The effect of different cutting fluids on surface roughness of brass alloy workpiece during turning operation was carried out in this research. This was performed with different cutting speed, while other cutting parameters had been regarded as constants(feeding rate , and depth of cut). Surface roughness of machined parts that will be tested by electronic surface roughness tester .The results show that the standard coolant gives the best values of surface roughness for fixed cutting speed ,followed by sun flower oil that has approximately the same effect, while the air stream as a coolant gave unsatisfied results for the evaluation of surface roughness.

In the other hand the best values of surface roughness were recorded for max

This study offers the elastic response of the variable thickness functionally graded (FG) by single walled carbon nanotubes reinforced composite (CNTRC) moderately thick cylindrical panels under rotating and transverse mechanical loadings. It’s considered that, three kinds of distributions of carbon nanotubes which are uniaxial aligned in the longitudinal direction and two functionally graded in the transverse direction of the cylindrical panels. Depending on first order shear deformation theory (FSDT), the governing equations can be derived. The partial differential equations are solved by utilizing the technique of finite element method (FEM) with a program has been built by using FORTRAN 95. The results are calculat

The tremendous benefits of using cellular phones, which began to increase and unprecedented spread worldwide last decade, were accompanied by harmful effects on the environment due to the increase in electromagnetic radiation (EMR) which be emitted from mobile phone towers. This effect on humans, animals, and plants, which is considered a form of environmental pollution, was sensed by developed countries and Environmental protection organizations. These countries have established restrictions and enacted laws to reduce their negative impact on living beings. The field survey included six major hospitals and 38 schools were distributed over the central neighbourhoods in Al-Najaf city. The results showed that power density (PD) measurement

A theoretical description is given for the ploughing of a work-hardening inclined surface by a hemispherical slider. As the indenture is moving horizontally, the grooving force and the depth of penetration are expressed for conditions that correspond to the climbing and descending asperities. Assuming a constant vertical load on the slider, the friction coefficient due to ploughing, FP, is shown to be affected by surface inclination moreover, the limiting value of FP when the vertical load on slider is made infinitely small is shown to be independent upon the asperity angle and the shape of the slider. The treatment has some use in predicting the extent of surface damage in contact profilometry, especially for soft materials in particula

Protecting medical images in medical applications is considered a delicate task and needs to be carefully managed. Generally, the demand is to protect the data of the patient without changing the content of the actual diagnostic data. Zero-watermarking (ZWM) technique provides an elegant solution as it logically links copyright information to essential image properties instead of hiding it in the image pixels themselves. However, there is a trade-off in performance; this is because the existing methods fail to handle image rotation attacks. For example, a small tilt of the image can render the watermark ineffective due to a drop in the feature extraction process. In this paper, the proposed method tackles the aforementio

This study aims to investigate the effect of different curing methods on the strength of reactive powder concrete (RPC) and to evaluate the use of brick powder as a partial replacement of cement. The use of brick powder is intended to reduce cement content and utilize construction waste more sustainably. In this work, waste clay bricks collected from construction sites were crushed into fine powder and used at replacement levels of 5% and 10%. The mixtures were subjected to different curing methods, including standard curing (C.S), coating curing, and warm water curing, followed by standard curing. The warm curing included immersion in water at (35 ± 2) °C for one day (W1S), two days (W2S), and three days (W3S), follow

Phytoremediation is considered an attractive and green method of treating urban wastewater, especially in developing countries, due to its low operating cost and sustainable environmental option. This research aimed to evaluate an advanced method of phytoremediation using natural media composed of walnut shells and gravel with peace lily plants (S. Cochlearispathum) for treating real wastewater with methyl orange dye. A Lab-scale of three tanks, the first one is wastewater only as a control containment (WW), the second tank includes substrate only (WS), and the third one includes substrate with the plant of S. Cochlearispathum (WSP). The experiment was operated with a batch system. The WSP tank recorded the highest treat

