The efficiency evaluation of the railway lines performance is done through a set of indicators and criteria, the most important are transport density, the productivity of enrollee, passenger vehicle production, the productivity of freight wagon, and the productivity of locomotives. This study includes an attempt to calculate the most important of these indicators which transport density index from productivity during the four indicators, using artificial neural network technology. Two neural networks software are used in this study, (Simulnet) and (Neuframe), the results of second program has been adopted. Training results and test to the neural network data used in the study, which are obtained from the international in

The research investigates the political effect and its directions on the architectural thoughts and its achievements and how can this political system affect all fields of life in communities including architectural urban design. The problem of the research lies in the ambiguity effects of the ideological national directions of the Nazi Party on the architecture and urban design of the city of Berlin, then determining the aims of the research to discuss the concepts of politics and architecture and their relation to the way of thinking that plays a role in the process of design that works on property and achieving the suitable urban environments for those communities. After that, the Nazi's party's thought would be studied and analyzed,

A load-shedding controller suitable for small to medium size loads is designed and implemented based on preprogrammed priorities and power consumption for individual loads. The main controller decides if a particular load can be switched ON or not according to the amount of available power generation, load consumption and loads priorities. When themaximum allowed power consumption is reached and the user want to deliver power to additional load, the controller will decide if this particular load should be denied receiving power if its priority is low. Otherwise, it can be granted to receive power if its priority is high and in this case lower priority loads are automatically switched OFF in order not to overload the power generation. The

A closed formed model modified from that of van Genuchten (1980) was used to fit
the data of soil moisture profile ( θ vs. λ ) from which the slope dλ/dθ can be evaluated
and then the soil water diffusivity [D(θ)] can be calculated. Diffusivity was calculated for three soil textures under different salinity conditions.
The results showed that the model fitted the data very well with 1% confidence level (R2 > 0.93). D(θ) increased sharply with soil moisture for all soils but its values were lower when the texture got finer. At a certain sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), D(θ)
increase with the increase of salt concentration (C) of the water infiltrating. Increasing SAR of water caused a decrease in D(θ) at any level of

This work involves the calculation of the cooling load in Iraqi building constructions taking in account the effect of the convective heat transfer inside the buildings. ASHRAE assumptions are compared with the Fisher and Pedersen model of estimation of internal convective heat transfer coefficient when the high rate of ventilation from ceiling inlet configuration is used. Theoretical calculation of cooling load using the Radiant Time Series Method (RTSM) is implemented on the actual tested spaces. Also the theoretical calculated cooling loads are experimentally compared by measuring the cooling load in these tested spaces. The comparison appears that using the modified Fisher and Pedersen model when large ventilation ra

Highly plastic soils exhibit unfavorited properties upon saturation, which produce different defects in engineering structures. Attempts were made by researchers to proffer solutions to these defects by experimenting in practical ways. This included various materials that could possibly improve the soil engineering properties and reduce environmental hazards. This paper investigates the strength behavior of highly plastic clay stabilized with brick dust. The brick dust contents were 10%, 20%, and 30% by dry weight of soil. A series of linear shrinkage and unconfined compression tests were carried out to study the effect of brick dust on the quantitative amount of shrinkage experienced by highly plastic clay and the undra

The present work divided into two parts, first the experimental side which included the
measuring of the first natural frequency for the notched and unnotched cantilever composite beams
which consisted of four symmetrical layers and made of Kevlar- epoxy reinforced. A numerical
study covers the effect of notches on the natural frequencies of the same specimen used in the
experimental part. The mathematical model for the beam contains two open edges on the upper
surface. The effect of the location of cracks relative to the restricted end, depth of cracks, volume
fraction of fibers and orientation of the fiber on the natural frequencies are explored. The results
were calculated using the known engineering program (ANSY

