Construction projects are characterized as projects with multi phases and activities, complex, unique, and have many different parties and stakeholders. Risks could appear at one or more of the construction project stages and may affect the achievement of project objectives. Therefore, one of the key elements in the planning phase of any project is the risk management process (RMP). This study attempts to understand the terminology of risk in general, risk management, and response to risk in particular. This study is mainly a review of thirty-eight studies that have been published between 1997 and 2020 that demonstrate the importance of the crucial phase of risk response from the risk management process and its impact on

The aim of this research is to adopt a close range photogrammetric approach to evaluate the pavement surface condition, and compare the results with visual measurements. This research is carried out on the road of Baghdad University campus in AL-Jaderiyiah for evaluating the scaling, surface texture for Portland cement concrete and rutting, surface texture for asphalt concrete pavement. Eighty five stereo images of pavement distresses were captured perpendicular to the surface using a DSLR camera. Photogrammetric process was carried out by using ERDAS IMAGINE V.8.4.  The results were modeled by using a relationship between the photogrammetric and visual techniques and selected the highest coefficient of determinatio

In recent years, the Global Navigation Satellite Services (GNSS) technology has been frequently employed for monitoring the Earth crust deformation and movement. Such applications necessitate high positional accuracy that can be achieved through processing GPS/GNSS data with scientific software such as BERENSE, GAMIT, and GIPSY-OSIS. Nevertheless, these scientific softwares are sophisticated and have not been published as free open source software. Therefore, this study has been conducted to evaluate an alternative solution, GNSS online processing services, which may obtain this privilege freely. In this study, eight years of GNSS raw data for TEHN station, which located in Iran, have been downloaded from UNAVCO website

This paper presents a nonlinear finite element modeling and analysis of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) deep beams with and without openings in web subjected to two- point loading. In this study, the beams were modeled using ANSYS nonlinear finite element
software. The percentage of steel fiber was varied from 0 to 1.0%.The influence of fiber content in the concrete deep beams has been studied by measuring the deflection of the deep beams at mid- span and marking the cracking patterns, compute the failure loads for each deep beam, and also study the shearing and first principal stresses for the deep beams with and without openings and with different steel fiber ratios. The above study indicates that the location of openings an

Resistance spot welding (RSW) aluminum alloys has a major problem of inconsistent quality from weld to weld, because of the problems of the non-uniform oxide layer. The high resistivity of the oxide causes strong heat released which influence significantly on the electrode lifetime and the weld quality. Much effort has been devoted experimentally to the study of the sheet surface characteristics for as-received sheet and surface pretreatment sheet by pickling in NaOH and glassblasted with three thicknesses (0.6, 1.0, and 1.5 mm) of AA1050. Three different welding process parameters energy setup as a low, medium, and high were carried. Tensile-shear strength tests were performed to indicate the weld quality. Moreover, microhardness tests,

The present work describes the development of code for trim and longitudinal stability analysis of a helicopter in forward flight. In general, particular use of these codes can be made for parametric investigation of the effects of the external and internal systems integrated to UH-60 helicopters. A forward flight longitudinal dynamic stability code is also developed in the work to solve the longitudinal part of the whole coupled matrix of equations of motion of a helicopter in forward flight. The coupling is eliminated by linearization. The trim analysis results are used as inputs to the dynamic stability code. The forward flight stability code is applied to UH-60 helicopter.

Soil-structure frictional resistance is an important parameter in the design of many foundation systems. The soil-structure interface area is responsible for load transferring from the structure to the surrounding soil. The mobilized shaft resistance of axially loaded, long slender pile embedded in dense, dry sand is experimentally and numerically analyzed when subjected to pullout force. Experimental setup including an instrumented model pile while the finite element method is used as a numerical analysis tool. The hypoplasticity model is used to model the soil adjacent to and surrounding the pile by using ABAQUS FEA (6.17.1). The soil-structure interface behavior depends on many factors, but mainly on the interface soi

The coefficient of friction was experimentally calculated for aluminum-silicon alloys by
connecting a strain gauge to the arm of pin-on-disc wear machine in order to take microstrain
readings from the strain-meter. As-cast and modified aluminum-silicon alloys were thermally
homogenized for long periods of time (1-40hr) in order to study the effect of homogenization on
friction. Scanning electron microscopy was successfully used to build up the mechanism of surface
damage during sliding. The results showed that the coefficient of friction was increased with
increasing bearing pressure for as-cast, modified and homogenized aluminum-silicon alloys.
Thermal homogenization led clearly to remarkable changes in the friction

In order to make a balance between the increasing of potable water demand and the available
quantity, a pipe network should be managed in an optimal hydraulic operation state. The optimal
operation of a water supply network leads to minimize the effect of the variance in pressure
between the available and minimum required pressure head. It simulates the hydraulic model and
puts the optimized project with the constraints (minimum design head=20 m, and the available
commercial pipe diameter, 1600³D³250 mm). The objective function is to minimize the cost for
the suggested hydraulic solution to a minimum value. Pressure uniformity coefficient (UC),
Standard deviation () and coefficient of variance (Cv) are used to sho

