In recent years, the performance of Spatial Data Infrastructures for governments and companies is a task that has gained ample attention. Different categories of geospatial data such as digital maps, coordinates, web maps, aerial and satellite images, etc., are required to realize the geospatial data components of Spatial Data Infrastructures. In general, there are two distinct types of geospatial data sources exist over the Internet: formal and informal data sources. Despite the growth of informal geospatial data sources, the integration between different free sources is not being achieved effectively. The adoption of this task can be considered the main advantage of this research. This article addresses the research question of how the

Unconventional reservoirs are distributed over a broad area and only generate commercial quantities of hydrocarbon using specialized technology. Tight reservoirs are reservoirs with permeability less than 0.1md. One of the leading oil fields in Iraq is Halfaya field. The tight reservoir is Saadi. It is a carbonate reservoir with poor petrophysical characteristics, moderate pores, and limited pore throats, so production from these reservoirs require hydraulic fracturing. The hydraulic fracturing can be carried out using fracturing fluid. The selection of fracturing fluids should be selected as the first step in fracturing design. The objective of this research is to find out the effect of fracturing fluids on the shape of

In oil and gas well cementing, a strong cement sheath is wanted to insure long-term safety of the wells. Successful completion of cementing job has become more complex, as drilling is being done in highly deviated and high pressure-high temperature wells. Use of nano materials in enhanced oil recovery, drilling fluid, oil well cementing and other applications is being investigated. This study is an attempt to investigate the effect of nano materials on oil well cement properties. Two types of nano materials were investigated, which are Nano silica (>40 nm) and Nano Alumina (80 nm) and high sulfate-resistant glass G cement is used. The investigated properties of oil well cement included compressive strength, thickening

the present investigation is concerned with thesevaluation of creep behavior of concrete under variable temperature and relative humidity. It includes analytical and experimental parts. In the analytical part, BP-KX creep model is presented. As this model  considers temperature and relative humidity to be constant, it was modified through considering them to be variable with time, which is the usual case. Functions for the daily variation of these two parameters, according to Baghdad climate, were developed and substituted in the model. In the experimental part, three series of cylindrical specimens (100mm x 200mm) were prepared for the creep test. In series (1), the temperature was raised and simultaneously the relative humidity wa

This paper introduce a new method for using a systolic array to perform the one, and two dimension discrete wavelet transform (1-D DWT, and 2-D DWT). The 1-D needs only a semi-systolic array for its realization. However, it was found that the 2- D method needs the combination of two types of semi-systolic array into one systolic array to achieve its implementation.  

Energy efficiency is a significant aspect in designing robust routing protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A reliable routing protocol has to be energy efficient and adaptive to the network size. To achieve high energy conservation and data aggregation, there are two major techniques, clusters and chains. In clustering technique, sensor networks are often divided into non-overlapping subsets called clusters. In chain technique, sensor nodes will be connected with the closest two neighbors, starting with the farthest node from the base station till the closest node to the base station. Each technique has its own advantages and disadvantages which motivate some researchers to come up with a hybrid routing algorit

The present study aims to evaluate the biosorption of reactive orange dye by using garden grass. Experiments were carried out in a batch reactor to obtain equilibrium and thermodynamic data. Experimental parameters affecting the biosorption process such as pH, shaking time, initial dye concentrations, and temperature were thoroughly examined. The optimum pH for removal was found to be 4. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated that the electronegative groups on the surface of garden grass were the major groups responsible for the biosorption process. Four sorption isotherm models were employed to analyze the experimental data of which Temkin and Pyzhey model was found to be most suitable one. The maxim

This research analyzes the level of the short circuit effect of the Iraqi super network and decides the suitable location for the High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) connections in order to obtain the best short circuit reduction of the total currents of the buses in the network. The proposed method depends on choosing the transmission lines for Alternating current (AC) system that suffers from high Short Circuit Levels (SCLs) in order to reduce its impact on the transmission system and on the lines adjacent to it and this after replacing the alternating current (AC) line by direct current (DC) line. In this paper, Power System Simulator for Engineering (PSS/E) is used to model two types of HVDC lines in an effective regi

