Overheating is a common issue in a nonparallel helical gearing system. The reason is the high friction, sliding velocity, and tangential force that occurs between meshed gear teeth. These factors can result in negative outcomes such as increased power loss, low gear efficiency, breakdown, and scuffing. Two types of non-parallel helical gears have been utilized to estimate the meshing heat fluxes of a pair of non-parallel gear systems. The scenario involves a design of standard helical teeth and a modified asymmetric non-parallel helical system. The asymmetric tool designe serves as a reference for preparing a modified asymmetric helical gear, which the CNC machine can then cut. The hybrid curve has been compounded from t

Low-level microbial activity due to the production of organic acids is a recognized problem during the initial phase of food waste composting. Increasing such activity levels by adjusting the pH values during the initial composting phase is the primary objective to be investigated. In this study, sodium acetate (NaoAc) was introduced as an amendment to an in-vessel composting system. NaoAc was added when the pH of the compost mixture reached a low level (pH < 5), the addition increased pH to 5.8. This had a positive effect on the degradation of organic materials i.e. the formation of methane gas compared to the results without NaoAc addition.

The results also proved that anaerobic-aerobic in-vessel composting could reduce the

Transient mixed convection heat transfer in a confined porous medium heated at periodic sinusoidal heat flux is investigated numerically in the present paper. The Poisson-type pressure equation, resulted from the substituting of the momentum Darcy equation in the continuity equation, was discretized by using finite volume technique. The energy equation was solved by a fully implicit control volume-based finite difference formulation for the diffusion terms with the use of the quadratic upstream interpolation for convective kinetics scheme to discretize the convective terms and the temperature values at the control volume faces. The numerical study covers a range of the hydrostatic  pressure sinusoidal  amplitude  range and

Theoretical and experimental investigations of the transient heat transfer parameters of constant heat flux source subjected to water flowing in the downward direction in closed channel are conducted. The power increase transient is ensured by step change increase in the heat source power. The theoretical investigation involved a mathematical modeling for axially symmetric, simultaneously developing laminar water flow in a vertical annulus. The mathematical model is based on one dimensional downward flow. The boundary conditions of the studied case are based on adiabatic outer wall, while the inner wall is subjected to a constant heat flux. The heat & mass balance equation derived for specified element of bulk water within the annulu

This paper presents theoretical parametric study of the curvature ductility capacity for
reinforced concrete beam sections stiffened with steel plates. The study considers the behavior of
concrete and reinforcing steel under different strain rates. A computer program has been written to
compute the curvature ductility taking into account the spalling in concrete cover. Strain rate
sensitive constitutive models of steel and concrete were used for predicting the moment-curvature
relationship of reinforced concrete beams at different rate of straining. The study parameters are the
yield strength of main reinforcement, yield strength of transverse reinforcement, compressive
strength of concrete, spacing of stirrups and s

.

The primary goal of this investigation is to study the effect of using mono and hybrid fibers on the fresh and hardened characteristics of Lightweight Self-Compacting Concrete (LWSCC). Slump flow test, L-box test, sieve segregation test, and V-funnel test were used to evaluate the workability of LWSCC. The mechanical characteristics of LWSCC were assessed by using compressive strength, splitting strength, and flexural strength. Four mixtures using two types of fiber: Steel fiber (St) and polypropylene fiber (PP) (0% fiber, 1% (St), 0.75% (St) +0.25% (PP), 0.5% (St) +0.5% (PP)) were made. According to the results, (St) fiber and hybrid fiber addition to LWSCC reduced its workability, although the values of tests

Applications of nonlinear, time variant, and variable parameters represent a big challenge in a conventional control systems, the control strategy of the fuzzy systems may be represents a simple, a robust and an intelligent solution for such applications.

