The aim of present work is to study the removal of phenol present in aqueous feed solution by the emulsion liquid membrane technique using kerosene as a diluent, sodium hydroxide as a stripping agent, and sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) as a surfactant. The parameters studied were: surfactant concentration, volume ratio of membrane phase to internal phase, and stirring speed. It was found that more than 98% of phenol can be removed at the conditions were surfactant concentration 2% (v/v), volume ratio of membrane phase to internal phase 5:1 and stirring speed 400 rpm. Maximum phenol extraction efficiency at 7 minutes of process time was observed. It was found that there was a good agreement between the standard kerosene an

Natural convection in a porous, rectangular hollow full of saturated air was investigated numerically in the current study. The bottom side was warmed with a continuous heat flux, the right side's temperature was kept at (Tc), the left wall was opened to the surroundings, and the top side was insulated. The pertinent filled-out research parameters in the current experiment were four heat flux values (1500, 3000, 4500, and 6000 W/m²) and three Darcy’s numbers (Da₁=4.025×10^-10, Da₂=4.025×10^-8, Da₃=4.025×10^-6). COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5a, using finite elements and a relying Brinkman-Darcy extended model, was employed to resolve government

This paper is devoted to investigate the effect of burning by fire flame on the behavior and load carrying capacity of rectangular reinforced concrete rigid beams. Reduced scale beam models (which are believed to resemble as much as possible field conditions) were suggested. Five end restrained beam specimens were cast and tested. The specimens were subjected to fire flame temperatures ranging from (25-750) ºC at age of 60 days, two temperature levels of 400ºC and 750ºC were chosen with exposure duration of 1.5 hour. The cast rectangular reinforced concretebeam (2250×375×375 mm) (length× width× height respectively) were subjected to fire. Results indicate remarkable reduction in the ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound number of

In this study, the dynamic modeling and step input tracking control of single flexible link is studied. The Lagrange-assumed modes approach is applied to get the dynamic model of a planner single link manipulator. A Step input tracking controller is suggested by utilizing the hybrid controller approach to overcome the problem of vibration of tip position through motion which is a characteristic of the flexible link system. The first controller is a modified version of the proportional-derivative (PD) rigid controller to track the hub position while sliding mode (SM) control is used for vibration damping. Also, a second controller (a fuzzy logic based proportional-integral plus derivative (PI+D) control scheme) is developed for both vibra

The Aim of this paper is to investigate numerically the simulation of ice melting in one and two dimension using the cell-centered finite volume method. The mathematical model is based on the heat conduction equation associated with a fixed grid, latent heat source approach. The fully implicit time scheme is selected to represent the time discretization. The ice conductivity is chosen
to be the value of the approximated conductivity at the interface between adjacent ice and water control volumes. The predicted temperature distribution, percentage melt fraction, interface location and its velocity is compared with those obtained from the exact analytical solution. A good agreement is obtained when comparing the numerical results of one

An experimental model is used to simulate the loss of soil lateral confinement due to excavation nearby an individual axially loaded pile. The effects of various parameters, such as the horizontal distance of excavation, depth of excavation and pile slenderness ratios are investigated. The experimental analysis results showed the effect of excavation is more remarkable as the horizontal distance of excavation becomes closer to the pile than half pile length. The effect of excavation diminishes gradually as the horizontal distance increases beyond that distance for all the investigated pile slenderness ratios and depths of excavation. The pile head deflection, settlement and bending moments along pile increase with decreasing horizontal d

lar water heating systems with heat pipes of three diameter groups of 16, 22 and 28.5 mm. The first and third groups had evaporator lengths of 1150, 1300 and 1550 mm. The second group had an additional length of 1800 mm. all heat pipes were of fixed condenser length of 200 mm. Ethanol at 50% fill charge ratio of the evaporator volume was used as the heat pipes working fluid. Each heat pipe condenser section was inserted in a storage tank and the evaporator section inserted into an evacuated glass tube of the Owens- Illinois type. The combined heat pipe and evacuated glass tube form an active solar collector of a unique design.
The resulting ten solar water heating systems were tested outdoors under the meteorological conditions of Bag