A numerical study of mixed convtion cooling of heat dissipating electronic component, located in a rectangular enclosure, and cooled by an external through flow of air is carried out.A conjugate problem is solved by primitive variables method, describing the flow and thermal fields in air .The interaction between the components is of interest here, depending on their relative placement in the enclosure, and different configuration are considered. for Re=100 laminar, steady flow is predicted for up to Gr/Re2 =25 according to heat source location in the enclosure. The mixed convection regime, where the buoyancy effects are comparable to the forced flow, occurs at values of Gr/Re2 between 0.01 and 25 .The results are of values in search for

The presence of dyes in wastewater has become a major issue all over the world. The discharge of dyes in the environment is concerned for both toxicological and esthetical reasons. In this study, the removal of dyes from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation using aluminum electrodes as cathode and anode were investigated with the electrocoagulation cell of 1litter. The study included: the impact of various operating parameters on the dyes removal efficiency like pH, NaCl concentration, distance between electrodes, voltage, initial dyes concentration and type of electrodes. The dye (congo red) concentrations were (50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm), stirring speed was 120 rpm at room temperature. pH used was maintained constant

The experimental study showed the use of closed cavity wall (the thickness of the cavity 5cm) made a percentage reduction in the cooling load caused by heat gain from the wall by (21.5 %) compared with the conventional wall. also the thermal resistance of the closed cavity was an average (0.2 m².^oC/W).

The experimental results of the study showed that the use of closed cavity wall reduced the average temperature of the inner surface of the wall during the day, and that the reduction was an average (0.45 ^oC)  when compared with the conventional wall , as well as the use of closed cavity wall reduced the temperature difference range of the inner surface of the wall during the day, and that the

In this paper two axis sun tracking method is used to absorb maximum power from the sun's rays on the solar panel via calculating the sun’s altitude and azimuth angles, which describe the solar position on the Iraqi capital Baghdad for the hours 6:00, 7:00, 8:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 17:00 per day. The angles were calculated in an average approach within one month, so certain values were determined for each month. The daily energy achieved was calculated for the solar tracking method compared with the fixed tracking method. Designed, modeled and simulated a control circuit consisting of reference position truth table, PI Controller and two servomotors that tracked the sun position to adjust the PV panel perpendicular

Al-Rustamiya sewage treatment plant (WWTP) serves the east side of Baghdad city (Rusafa) and is considered one of the largest projects.It consists of three parts (old project F0, first extension F1, and second extension F2) that treat wastewater and the
effluent is discharged into Diyala river and thus into the Tigris River. These plants are designed and constructed with an aim to manage wastewater to reachIraqi effluent standard for BOD5, COD, TSS and chloride concentrations of 40, 100, 60 and 600
mg/L respectively. The data recordedfrom March till December 2011 provided from Al-RustamiyaWWTP, were considered in this study to evaluate the performance of the plant. The results indicated that the strength of the wastewater enterin

In this paper, ceramic water filters were produced by using ten mixtures of different ratios of red clay and sawdust under different production conditions. The physical properties of these filters were tested. The production conditions include five press pressures ranged from 10 to 50MPa and a firing schedule having three different final temperatures of 1000, 1070, and 1100˚C. The tests results of the physical properties were used to obtain best compatibility between the hydraulic and the mechanical properties of these filters. Results showed that as the press pressure and the firing temperature are increased, the bulk density and the compressive and bending strengths of the produced filters are increased, while, the porosity and absorp

The purpose of this paper is to depict the effect of adding a hydraulic accumulator to a hydraulic system. The experimental work includes using measuring devices with interface to measure the pressure and the vibration of the system directly by computer so as to show the effect of accumulator graphically for real conditions, also the effects of hydraulic accumulator for different applications
have been tested. A simulation analysis of the hydraulic control system using MATLAB.R2010b to study was made to study the stability of the system depending on the transfer function, to estimate the effect of adding the accumulator on stability of the system. A physical simulation test was made for the hydraulic system using MATLAB to show the ef