Water scarcity and climate variability threaten the sustainable production of strategic crops such as wheat and maize in arid regions like Iraq. Conventional irrigation methods are increasingly insufficient to satisfy crop water requirements due to rising evapotranspiration and reduced effective rainfall. Therefore, Deficit Irrigation (DI), which involves applying water below full crop water requirements, has become an important strategy for improving water use efficiency. This paper aimed to evaluate irrigation water requirements and crop responses to different DI levels in arid conditions, selecting the Al-Raed Research Station in Iraq as the study area. Climatic data were analyzed using the CROPWAT 8 model to estimate

An integrated system has been developed to remotely track health status using Wireless Medical Sensor Networks (WMSNs) for continuous patient monitoring. Physiological information is collected in remote locations and then sent to cloud-based repositories, where it is further analyzed, allowing real-time telemedical diagnostics and therapeutics conducted by urban specialists in cooperation with local healthcare providers. Sensors provide isolation and constant surveillance of patients infected with infectious diseases in their homes. This system employs multi-stage processing, beginning with the collection of baseline data, including heart rate, blood oxygen saturation, and temperature. This data then undergoes several pr

A hydraulic characteristic analysis was conducted to support the plan to construct the Cisangkuy River Weir in the Cikalong Hydroelectric Power Plant area, aiming to improve the fulfilment of raw water needs entering the inlet system of the South Bandung Regional Water Company. The main problem faced is the seasonal discharge fluctuations and watershed degradation, which cause the intake discharge during the dry season to only reach 0.09 m³/s, far below the minimum requirement of 0.7 m³/s. This study uses a research methodology that includes hydrological data collection, river cross-section surveys, and hydraulic modeling using HEC HMS and HEC-RAS 1D version 6.3.1 software. The simulation results sh

The Dwelling is a Fundamental issue related to human beings; throughout time, man has always had to dwell in a place and build his house. Due to different styles and typologies appearing all over the world, all containing the character of privacy as the main element of human life in their dwellings. The present study aims to investigate the temporal shift in understanding privacy during the 20^th and 21^st centuries in Baghdadi houses, and what are the physical elements that are related to the meaning of privacy? The research methodology analyzed the concepts of privacy to extract the research indicators to be applied to (49) samples of individual houses in selected neighborhoods in two different peri

This research consists of two parts, the first part concern with analyzing the collected data of BOD and COD values in discharge waste water from Al-Dora refinery during 2010 to find the relationship between these two variables The results indicates that there
is a high correlation between BOD and COD when using a natural logarithm model (0.86 ln(COD)) with correlation coefficient of 0.98. This relationship is useful in predicting the BOD value using the COD value. The second part includes analyzing collected data from the same site in order to find a relationsip between BOD and other parameters COD, Phenol(phe), Temperature(T), Oil, Sulphat(SO4),pH and Total dissolved solids( TDS) discharged from the refinery. The results indicated

Lorentz-Einstein transformation derived by Einstein in his theory of special relativity. Physical laws and principles are invariant in all Galilean reference frames under this transformation. The transformation in every day use in a host of contexts as in free solution of the Dirac equation in the modern field of heavy ion in atomic physics. Most books on theoretical physics and special theory of relativity and all research papers have derived the Eorentz-Einstein transformation using various propositions and employing two observers each located in Galilean system with relative motion receding the same events in the space-time manifold. This paper derives Lorentz-Einstein transformation by proposing just one observer using local coordina

A closed formed model modified from that of van Genuchten (1980) was used to fit
the data of soil moisture profile ( θ vs. λ ) from which the slope dλ/dθ can be evaluated
and then the soil water diffusivity [D(θ)] can be calculated. Diffusivity was calculated for three soil textures under different salinity conditions.
The results showed that the model fitted the data very well with 1% confidence level (R2 > 0.93). D(θ) increased sharply with soil moisture for all soils but its values were lower when the texture got finer. At a certain sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), D(θ)
increase with the increase of salt concentration (C) of the water infiltrating. Increasing SAR of water caused a decrease in D(θ) at any level of

Polyethylene (PE) waste is both an environmental threat and a chance for innovation in pavement engineering. This review examines low-density (LDPE) and high-density (HDPE) PE as asphalt modifiers, outlining their influence on binder performance, mixture properties, environmental gains, and economic viability. Drawing on laboratory studies and field trials, it compares PE types, dosages, and mixing methods. PE raises the binder’s softening point, viscosity, and elasticity, while reducing penetration and ductility. In mixtures, it can lift Marshall stability by up to 167%, cut rut depth by about 70%, and raise tensile strength by 30%. HDPE usually delivers the bigger mechanical boost thanks to its higher crystallinit