Several industrial wastewater streams may contain heavy metal ions, which must be effectively removal
before the discharge or reuse of treated waters could take place. In this paper, the removal of copper( II)
by foam flotation from dilute aqueous solutions was investigated at laboratory scale. The effects of
various parameters such as pH, collector and frother concentrations, initial copper concentration, air flow
rate, hole diameter of the gas distributor, and NaCl addition were tested in a bubble column of 6 cm inside
diameter and 120 cm height. Sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide
(HTAB) were used as anionic and cationic surfactant, respectively. Ethanol was used as frothers and the

In this paper the effect of engagement length, number of teeth, amount of applied load, wave propagation time, number of cycles, and initial crack length on the principal stress distribution, velocity of crack propagation, and cyclic crack growth rate in a spline coupling subjected to cyclic torsional impact have been investigated analytically and experimentally. It was found that the stresses induced due to cyclic impact loading are higher than the stresses induced due to impact loading with high percentage depends on the number of cycles and total loading time. Also increasing the engagement length and the number of teeth reduces the principal stresses (40%) and
(25%) respectively for increasing the engagement length from (0.15 to 0

This work aims to provide a statistical analysis of metal removal during the Magnetic Abrasive Finishing process (MAF) and find out the mathematical model which describes the relationship between the process parameters and metal removal, also estimate the impact of the parameters on metal removal. In this study, the single point incremental forming was used to form the truncated cone made of low carbon steel (1008-AISI) based on the Z-level tool path. Then the finishing was accomplished using a magnetic abrasive process based on the Box-Behnken design of the experiment using Minitab 17 software was used to finish the surface of the formed truncated cone. The influences of different parameters (feed rate, machining step s

Polypropylene (PP) capillary microtubes hold strong potential for use in advanced liquid cooling systems, but their internal flow behavior remains insufficiently understood. Critical factors—such as capillarity, flow regime, and pressure drop—directly influence their thermal performance and practical applicability. Despite their relevance, detailed studies on these parameters in PP hollow fiber microtubes are lacking. This study addresses that gap through a combined mathematical and microscopic investigation of water flow inside PP microtubes with a 0.6 mm inner diameter. Results show that capillary effects are negligible across all tested conditions, contributing only ~0.2% to ~2.7% to the total pressure drop. Moreo

تبحث هذه الدراسة في أداء ركيزة واحدة ومجموعة ركائز (2×2) تقع بالقرب من منحدر طيني مشبع تحت الأحمال الجانبية الدورية باستخدام تحليل العناصر المحدودة (FEA). أجريت عمليات المحاكاة باستخدام Plaxis 3D مع نموذج التربة المتصلبة (HSM)، والذي يسمح بتمثيل أكثر دقة لسلوك التربة، وخاصة في ظروف التحميل الدوري. أخذ النموذج في الاعتبار التربة الطينية ذات المعلمات المستمدة من التقرير الجيوتقني الرسمي الذي أعدته مختبرات مكتب الاستش

With the rapid advancement of construction technologies, the architectural envelope of a building has evolved beyond a mere structural element into an integrated system designed to achieve comprehensive environmental comfort by controlling thermal, lighting, and acoustic factors within architectural spaces. This research focuses on the technological activation of building envelopes through modern innovations such as smart glass, adaptive walls, natural ventilation systems, and advanced insulation technologies, all of which contribute to enhancing building performance and promoting sustainability. The study explores key concepts and strategies related to the performance of building envelopes and examines how artificial in

This research on architecture examines the challenges faced by individuals with visual impairments as they navigate schools and other built environments. It highlights the idea of "architectural visual bias," which favors sight over other sensory experiences. The study promotes architectural designs that go beyond visual considerations to enhance sensory interactions, ultimately aiming to make spaces more accessible to those with visual impairments. The objective is to identify the requirements of visually impaired individuals in the built environment, propose design principles and recommendations for inclusive architecture, and create a design for Pacelli School for the blind and partially sighted that embodies inclusiv

In the past years, the use of composite materials in the aircraft industry, among others, has grown immensely Composite systems offer an advantage over traditional aircraft materials (metals) because they tend to exhibit higher strength/weight and stiffness/weight ratios than metals, thus making the aircraft lighter and improving performance. Woven composites are increasingly considered for such applications because they offer ease in manufacturing of complicated geometries, but the mechanical properties for different weave patrons of the material is even less well characterized than that of non-woven (angle-ply) laminates For this reason and because the woven composite mechanical properties is impotent for the theoretical work of the pr