A theoretical investigation study was carried out to determine the requirements of establishing a steam power plant by incinerating municipal solid wastes generated from the city of Baghdad. Survey data the generated quantities of municipal solid wastes from both Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa sectors of the city were utilized to predict the theoretical possible energy production that can be obtained from the incineration of this waste under controlled parameters. Results reviled that the high heating value of Baghdad’s municipal solid wastes is of about (12.789 MJ/kg) and the possible electrical energy production in the steam power plants in Al-Karth and Al-Rusafa are (119.287 MW, 203.917 MW) respectively using a steam turbin

The paper presents the design and modeling of a twenty-channel, bidirectional WDM-PON architecture with IM/DD for the 5G fronthaul in C-RAN systems. The proposed architecture is fully compliant with the ITU-T G-series Supplement 66 requirements on next-generation fronthaul interfaces. Each channel has a data-carrying bit rate of 25 Gbps, thus yielding a total capacity of 500 Gbps for the entire system. The entire design has been simulated in OptiSystem V.22. The analysis of the BER for different lengths of fiber and continuous wave laser power conditions provides the performance evaluation. Through simulation results, it can be confirmed that the system conforms to the F1 and Fx functional split specifications that are u

The urban fabric of contemporary cities is experiencing a decline in spatial memory and collective identity as a result of rapid transformations in urban form and behavior. This research is based on the hypothesis that the continuity and spatial integration of the morphological structure enhance spatial perception and belonging, and that this interconnectedness forms the basis for reviving urban identity. The study adopts an analytical-comparative approach that combines digital spatial analysis using DepthmapX and social analysis through a field survey of residents. This approach compares three historic cities that represent different patterns of spatial memory revival: Fez, which preserved the coherence of its organic f

Bridges are one of Baghdad’s most important infrastructure elements, today they are not only for crossing the river and connecting Karkh and Rusafa, but serve as strategic tools to ease traffic congestion resulting from population density and rapid urbanization. With a population exceeding eight million and a growing number of vehicles, maintaining and sustaining bridges through continuous monitoring and inspection has become essential. Yet the current inspection process faces many challenges. This research aims to identify factors hindering optimal bridge inspection and to provide solutions for improved inspection performance. These challenges stem from managerial, technological, economic and environmental issues, red

One of the biggest problems facing the construction sector throughout the globe is financial risks. This is especially true for building projects in Iraq.  These hazards often result in project delays and budgetary constraints.  The goal of this research is to find the reasons behind financial hazards.  A questionnaire was used to discover and extract sub-factors.  A probability and effect matrix was also used to provide a quantitative study of these parameters. We also utilized the relative relevance index to rank the hazards.  The study's findings revealed that eight factors significantly influenced the project, categorized as high risk: inaccurate cost estimates, delayed client payment processes, clients' financi

Efficient design of weaving sections is critical for maintaining smooth traffic flow on urban arterial roads. This study investigates optimal weaving lengths (WL) for improving traffic flow efficiency using two weaving sections located on Malik Mahmud Ring Road in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, as a case study. Traffic and geometric data were collected through drone footage and processed using data from Sky Viewer to extract detailed vehicle trajectories. A calibrated and validated microsimulation model was developed in PTV VISSIM 2024 to replicate real-world traffic conditions. A full factorial experimental design tested the effects of WL, mainline traffic volume, and weaving volume on section performance. T

The aim of this study is to identify the effect of particle size and to increase the concentration of Iraqi bentonite on rheological properties in order to evaluate its performance and to know if it can be used as drilling fluid without additives or not. In this study, Iraqi bentonite was carried out by mineral composition (XRD), chemical composition (XRF) and Particle size distribution (PSD), and its rheological properties were measured at different particle size and concentration. The results showed that when the particle size of Iraqi bentonite decreased, and the rheological properties were increased with increased concentration of Iraqi bentonite. Also, Iraqi bentonite was unable to use as drilling fluid without certain additives.