Today, the term "sustainability" became one of the most important concepts of interest in scientific and academic debates. The modern approaches in planning and architecture call for respect of the environment and its ecological system through the harmony among three aspects: economical performance social responsibility and protection behaviors on environment, which is called "sustainable architecture" Obviously, this term can be seen in traditional residential dwellings architecture through the interaction with its local environmental conditions This is what this research deals with by the study and analysis, to determinate the most important principles of traditional house design in terms of climate treatment , building materials choos

Historic fortresses are providing us with an immediate point of contact with old ages, are giving us different images because of different times and places, they are like materialistic messages from past generations to the present with a contemporary protect thought in order to be a motivation for present creative works, which were built to take military, political, social and economic role, to serve a whole variety of purposes this is what makes fortresses as specific architectural units, so the research concentrated on historic fortresses in Iraq and studied its architectural landmarks and design criteria, therefore the problem is appointed by little studies related to fortresses, and how should be developed, the aims of research are:

 his study involves the development of expert systems software to present the necessary experience covering the variotrs cases of the earth-moving plant selection and management

This study focused on treating wastewater to remove phosphorus by adsorption onto natural
and local materials. Burned kaolin, porcelinite, bauxite and limestone were selected to be tested
as adsorption materials.The adsorption isotherms were evaluated by batch experiments, studying
the effects of pH, temperature and initial phosphorus concentration. The results showed that at pH
6, temperature 20°C and 300 mg/l initial phosphorus concentration; the sorption capacity was
0.61, 9, 10 and 13 mg/g at 10 h contact time, for burned kaolin, porcelanite, limestone and bauxite
respectively. As the pH increased from 2 to 10 the removal efficiency for the materials differs in
behaviour. The removal efficiency increased from 40

Qaiyarah oil field is characterized by its complexity due to its extra heavy oil reaching 16° API. Thus, building a systematic PVT model for this field at a specific range of temperatures is a powerful challenge for screening such reservoirs. The peng-Robenson equation of state model with up to six pseudo components was developed for the crude sample of the Qaiyarah oil field. This work represents the fingerprint for constructing a dynamic model for the field under study. The model also applies to the heavy oil reservoirs under splitting and lumping scenarios. This work suggests a lumping scheme to enhance the accuracy and CPU performance of compositional reservoir simulations. Therefore, the full components model (13 c

Semi-deep foundations are a viable option when the soil under the foundation is loose and extended to a significant depth, also, when traditional methods of improvement are not feasible applying piles would not be a practical choice due to their high cost and time-consuming installation process. Skirted foundations are a sort of semi-deep foundation that can penetrate the soil to a depth that is twice their width. Skirted foundations, in which a vertical or inclined wall surrounds one or more sides of the soil mass under the footing, are recommended methods to increase the soil's bearing capacity. The walls work to reduce settlement while enhancing load capacity and failure depth in soils with low shear strength. This pa

Cathodic protection is a corrosion-prevention technique which uses the electrochemical
properties of metals to insure that the structure to be protected becomes the cathode of an
electrolytic cell Laboratory evaluation was conducted on zinc electrode as anode material that used for sacrificial anode cathodic protection (SACP)of carbon steel. Rate of zinc consumption during cathodic protection of carbon steel pipeline carrying seawater (4 % w/v NaCl solution) were measured by the loss in weight technique. Variables studied were seawater temperature (0-45o C), flow rate (5-900 lit/h), pH (2-12) and duration time (1-4 h). It was found that the rate of zinc consumption increases with increasing seawater temperature, flow rate and

Consuming of by-product or waste materials in highway engineering is significant in the construction of new roads and/or in renovations of the existing ones. Pulverised Fuel ash (PFA), which is a by-product material of burning coal in power stations, is one of these materials that might be incorporated instead of mineral filler in hot asphalt mixtures.