In this work, a novel system is designed to remote monitor / automatic control of the temperature, humidity and soil moisture of the agricultural greenhouses. In the proposed system, the author used the mentioned sensors for monitoring the climatic conditions of the agricultural greenhouses; and the system makes a controlling process to fix the required parameters for plant growth by running / stopping the fan, air exchanger and irrigation devices when any changes happened in these parameters. The presented system is based on XBee protocol in the implemented wireless sensor star topology network (WSN) to monitor the agricultural greenhouses in real time, and used the GSM and Internet technologies to monitor the agricultu

This paper presents numerical and experimental stress analyses to evaluate the contact and bending stresses on the teeth of spiral bevel gear drive. Finite Element Method has been adopted as a numerical technique which accomplished basically by using ANSYS software package. The experimental stress analysis has been achieved by using a gear tooth model made of Castolite material which has photoelastic properties. The main goal of this research is detecting the maximum tooth stresses to avoid the severe areas that caused tooth failure and to increase the working life for this type of gear drives.

Numerous academics have demonstrated the value of immediate communal spaces in residential projects. In contemporary apartment site planning, these places are essential but sometimes ignored and categorized as leftover negative spaces rather than intentional interaction areas, diminishing the conventional forms of interpersonal communication. However, there is no proof of this relationship's causality. This study eliminates this gap and explores whether territoriality function-based building arrangement convex layouts can moderate the link between physical design and social interactions. Since culture and social interaction are closely related, what are the effects of these spaces and their layout on social interaction i

Cams are considered as one of the most important mechanical components that depends the contact action to do its job and suffer a lot of with drawbacks to be predicted and overcame in the design process. this work aims to investigate the induced cam contact and the maximum shear stress energy or (von misses) stresses during the course of action analytically using Hertz contact stress equation and the principal stress formulations to find the maximum stress value and its position beneath the contacting surfaces. The experimental investigation adopted two dimensions photoelastic technique to analyze cam stresses under a plane polarized light. The problem has been numerically simulated using Ansys software version 15 as FE

Gypseous soils can be found in arid and semi arid region. In civil engineering it can be defined that a soil is a gypseous soil when it has gypsum content enough to change the properties of this soil. Collapsibility of these soils was found to be of major importance. The collapsibility of the soil can be estimated from the term "Collapse Potential (CP)" which can be obtained from two types of tests performed in the oedometer device; (1) Single Collapse Test (SCT) and (2) Double Oedometer Test (DOT). In this study, an analysis of the results obtained by 7 researchers in Iraq was performed. The data collected included basic properties for each sample in addition to the results of the two collapsibility tests. A total of 50 samples were ana

This study presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of torsion behavior of prestressed concrete rectangular beams without ordinary (or typical) reinforcement. Two concrete beams with concentric prestressing tendons (6-strands of 7 wires) and two plain concrete beams were tested in this investigation with f'c= 44MPa was used.
Experimental results showed that the ultimate torsional strengths increased by about 70% for the tested beams containing concentric prestressed strands over the plain concrete beams. Also the angle of twist decreased (68.8%).Crack patterns and the effect of compressive force due to prestressing tendons and high strength concrete can be denoted from the helical mode of single crack at midspan of the

Drought is a dangerous situation that lowers individual standards of living. It is considered a devastating natural event. This study intends to thoroughly examine the occurrence and characteristics of drought events in the Sulaymaniyah Governorate from 1985 to 2015. The study employed three standardized indices: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), the standardized precipitation index (SPI), and the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). These indices were utilized at different periods, namely 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. According to findings, the maximum percent of extremely dry highlighted in Sulaymaniyah and Dukan stations for SPI index and time scale three months was 48% and 30%, respectively; th

The fixed orthodontic appliance may enhance devious pathogens and increase biofilm accumulation around the orthodontic molar tube (OMT) surface, which may cause demineralization of the tooth surface. However, the stainless-steel OMT coated with ZnO nanoparticles may enhance antimicrobial efficacy and reduce biofilm accretion. The study aimed to identify the optimal parameter for coating orthodontic molar tubes with antimicrobial ZnO nanoparticles by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD)cell. 36 orthodontic molar tubes were included in this study. The coating process was carried out using an EPD cell. Various concentrations (7.5, 10, 20, 33) g/L of ZnO nanoparticles suspension were conducted in this study, in addition to m

