geogrid reinforcement layers under ring footing subjected to inclined loading. For this purpose, experimental models were used. The parameters were studied to find the optimum geogrid layers number, including the optimum geogrid layers spacing and the optimum geogrid layers number. The optimum geogrid layers spacing value is 0.5B. And as the load inclination angle increased, the tilting and the tilting improvement percent for the load inclination angles (5°,10°,15°) are (40%,28%, and 5%) respectively. The reduction percent of the

Every year, millions of tons of waste glass are created across the globe. It is disposed of in landfills, which is unsustainable since it does not disintegrate into the environment. This study aims to produce reactive powder concrete by using recycled glass powder and determine the influence on the mechanical properties. This study investigated the effect of partial replacement of cement with recycled glass powder at two percentages (0, 20) % by weight of cement on some mechanical properties (Fresh density, Splitting tensile strength, Impact Strength, and voids%) of reactive powder concrete containing 1 % micro steel (MSRPC). Furthermore, using steam curing for (5 hours) at 90 degrees celsius after hardening the sample directly, RPC was

Solar energy usage in Iraq is facing many issues; one of those is the accumulation “of the dust on the surface of the solar module which” would highly lower its efficiency. The present work study the effect of dust accumulation” on installing fixed solar modules with different inclined angles 15^o, 33^o, 45^o, 60^o. Evaluation of the solar modules performance under different circumstance conditions such as rain, wind and humidity are considered in study of dust effect on solar module performance. The results show that the lowest output average efficiencies of solar modules occurs at 15^o horizontally inclined angle are 7.4% , 6.7% , 8.0% , 8.1%, and 8.4% for the cor

In this paper a decoder of binary BCH code is implemented using a PIC microcontroller for code length n=127 bits with multiple error correction capability, the results are presented for correcting errors up to 13 errors. The Berkelam-Massey decoding algorithm was chosen for its efficiency. The microcontroller PIC18f45k22 was chosen for the implementation and programmed using assembly language to achieve highest performance. This makes the BCH decoder implementable as a low cost module that can be used as a part of larger systems. The performance evaluation is presented in terms of total number of instructions and the bit rate.

Microbial antibiotics resistance is considered a serious health issue in the Middle East and developing countries. In this study, the Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles was prepared chemically, and the particles size and shape were analyzed by using Scan electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). Different concentration of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles were used and examined on E.coli and S. aureus. Using liquid dilution and in vitro cytotoxicity assay by microplate toxicity test (MTT). The microbial cell metabolic activity was measured on gram-negative, gram-positive bacteria and fungi after treating with different concentrations of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticl

In wireless broadband communications using single-carrier interleave division multiple access (SC-IDMA) systems, efficient multiuser detection (MUD) classes that make use of joint hybrid decision feedback equalization (HDFE)/ frequency decision-feedback equalization (FDFE) and interference cancellation (IC) techniques, are proposed in conjunction with channel coding to deal with several users accessing the multipath fading channels. In FDFE-IDMA, the feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) filtering operations of FDFE, which use to remove intersymbol interference (ISI), are implemented by Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs), while in HDFE-IDMA the only FF filter is implemented by FFTs. Further, the parameters involved in the FDFE/

In the present work, the step by step technique is used to predict the performance of the power plant condenser. The procedure includes the calculation of pressure distribution, condensation temperature, water inlet and outlet temperature, condensation load distribution and single phase heat transfer sub-cooling. A quasi two dimensions model is applied, one in the tube water direction and the other in the vapor direction. It is applied with different operating conditions of the condenser such as operating pressure, air percentage mixed with steam, cooling water temperature and fouling factor on tube side for summer and winter seasons.
The present model revealed that the fouling resistance has a great effect and plays the major part of

This research presents a new study in reactive distillation by adopting a consecutive reaction . The adopted consecutive reaction was the saponification reaction of diethyl adipate with NaOH solution. The saponification reaction occurs in two steps. The distillation process had the role of withdrawing the intermediate product i.e. monoethyl adipate from the reacting mixture before the second conversion to disodium adipate occurred. It was found that monoethyl adipate appeared successfully in the distillate liquid. The percentage conversion from di-ester to monoester was greatly enhanced (reaching 86%) relative to only 15.3% for the case of reaction without distillation .This means 5 times enhancement . The presence of two layers in both

The behavior of structural concrete beams is studied under short-term loading. A computer program developed originally by Oukaili to evaluate curvature is modified to evaluate the deflection for flexural structural concrete members. The program deals with actual stress-strain relationships of concrete and steel. The analysis is based on requirements of equilibrium and compatibility of strain in concrete and reinforcement. The proposed model is used in conjunction with the step by step analysis for small loading increments that allows the determination of the history of strain and stress in concrete with prestressing steel or non-prestressing reinforcement only or prestressing and non-prestressing reinforcement together. The evaluation of

This work is concerned with the study of the effect of cement types, particularly OPC and SRPC, which are the main cement types manufactured in Iraq. In addition, study the effect of mineral admixtures, which are HRM and SF on the resistance of high performance concrete (HPC) to internal sulphate attack. The HRM is used at (10%) and SF is used at (8 and 10)% as a partial replacement by weight of cement for both types. The percentages of sulphate investigated are (1,2 and 3)% by adding natural gypsum as a partial replacement by weight of fine aggregate. The tests carried out in this work are: compressive strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and density at the age of 7, 28, 90 and 120 days.