Two types of surface course mixtures have been prepared one with conventional mineral filler i.e. ordinary Portland cement (OPC) while the second was with PFA. Several testings have been conducted to indicate the mechanical properties which were Marshall Stability and Indirect Tensile Strength tests. On the other hand, moisture damage and ageing have been evaluated

ABSTRACT

Critical buckling temperature of angle-ply laminated plate is developed using a higher-order displacement field. This displacement field used by Mantari et al based on a constant ‘‘m’’, which is determined to give results closest to the three dimensions elasticity (3-D) theory. Equations of motion based on higher-order theory angle ply plates are derived through Hamilton^, s principle, and solved using Navier-type solution to obtain critical buckling temperature for simply supported laminated plates. Changing (α₂/ α₁) ratios, number of layers, aspect ratios, E₁/E₂ ratios for thick and thin plates and their effect on thermal

This study was undertaken to prepare Nano zinc oxide (ZnO) by precipitation and microemulsion methods. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectrometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area were the techniques employed for the preparation. The particle size of prepared nano ZnO was 69.15nm and 88.49nm for precipitation and microemulsion methods, respectively, which corresponded to the BET surface area 20.028 and 16.369m²/g respectively. The activity of prepared nano ZnO as a photocatalyst was estimated by the removal of ampicillin (Amp) under visible light. This study, therefore, examined the effect of pH in the range of 5-11, initial concen

This study's primary objective is to examine the structural behavior of using 2C-Cold produced. Section Castellated beams when subjected to monotonic load till failure. The experimental program testing. Seven Fabricated samples of castellated steel beams and one sample, which is a non-castellated steel beam (reference beam), were tested as supported beams under concentrated loads at two points over a clear span length (1730 mm). All castellated steel beams were similar in all properties and dimensions except the breadth of the upper and lower flanges. The current study considers the implications of modifying the width of the top and bottom flanges on how these beams behave. The findings showed that the ratio of the teste

The main objective of this study is to understand the work of the pile caps made of lightweight aerated foam concrete and study the many factors affecting the ability and the capacity of the shear. The study was done by analyzing previous practical and theoretical experiences on the reinforced concrete pile caps. The previous practical results indicated that all specimens failed by shear diagonal compression or tension modes except one specimen that failed flexural-shear mode. Based on test specimens' practical results and behavior, some theoretical methods for estimating the ultimate strength of reinforced concrete pile caps have been recommended, some of which evolved into the design documents available on the subject.

In order to understand the effect of (length of pile / diameter of pile) ratio on the load carrying capacity and settlement reduction behavior of piled raft resting on loose sand, laboratory model tests were conducted on small-scale models. The parameters studied were the effect of pile length and the number of piles. The load settlement behavior obtained from the tests has been validated by using 3-D finite element in ABAQUS program, was adopted to understand the load carrying response of piled raft and settlement reduction. The results of experimental work show that the increase in (Lp/dp) ratio led to increase in load carrying capacity by piled raft from (19.75 to 29.35%), (14.18 to 28.87%) and (0 to 16.49%) , the maximum load carried

In this paper, an Integral Backstepping Controller (IBC) is designed and optimized for full control, of rotational and translational dynamics, of an unmanned Quadcopter (QC). Before designing the controller, a mathematical model for the QC is developed in a form appropriate for the IBC design. Due to the underactuated property of the QC, it is possible to control the QC Cartesian positions (X, Y, and Z) and the yaw angle through ordering the desired values for them. As for the pitch and roll angles, they are generated by the position controllers. Backstepping Controller (BC) is a practical nonlinear control scheme based on Lyapunov design approach, which can, therefore, guarantee the convergence of the position tracking

Geotechnical engineers have always been concerned with the stabilization of slopes. For this purpose,
various methods such as retaining walls, piles, and geosynthetics may be used to increase the safety factor of slopes prone to failure. The application of stone columns may also be another potential alternative for slope stabilization. Such columns have normally been used for cohesive soil improvement. Most slope analysis and design is based on deterministic approach i.e a set of single valued design parameter are adopted and a set of single valued factor of safety (FOS) is determined. Usually the FOS is selected in view of the understanding and knowledge of the material parameters, the problem geometry, the method of analysis and the