This paper presents a design of fuzzy control system that consists of three sub controllers; a fuzzy temperature controller (FC_T), a fuzzy humidity controller (FC_H) and a ventilation control system; to control the complicate environment of the greenhouse (GH) using a proposed multi-choice control system approach. However, to reduce the cost of the crop production in the GH, the first choice is using the ventilation system to control the temperature and humidit

The need to create the optimal water quality management process has motivated researchers to pursue prediction modeling development. One of the widely important forecasting models is the sessional autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model. In the present study, a SARIMA model was developed in R software to fit a time series data of monthly fluoride content collected from six stations on Tigris River for the period from 2004 to 2014. The adequate SARIMA model that has the least Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and mean squared error (MSE) was found to be SARIMA (2, 0, 0) (0,1,1). The model parameters were identified and diagnosed to derive the forecasting equations at each selected location. The correlat

Laboratory experience in Iraq with cold asphalt concrete mixtures is very limited. The design and use of cold mixed asphalt concrete had no technical requirements. In this study, two asphalt concrete mixtures used for the base course were prepared in the laboratory using conventional cold-mixing techniques to test cold asphalt mixture (CAM) against aging and moisture susceptibility. Cold asphalt mixtures specimens have been prepared in the lab with cutback and emulsion binders, different fillers, and curing times. Based on the Marshal test result, the cutback proportion was selected with the filler, also based on the Marshal test emulsion. The first mixture was medium setting cationic emulsion (MSCE) as a binder, hydrate

This paper explores a fuzzy-logic based speed controller of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive based on vector control. PI controllers were mostly used in a speed control loop based field oriented control of an IPMSM. The fundamentals of fuzzy logic algorithms as related to drive control applications are illustrated. A complete comparison between two tuning algorithms of the classical PI controller and the fuzzy PI controller is explained. A simplified fuzzy logic controller (FLC) for the IPMSM drive has been found to maintain high performance standards with a much simpler and less computation implementation. The Matlab simulink results have been given for different mechanical operating conditions. The simulated

The objective of this research work is to evaluate the quality of central concrete plant of Al-Rasheed Company by using Six Sigma approach which is a measure of quality that strives for near elimination of defects using the statistical methods to improve outputs that are critical to customers. The fundamental objective of Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction to reach delighting customers, and then suggesting an improvement system to improve the production of concrete in Al-Rasheed State Contracting Construction Company.
A field survey includes two parts (open and close questionnaire) that aimed to get the data and information required f

This paper deals with the dynamics and stability behavior of a welded pipe containing flowing
fluid having a small harmonic component superposed. The equation of motion was derived to
represent the motion of a welded pipe conveying a pulsatile flow using a tensioned Euler- Bernoulli
beam theory. The finite element analysis was used to simulate the harmonic motion of a welded pipe
conveying fluid. It was shown that welded pipes with clamped-clamped and clamped-pinned supports
are subject to a multitude of parametric instabilities in all their modes. Stability maps are presented for
parametric instabilities of welded pipe with clamped-clamped and clamped-pinned ends. It is found
that the extent of the instability regio

This study delves into the realm of advanced cooling techniques by examining the performance of a two-stage parallel flow indirect evaporative cooling system enhanced with aspen pads in the challenging climate of Baghdad. The objective was to achieve average air dry bulb temperatures (43 ^oC) below the ambient wet bulb temperatures (24.95 ^oC) with an average relative humidity of 23%, aiming for unparalleled cooling efficiency. The research experiment was carried out in the urban environment of Baghdad, characterized by high temperature conditions. The investigation focused on the potential of the two-stage parallel flow setup, combined with the cooling capability of aspen pads, to surpass the limitat

The evolution in the field of Artificial Intelligent (AI) with its training algorithms make AI very important in different aspect of the life. The prediction problem of behavior of dynamical control system is one of the most important issue that the AI can be employed to solve it. In this paper, a Convolutional Multi-Spike Neural Network (CMSNN) is proposed as smart system to predict the response of nonlinear dynamical systems. The proposed structure mixed the advantages of Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Multi -Spike Neural Network (MSNN) to generate the smart structure. The CMSNN has the capability of training weights based on a proposed training algorithm. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed

In this study, a genetic algorithm (GA) is used to detect damage in curved beam model, stiffness as well as mass matrices of the curved beam elements is formulated using Hamilton's principle. Each node of the curved beam element possesses seven degrees of freedom including the warping degree of freedom. The curved beam element had been derived based on the Kang and Yoo’s thin-walled curved beam theory. The identification of damage is formulated as an optimization problem, binary and continuous genetic algorithms
(BGA, CGA) are used to detect and locate the damage using two objective functions (change in natural frequencies, Modal Assurance Criterion MAC). The results show the objective function based on change in natural frequency i

The present study addresses adopting the organic and nutritious materials in dairy wastewater as media for cultivation of microalgae, which represent an important source of renewable energy. This study was carried out through cultivation of three types of microalgae; Chlorella sp., Synechococcus, and Anabaena. The results shows the success the cultivation of the Synechococcus and  Chlorella Sp, while the Anabaena microalgae were in low-growth level. The highest growth was in the Synechococcus farm, followed by Chlorella and Anabaena. However, the growth of Synechococcus required 10 days to achieve this increase that re

Methods of speech recognition have been the subject of several studies over the past decade. Speech recognition has been one of the most exciting areas of the signal processing. Mixed transform is a useful tool for speech signal processing; it is developed for its abilities of improvement in feature extraction. Speech recognition includes three important stages, preprocessing, feature extraction, and classification. Recognition accuracy is so affected by the features extraction stage; therefore different models of mixed transform for feature extraction were proposed. The properties of the recorded isolated word will be 1-D, which achieve the conversion of each 1-D word into a 2-D form. The second step of the word recognizer requires, the

Adsorption and ion exchange are examples of fixed-bed sorption processes that show transient behavior. This means that differential equations are needed to design them. As a result, numerical methods are commonly utilized to solve these equations. The solution frequently used in analytical methods is called the Thomas solution. Thomas gave a complete solution that adds a nonlinear equilibrium relationship that depends on second-order reaction kinetics. A computational approach was devised to solve the Thomas model. The Thomas model's validity was established by conducting three distinct sets of experiments. The first entails the adsorption of acetic acid from the air through the utilization of activated carbon. Following

In this work, ZnO nanostructures for powder ZnO were synthesized by Hydrothermal Method. Size and shape of ZnO nanostructureas can be controlled by change ammonia concentration. In the preparation of ZnO nanostructure, zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO₃)₂·6H2O] was used as a precursor. The structure and morphology of ZnO nanostructure have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized ZnO nanostructures have a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Also using Zeta potential and Particle Size Analyzers and size distribution of the ZnO powder

Traffic congestion become a serious problem that traffic engineers still face. This research explains the sustainable indicators and congestion index for urban streets and their implementation to evaluate the performance measures proceeding toward sustainable roads. Congestion measures in terms of speed reduction and sustainable indicators; mobility (congestion index, travel time, and delay), costs (vehicle operating cost), socio-economic effect (in terms of an estimated factor called User Satisfaction Index (USI), and air pollution (Fuel emissions) are estimated. Link 3 has the highest delay value of approximately (2 minutes) for the evening peak period in the north-south direction due to a large number of vehicles dens

 Sustainable architecture has became one of the most important architectural concepts on earth
today because of the energy crises. Architecture is concerned as the largest energy consuming field ,so that one of the main goals of modern architecture is to reduce energy consumption or reticence it from building if possible . Sustainable architecture is a modern and new concept. It is used sometimes to refer to green ,intelligent and environmental architecture , and that make it confused term , therefore the main goals of this research is to clear the main important pillars of this architectural concept (reduce costs , reduce the environment pollution , reserve energy ) as a first goal. Second goal establishing The Procedural definiti

Although many technological improvements are occurring in power production worldwide, power plants in third world countries are still using old technologies that are causing thermal pollution to the water bodies. Power facilities that dump hot water into water bodies are damaging aquatic life. In the study, the impact of the Al Dora thermal power plant on a nearby stretch of Tigris River in Baghdad city was assessed by measuring the temperature of the disposed of hot water in various cross-sections of the selected stretch of Tigris River, including measuring the thermal mixing length. The measurements were conducted in winter, spring, and summer. For field measurements, it was found that the impact of recovery distances