The r

The present research aims to study the effect of friction stir welding (FSW) parameters on temperature distribution and tensile strength of aluminum 6061-T6. Rotational and traverse speeds used were (500,1000,1400 rpm) and (14,40,112 mm/min) respectively. Results of mechanical tests showed that using 500rpm and 14mm/min speed give the best strength. A three- dimensional fully coupled thermal-stress finite element model via ANSYS software has been developed. The Rate dependent Johnson-Cook relation was utilized for elasto-plastic work deformations. Heat-transfer is formulated using a moving heat source, and later used the transient temperature outputs from the thermal analysis to determine equivalent stresses in the welde

Reinforcing asphalt concrete with polyester fibers considered as an active remedy to alleviate the harmful impact of fatigue deterioration. This study covers the investigation of utilizing two shapes of fibers size, 6.35 mm by 3.00 mm and 12.70 mm by 3.00 mm with mutual concentrations equal to 0.25 %, 0.50 % and 0.75 % by weight of mixture. Composition of asphalt mixture consists of different optimum (40-50) asphalt cement content, 12.50 mm nominal aggregate maximum size with limestone dust as a filler. Following the traditional asphalt cement and aggregate tests, three essential test were carried out on mixtures, namely: Marshall test (105 cylindrical specimens), indirect tensile strength test (21 cylindrical specimens)

The removal of direct blue 71 dye from a prepared wastewater was studied employing batch electrocoagulation (EC) cell. The electrodes of aluminum were used. The influence of process variables which include initial pH (2.0-12.0), wastewater conductivity (0.8 -12.57) mS/cm , initial dye concentration (30 -210) mg/L, electrolysis time  (3-12) min, current density (10-50) mA/cm2   were studied in order to maximize the color removal from wastewater. Experimental results showed that the color removal yield increases with increasing pH until pH 6.0 after that it decreased with increasing pH. The color removal increased with increasing current density, wastewater conductivity, electrolysis time, and decreased with increasing the concen

In this paper, split-plate airlift electrochemical reactor as an apparatus with new configuration for wastewater treatment was provided. Two aluminum plates were fixed inside the reactor and present two functions; first it works as split plates for internal loop generation of the airlift system (the zone between the two plates acts as riser while the other two zones act as downcomer) and second it works as two electrodes for electrocoagulation process. Simulated wastewater contaminated with zinc ions was used to test the performance of this apparatus for zinc removal by studying the effect of different experimental variables such as initial concentration of zinc (50-800 ppm), electrical current density (2.67-21.4 mA/cm²), init

Water coning in oil wells is one of the most serious problem because when the water reach to perforated zone, it will be produced with oil. Water with oil will form other problems in refinery, such as corrosion, and it will affect the purity of different petroleum products.
The present work deals with fauqi field Asmari reservoir which is an active water drive reservoir.
An empirical equation has been proposed to calculate the critical production rate. This equation is obtained by regression of the data which are collected from Missan oil field. The proposed equation gives better results than Schools and Myer equations when compared with the actual production rate.

Dry gas is considered one of the most environmentally friendly sources of energy. As a result, developing an efficient strategy for storing this gas has become essential. In this work, MOF-199 was synthesized and characterized in order to investigate the MOF-199 in dry gas adsorption using a built-in volumetric system (methane, ethane, and propane from Basrah gas company). The MOF-199 (metal organic framework) was synthesized using the solvothermal method at 373K for 24h, and then it was characterized. The dry gas adsorption on MOF-199 was studied under various conditions (adsorbent dosage, contact time, temperature, and pressure). The isothermal adsorption of the dry gas had been studied on MOF-199 using two types of mo

This research presents and discuss the results of experimental investigation carried out on geogrids model to study the behavior of geogrid in the loose sandy soil. The effect of location eccentricity, depth of first layer of reinforcement, vertical spacing, number and type of reinforcement layers have been investigated. The results indicated that the percentage of bearing improvement a bout (22 %) at number of reinforced layers N=1 and about (47.5%) at number of reinforced layers N=2 for different Eccentricity values when depth ratio and vertical spacing between layers are (0.5B and 0.75B) respectively.

In this work FLC program is implemented using C++ codes. Two implementations are presented one with the rules stored inside the program, the other with rules in a rulebase file. The execution times of these two implementations, along with MATLAB FLC implementation, are compared using different simulated FLCs. Furthermore, to reduce the rulebase searching time, a parallel FLC is implemented using C++ and MPI (Message Passing Interface). The MPICH2 package is used to run the parallel FLC. A cluster of four computers is used as the parallel environment. The execution time of this FLC program is evaluated using servomotor, Anti Skid System, and other simulated applications. The speedup and efficiency are studied using different number of com

This research aims to investigate and evaluate a reactive powder concrete (RPC) cast using economical materials. Its mechanical properties were investigated and evaluated by studying the effects of using different cement and silica fume contents and locally steel fibers aspect ratios as reinforcement for this concrete. A compressive strength of about 155.2MPa, indirect tensile strength of 16.0MPa, modulus of elasticity of 48.7GPa, flexural strength of 43.5MPa, impact energy of 3294.4kN.m and abrasion loss 0.59%  have been achieved for reinforced RPC contains  910 kg/m³ cement content, silica fume content 185 kg/m³ of cement weight and fiber volume fraction 2%. The water absorption values w