 Airborne radioactive particulates (for both indoor and outdoor air), in Al-Jaderiya region (Baghdad), have been collected to measure the concentration of Radon-222 daughter products of gamma ray emission (214Pb, 214Bi and 218Po) and hence calculate the concentration of Radon-222. 24 samples were analyzed (12 indoor and others outdoor), using gamma ray spectrometric system based on a High purity Germanium detector (HpGe) of (40%) efficiency. The average concentrations of Radon-222, were found to be (93.7 Bq/m

An experimental study on a KIA pride (SAIPA 131) car model with scale of 1:14 in the wind tunnel was made beside the real car tests. Some of the modifications to passive flow control which are (vortex generator, spoiler and slice diffuser) were added to the car to reduce the drag force which its undesirable characteristic that increase fuel consumption and exhaust toxic gases. Two types of calculations were used to determine the drag force acting on the car body. Firstly, is by the integrating the values of pressure recorded along the pressure taps (for the wind tunnel and the real car testing), secondly, is by using one component balance device (wind tunnel testing) to measure the force. The results show that, the avera

The present investigation aims to study the effect of heat treatment by quenching in different quenching media (salt water, water and oil) following by tempering on wear resistance of EN25 steel. EN25 steel is an alloy of medium carbon low alloy steel which is used for many applications requiring high tensile strength and wear resistance such as connecting rods, adapters and in power sectors extensively. The specimens are machined to 20 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter. This study is done by two stages: The first stage is done by austenitizing EN25 steel to 850  for 1 hr by quenching the specimens in three different quenching media and then tempered at 300   in air. While the second stage is performed by wear

In this work a high-speed turbopumps of (22000 rpm) rotational speed, which are oxidizer and fuel turbopumps, are designed. The design requirement for mass flow rate and outlet pressure are (12.5 kg/s) and (113×10 Pa) respectively for the oxidizer turbopump, and (3.5 kg/s) and (95x10 Pa) respectively for the fuel turbopump. The design work of centrifugal pump is divided into impeller and volute design works. The impeller design work is performed by the streamline curvature and quasi-orthogonal technique based on hub-to-shroud mean stream surface between two blades with assistance of experimental design coefficients and relations for first prediction. The volute is designed by using the method of constant angular momentum, where in this

In this paper the hardware implementations is investing of 8x8 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) and Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform (IDCT) on different Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technologies using the modified Loeffler algorithm. The investigations involved simulations and synthesis of Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHDL) code utilizing recent FPGA families of Xilinx, Altera, and Lucent. The paper achieving the most demanding real-time requirements of some standardized frame resolutions and rates. Synthesis results for 8-point DCT/IDCT implementations indicate operating frequencies of 50 MIIz, 60 MHz and 22 MHz for the investigated Xilinx, Altera and Lucent FPGA chips, respectively. These fr

The long-term monitoring of land movements represents the most successful application of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), particularly the Global Positioning System. However, the application of long term monitoring of land movements depends on the availability of homogenous and consistent daily position time series of stations over a period of time. Such time series can be produced very efficiently by using Precise Point Positioning and Double Difference techniques based on particular sophisticated GNSS processing softwares. Nonetheless, these rely on the availability of GNSS products which are precise satellite orbit and clock, and Earth orientation parameters. Unfortunately, several changes and modifications have been mad

The aim of this work is to make an evaluation to the reliability and availability of an electrical power plant as special kind of production systems to assess its ability in providing power with acceptable quality at a given period of time. Markov model was used as an analytical tool in assessment of the reliability and availability of a production power plant in Iraq, and especially for its four new steam-power units, which considered as basic power units of this plant This model (Markov) was used for the first once in assessment of power production system in Iraq. and prove its ability to provide a general evaluation for the performance of the power plant during a period of time Since the method has too extensișe mathematical operatio

Substantial amounts of data concerning the-fatigue performance tests are presented. These data contain the information about results that are expressed by means of the fatigue equation parameters Different fatigue tess are included using different types of mixes. The collected information was not similar n all aspects. Some studies included variables. which were not considered by others. The different representations of the fatigue equation makes it necessary to find the relations between the parameters of these different equations in order to study all the data together. The colleeted data were examined statistically to check its consistency; that is to say, they belong to the same population. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of