A constitutive law can be defined as a mathematical functional relation between physical quantities
such as stress and strain and may take other factors like time, temperature and additional material
properties into account. In this paper, the endochronic model is used to predict the stress-strain relations of two Iraqi clays. This model is a viscoplastic one but without introducing a yield surface. It encompasses
material behaviour such that the current stress state is a function of strain history through a time scale called “intrinsic time” which is not the absolute time but a material property. The simulation showed that the model overestimates the strains for all cases studied. This may be attributed to the material para

Water injection equipments such as pipelines, which are used in the second recovery of oil in the Al-Ahdeb wells, suffer from the corrosion in water during maintaining vacuum deoxygenated tower that used to decrease concentration of the dissolved oxygen gas in the water from 6.2-9.1 ppm to o.5 ppm. This study involved calculation the corrosion rates of the internal surfaces of the
pipelines either during operation of the vacuum unit or when the tower out of operation. Finally, find the solution by one of the following suggestions. In the first suggestion removal of the dissolved O2 from water is achieved by increasing the dosage of the oxygen scavenger (sodium sulphite). The second suggestion involves removing the dissolved O2 from w

Soil in general is not a linear material, in which the relation between stress and strain is more complicated than the simple, linearly elastic relation. To make accurate deformation analysis of clay deposits, the incremental Biot's theory of consolidation is used together with elasto-viscoplastic constitutive relations based on the critical state concept using the modified Cam-clay model. One and two dimensional consolidation problems were analyzed numerically by the infinite-finite elements. Results show that the proposed method can describe the effect of sample thickness on consolidation phenomena. Also the two dimensional behavior of a clay foundation during the construction of embankment was analyzed.

Electrocoagulation is an electrochemical method of treating polluted water. Electrocoagulation and electroflotation are two techniques involving the electrolytic addition of coagulation metal ions directly from sacrificial electrodes by introducing an electrical current into the medium for the treatment of a wide range polluted water in an even wider range of reactor design, application of an electrical field prompts electrolysis of the water medium and generates particular quantities of hydrogen gas. The process works best with water's pH in range 7.0-7.5 and will still often work less efficiently in the range 3.5 <pH<9.The effects of electrocoagulation process are in reduction water turbidity in relation to electrical current and

Modal testing has become commonplace in many industries today as a research and development tool. In this capacity, it is used primarily during product prototype development and for vibration problem in general. Many types of structural or parts faults will cause changes in the measured dynamic response of a structure. These changes will, in turn, cause change in the structure's modal parameter. The purpose of the present work is to propose an improved damage detection and location based on the measurement of modal parameter (natural frequency and mode shape) before and after faults, which they have varying extents, for three different sizes of Aluminum casing plates. This local damage can be translated into or characterization as a redu

Fao region is characterized by weak soft silty clay to clayey silt thick layer which extends to a depth of about 20 m. The construction of some structures on such soils may needs piles. During the installation of driven piles, the soil geotechnical properties are exposed to significant changes result due to shearing under large shear strains. These changes significantly decrease the shear strength of the virgin soil due to the destruction of soil structure caused by remolding. The degradation of shear strength is usually followed by strength regaining which is called “Thixotropy”. In this study, the thixotropic effect on Fao clay was investigated. Many disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were brought from Fao regi

The present work is concerned with the theoretical and experimental investigation of flow pattern of Newtonian fluid in liquid mixing process in stirred tank with flat blade impeller. A threedimensional model for mixing process was simulated. The effected parameters are rotation speed and impeller diameter. Continuity, momentum, and turbulent equations were solved by ANSYS package software 5.4 code with FLOTRAN/CFD based on Finite Element method. In the experimental work, two visualization methods are used in this work, the first method is the acidbase reaction visualization method and the second is the particle distribution visualization method.
Different chemical materials were used in the first method, NaOH as a base, 2 4 H SO as a