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) assists automobiles in preserving a safe following distance and adhering to speed limits. This advanced driver-assistance system (ADAS) modifies the car's speed to keep a safe gap from oncoming traffic. All vehicle types include combustion engines, pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and methods of operation; controllers are designed to react to cruise control signals and provide an efficient route profile according to the surrounding environment and instantaneous vehicle performance characteristics. ACC uses a perception system to measure the forward vehicle's current distance, speed, and acceleration relative to the host vehicle. Some of these systems use lasers, radar, came

In this paper two stages of analysis are studied. In stage I, the influence of crack shape on the
crack-tip stresses, critical loads and subsequent propagation direction is investigated via a simple
analytical model for cracks in homogeneous materials. This model is verified through finite element
simulations using ANSYS. It is demonstrated that accurate predictions of mechanical energy release
rate and crack deflection angle may be obtained from a smaller number of crack shape parameters.
In stage II, this concept is extended to curved cracks in functionally graded materials (FGMs).It is
common that analytical and computational models of fracture in FGMs have focused almost
extensively on straight cracks. If it can

Gypsum Plaster is an important building materials, and because of the availabilty of its raw materials. In this research the effect of various additives on the properties of plaster was studied , like Polyvinyl Acetate, Furfural, Fumed Silica at different rate of addition and two types of fibers, Carbon Fiber and Polypropylene Fiber to the plaster at a different volumetric rate. It was found that after analysis of the results the use of Furfural as an additive to plaster by 2.5% is the optimum ratio of addition to that it improved the flexural Strength by 3.18%.
When using Polyvinyl Acetate it was found that the ratio of the additive 2% is the optimum ratio of addition to the plaster, because it improved the value of the flexural stre

By adding a measure of third harmonic to the output of each phase of three-phase inverter, it is possible to obtain a line-to-line output voltage that is 15 percent greater than that obtainable when pure sinusoidal modulation is employed.
The line-to-line voltage is undistorted. The method permits the inverter to deliver an output voltage approximately equal to the voltage of the ac supply to the inverter. Thus an induction motor of standard rating with respect to the ac supply to the inverter can deliver very nearly full power at rated speed when supplied from the inverter. This is achieved without pulse dropping or any other form of mode changing.

Iraqi paraffin wax (1.0 wt% aromatic content and 4.4 wt% oil content, Basrah origin) was hydro treated over commercial Pt-Re/y-Al203 catalyst in order to study aromatic removal reaction (de-aromatization) kinetics. Reaction temperature varied from 453 to 533 K over a liquid hourly space velocity from 0.5 to 4.2 h. Hydrogen pressure was kept constant throughout all the experiment at 3.6 Mpa with hydrogen to wax ratio about 400 m/m Kinetics analysis showed that the hydro-de-aromatization reaction followed a second order kinetics model. Energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation of hydro-de-aromatization reaction were 17.2 RJ/mole, 13.1 kJ/mole and -16.9 J/mole K, respectively.

It is commonly known that Euler-Bernoulli’s thin beam theorem is not applicable whenever a nonlinear distribution of strain/stress occurs, such as in deep beams, or the stress distribution is discontinuous. In order to design the members experiencing such distorted stress regions, the Strut-and-Tie Model (STM) could be utilized. In this paper, experimental investigation of STM technique for three identical small-scale deep beams was conducted. The beams were simply supported and loaded statically with a concentrated load at the mid span of the beams. These deep beams had two symmetrical openings near the application point of loading. Both the deep beam, where the stress distribution cannot be assumed linear, and the ex

 The two-dimensional, incompressible, and turbulent boundary layer flow over a flat plate

with suction or blowing from a spanwise slot is examined numerically. The mathematical

modeling involves the derivation of the governing partial differential equations of the

problems. These are the continuity, the momentum, the energy and the (K-ε) turbulence

model. Besides, the perfect gas law is also used. A numerical solution of the governing

equations is approximated by using a