Two types of steel alloys (St.17Mn1Si and st.22MnAl) and their fusion welded parts applying different thermal treatment techniques were tested electrochemically. Their electrochemical characteristic including: the electrochemical potential values and current density of the base metals, heat affected zones and welding pools are estimated. Correlations are developed to express the effect of the electrochemical potential of the heat affected zone as an additional independent variable of the models. Also the evaluation of corrosion resistance behavior of welded alloys used as corrosion medium 3% NaCI solution in presence of air, oxygen and carbon dioxide for 3300 hrs were investigated visually and experimentally using different techiniques.

Medium Access Control (MAC) spoofing attacks relate to an attacker altering the manufacturer assigned MAC address to any other value. MAC spoofing attacks in Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) network are simple because of the ease of access to the tools of the MAC fraud on the Internet like MAC Makeup, and in addition to that the MAC address can be changed manually without software. MAC spoofing attacks are considered one of the most intensive attacks in the WiFi network; as result for that, many MAC spoofing detection systems were built, each of which comes with its strength and weak points. This paper logically identifies and recognizes the weak points
and masquerading paths that penetrate the up-to-date existing detection systems. Then the

Cracks may appear in structures due to manufacturing processes and some time are appeared in the structure product from casting, these struetures may be used but in the life less than the design life according to crack propagation on it. In this research a thick cylinder has one crack or more is investigated to estimate the life under pulsation internal pressure. Finite element method with J-integral approach has been used to evaluate the numerical strain energy release rate (J) for the thick cylinder and the stress intensity factor (SIF J-integral method is most accurate method to evaluate the SIF for the elastic-plastic materiel by considering the local plastic zone near crack tip. Software developed using the FEM; J-integral; SIF and

In this study, the turbulent buoyancy driven fluid flow and heat transfer in a differentially heated rectangular enclosure filled with water is quantified numerically. The two dimensional governing differential equations are discretized using the finite volume method. SIMPLE algorithm is employed to obtain stabilized solution for high Rayleigh numbers by a computational code written in FORTRAN language. A parametric study is undertaken and the effect of Rayleigh numbers (1010 to 1014), the aspect ratio (30, 40 and 50), and the tilt angle (10o to 170o ) on fluid flow and heat transfer are investigated. The results of the adopted model in the present work is compared with previously published results and a qualitative agreement and a good

The object of this work is to model and simulate a fluidized bed desulfurization reactor by coupling a reactor kinetic model with a fluidized bed model based on two –phase theory(bubbling-bed model) proposed by Kunni and Levenspiel(1968).This model is useful for analysis of a reaction involving gas and solid. It generates the conversion data with respect to reaction time of both reacting gas and solids in a continuous flow(for both gas and solids) in fluidized bed. The flue gas or stack gas from a combustor which normally contains sulfur dioxide mixed with excess air is used as the fluidizing gas with calcium oxide as the fluidized solids . Calcium oxide is quite capable of reacting with 2 SO to effect its removal from the gas phase ac

Asset management involves efficient planning of economic and technical performance characteristics of infrastructure systems. Managing a sewer network requires various types of activities so the network can be able to achieve a certain level of performance. During the lifetime of the network various components will start to deteriorate leading to bad performance and can damage the infrastructure. The main objective of this research is to develop deterioration models to provide an assessment tool for determining the serviceability of the sewer networks in Baghdad city the Zeppelin line was selected as a case study, as well as to give top management authorities the appropriate decision making. Different modeling techniques

Trickle irrigation is a system for supplying filtered water and fertilizer directly into the soil and water and it is allowed to dissipate under low pressure in an exact predetermined pattern. An equation to estimate the wetted area of unsaturated soil with water uptake by roots is simulated numerically using the HYDRUS-2D/3D software. In this paper, two soil types, which were different in saturated hydraulic conductivity were used with two types of crops tomato and corn, different values of emitter discharge and initial volumetric soil moisture content were assumed. It was assumed that the water uptake by roots was presented as a continuous sink function and it was introduced into Richard's equation in the unsaturated z