The comfort and safety of drivers greatly depend on the design of the suspension system in ‎road cars. The study presents modeling and control of an Active Suspension System (ASS) ‎for a ¼ car with two degrees of freedom, considering unknown masses, time delay, and ‎various types of road disturbances using the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The study ‎examines the performance of the Model ‎Predictive Control (MPC) scheme. ‎Numerous controllers are utilized in literature, including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), ‎fuzzy logic controllers, Linear Quadratic Regulators (LQR), and Proportional Integral ‎Derivative (PID) controllers. An MPC setup for the ASS model was presented in this paper. ‎MPC is an optimal control strat

Rutting is one of the most complex and widespread types of distress. The rutting is frequently observed on Iraqi roads, especially at the checkpoints, forming a significant hazard on the asphalt layers. Factors such as heavy loads and high temperatures contribute to this distress. Adding fibers to a hot mix asphalt (HMA) effectively improves performance and extends the lifespan of the flexible pavement. This article used glass, steel, and basalt fibers. The wheel tracking test assessed the fibre-asphalt mixture for rutting resistance and compared it with the mix without adding fibers (control HMA).

Meanwhile, the microscopic structure of fibres and asphalt mixture modified with fibers was examined using the Field

A compact microstrip six-port reflectometer (SPR) with extended bandwidth is proposed in this paper. The design is based on using 16-dB multi-section coupled line directional couplers and a multi-section 3-dB Wilkinson power divider operating from 1 to 6 GHz. The proposed SPR employs only two calibration standards: a matched load and an open load. As compared to other dielectric substrates, fabricating the proposed SPR involves using a low-cost (FR4) substrate. A novel algorithm is also proposed to estimate the complex reflection coefficient over the frequency ranges at which the standard performance of the circuit components is not fully satisfied. The new algorithm is based on the circles’ intersection points, which

Shell-and-double concentric tube heat exchanger is one of the new designs that enhance the heat transfer process. Entransy dissipation is a recent development that incorporates thermodynamics in the design and optimization of heat exchangers. In this paper the concept of entransy dissipation is related to the shell-and-double concentric tube heat exchanger for the first time, where the experiments were conducted using hot oil with temperature of 80, 100 and 120°C, flow rate of cold water was 0.667, 1, and 1.334 kg/m³ respectively and the temperature of inlet cold water was 20°C. The entransy dissipation rate due to heat transfer and to fluid friction or pressure drop was studied.

Adsorption capacity of a waste biomass, date stones, for phenolic compounds such as phenol (Ph) and p-nitro phenol (PNPh) was investigated. The characteristics of such waste biomass were determined and found to have a surface area and iodine number of 495.71 m²/g and 475.88 mg/g, respectively. The effects of temperature, initial sorbate concentration, and contact time on the adsorption process were studied. Experimental equilibrium data for adsorption of Ph and PNPh on date stones were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips isotherm models. The results show that the best fit was achieved with the Sips isotherm equation with maximum adsorption capacities of 147.09 and 179.62 mg/g for Ph and PNPh, respectively. The kinetic data wer

Due to the popularity of radar, receivers often “hear” a great number of other transmitters in
addition to their own return merely in noise. The dealing with the problem of identifying and/or
separating a sum of tens of such pulse trains from a number of different sources are often received on
the one communication channel. It is then of interest to identify which pulses are from which source,
based on the assumption that the different sources have different characteristics. This search deals with a
graphical user interface (GUI) to generate the radar pulse in order to use the required radar signal in any
specified location.

The present work covers the Face-Hobbing method for generation and simulation of meshing of Face hobbed hypoid gear drive. In this work the generation process of hobbed hypoid gear has been achieved by determination of the generation function of blade cutter. The teeth surfaces have been drawn depending on the simulation of the cutting process and the head cutter motion. Tooth contact analysis (TCA) of such gear drive is presented to evaluate analytically the transmission error function for concave and convex tooth side due to misalignment errors. TCA results show that the gear is very sensitive to misalignment errors and
the increasing of the gear teeth number decrease the transmission error for both concave and convex tooth sides a