In this paper, first and second order sliding mode controllers are designed for a single link robotic arm actuated by two Pneumatic Artificial Muscles (PAMs). A new mathematical model for the arm has been developed based on the model of large scale pneumatic muscle actuator model. Uncertainty in parameters has been presented and tested for the two controllers. The simulation results of the second-order sliding mode controller proves to have a low tracking error and chattering effect as compared to the first order one. The verification has been done by using MATLAB and Simulink software.

Localization is an essential demand in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). It relies on several types of measurements. This paper focuses on positioning in 3-D space using time-of-arrival- (TOA-) based distance measurements between the target node and a number of anchor nodes. Central localization is assumed and either RF, acoustic or UWB signals are used for distance measurements. This problem is treated by using iterative gradient descent (GD), and an iterative GD-based algorithm for localization of moving sensors in a WSN has been proposed. To localize a node in 3-D space, at least four anchors are needed. In this work, however, five anchors are used to get better accuracy. In GD localization of a moving sensor, the algo

Nowadays, the power plant is changing the power industry from a centralized and vertically integrated form into regional, competitive and functionally separate units. This is done with the future aims of increasing efficiency by better management and better employment of existing equipment and lower price of electricity to all types of customers while retaining a reliable system. This research is aimed to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. The OPF is used to minimize the total generations fuel cost function. Optimal power flow may be single objective or multi objective function. In this thesis, an attempt is made to minimize the objective function with keeping the voltages magnitudes of all load buses, real outp

ان اكثر المشاكل التي تواجهنا هي إشاعة الأساليب القديمة والتعود عليها ، وقد كان الأسلوب التقليدي ( المقاول العالم ) وعند جدول الكميات الذي يعمل على وفق الشروط العامة المقاولات اعمال الهندسة المدنية المعتمدة من وزارة التخلية في العراق ومؤسسة الفيديك هما الأكثر شيوعا واستبعادا لدى الجهات الفنية والإدارية بمختلف مستوياتها ومواقعها ، ولذا أصبح من الضروري البحث عن قواعد تعاقدية معينة يمكن استخدامها كبديل مفصل

Mechanical degradation hampers the practical usage of polymers for turbulent drag reduction
application. Mechanical degradation refers to the chemical process in which the activation energy of
polymer chain scission is exceeded by mechanical action on the polymer chain, and bond rupture
occurs. When a water-soluble polymer and surfactant are mixed in water solution, the specific structures
(aggregates) are formed, in which polymer film is formed around micelle. In this work, Xanthan gum (XG) –
Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SELS) complex formation and its effect on percentage viscosity reduction
(%VR) was studied. It was found that SELS surfactant reduced the mechanical degradation of XG much
more efficiently than th

        The performance of asphalt concrete pavement has affected by many factors, the temperature is the most important environmental one which has a large effect on the structural behavior of flexible pavement materials. The main cause of premature failure of pavement is the rutting, Due to the viscoelastic nature of the asphalt cement, rutting is more pronounced in hot climate areas because the viscosity of the asphalt binder which is
inversely related to rutting is significantly reduced with the increase in temperature resulting in a more rut susceptible paving mixtures. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of temperatures variations on the permanent deformation parameters (perm

In recent decades, there has been increasing interest in wastewater treatment because of its direct impact on the environment and public health. Over time, other forms of treatment have been developed and modified, including extended aeration. This process is included in the suspended growth system. In this paper, a comparative study was conducted between the efficiency of the extended aeration plant and that of the trickling filter plant in removal of BOD and COD.  The method of comparison was done by knowing the value of the pollutant before and after the treatment and then extract the removal ratio of each pollutant within each plant. The results showed that the percentage of removal of BOD in the trickling filte