Through an experimental program of eighteen specimens presented in this paper, the bond strength between reinforcing bar and rubberized concrete was produced by adding waste tire rubber instead of natural aggregate. The fine and coarse aggregate was replaced in 0%, 25%, and 50% with the small pieces of a waste tire. Natural aggregate replacement ratio, rebar size, embedded rebar length, the rebar yield stress of rebar, cover, and concrete compressive strength were studied in this investigation. Ultimate bond stress, bond stress-slip response, and failure modes were presented. The experimental results reported that a reduction of 19% in bond strength was noticed in 50% replaced rubberized concrete compared with convention

The limitations of wireless sensor nodes are power, computational capabilities, and memory. This paper suggests a method to reduce the power consumption by a sensor node. This work is based on the analogy of the routing problem to distribute an electrical field in a physical media with a given density of charges. From this analogy a set of partial differential equations (Poisson's equation) is obtained. A finite difference method is utilized to solve this set numerically. Then a parallel implementation is presented. The parallel implementation is based on domain decomposition, where the original calculation domain is decomposed into several blocks, each of which given to a processing element. All nodes then execute computations in parall

An optical fiber communication system for transmitting eight time division multiplexed analog signals each of bandwidth of 500 Hz was designed and implemented. The system utilizes the 8051 microcontroller as a parallel to serial converter in the transmitter side and parallel to serial converter in the receiver side in
addition to the control process of the multiplexer and demultiplexer in both sides and for serial transmission via its RS232. The transmitted signal is subcarrier intensity modulated using the Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) modulation technique with a carrier of 20 MHz. A laser diode of the type HFCT-5205 at 1300 nm wavelength was used as an optical carrier generator with an emitted optical power of -10 dBm, and a HFCT-S20

Activated carbon has been used as an adsorbent in this work to remove mercury from aqueous solutions. The aim of the work is to test how best activated carbon can be used as an adsorbent for mercury. Equilibrium isotherms, both, Dubinin-Redushkevich, and Temkin have been test. The batch experiments were conducted at room temperature (30oC) and at the normal pH (7.0±0.1) of the solution. HYBRID fraction error function analysis shows that the best-fit for the adsorption equilibrium data is represented by (D-R) model rather than Temkin model. Its found that the correction factor (R2) for (D-R) is 0.9928 while for Temkin model is 0.942, also the HYBRID fractional error was conducted for the both models and (D-R) model give minimum value of

Rainwater harvesting could be a possible solution to decrease the consequences of water scarcity and energy deficiency in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This study aims to calculate the water and energy (electricity) saved by rainwater harvesting for rooftops and green areas in Sulaimani city, KR, Iraq. Various data were acquired from different formal entities in Sulaimani city. Moreover, Google Earth and ArcMap 10.4 software were used for digitizing and calculating the total rooftop and green areas. The results showed that for the used runoff coefficients (0.8 and 0.95), the harvested rainwater volumes were 2901563 and 12197131 m³ during the study period (2005 – 2006) and (2019-2020). Moreover, by compa

In recent times, environmental conservation has become a critical factor in the success of industries worldwide, particularly in the construction sector, which has a significant environmental footprint. In response, Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM) provides a strategic approach to integrating sustainability into procurement practices. This study proposes a structured framework for green procurement within GSCM, aligning sustainability principles with project management standards in accordance with ISO 10006:2017. A thorough literature review was conducted to identify main factors influencing green procurement. These factors were then refined through an open-ended questionnaire administered to industry professionals.

The research evaluates the influence of load eccentricity on square shallow foundation behavior when embedded in dry sandy soil at a relative density of soil =30% with and without skirts. Laboratory model tests analyzed a 10 × 10 cm foundation under one central load condition (E/B = 0, where E is the load eccentricity and B is the foundation width) and three eccentric load conditions (E/B = 0.04, 0.08, and 0.16). Three skirt lengths were examined: 0.5B, 1B, and 1.5B.  The results showed that skirted foundations significantly enhanced bearing capacity and reduced settlement compared to unskirted ones. The maximum improvement in bearing capacity occurred under central loading with a skirt length of 1.5B, where the Bearin

The integration of nanomaterials in asphalt modification has emerged as a promising approach to enhance the performance of asphalt pavements, particularly under high-temperature conditions. Nanomaterials, due to their unique properties such as high surface area, exceptional mechanical strength, and thermal stability, offer significant improvements in the rheological properties, durability, and resistance to deformation of asphalt binders. This research reviewed the application of various nanomaterials, including nano silica, nano alumina, nano titanium, nano zinc, and carbon nanotubes in asphalt modification. The incorporation of these nanomaterials into asphalt mixtures has shown potential to increase the stiffness and

The implementation of Design-Build contracts within Iraq's Standard Bidding Document (SBD) framework is essential for the enhancement of road and bridge infrastructure. This study assesses the effectiveness of the SBD for Design-Build contracts in reducing cost overruns and schedule delays using a mixed-methods approach that includes a questionnaire survey of 65 professionals, case study analysis of five completed projects, and expert interviews.  Survey data revealed agreement on the SBD's efficacy in improving procurement transparency and cost control; however, its ability to address design modifications gained less approval. Case studies validated these findings, indicating that projects with major design changes enc

With the evolution toward 6G wireless networks, ensuring secure communication has become increasingly important due to persistent risks of eavesdropping and unauthorized access. Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RIS) enhance control over wireless channels by independently manipulating both the phase and magnitude of reflected signals, thereby improving the physical-layer security of wireless communication systems. This paper investigates the performance of a BD-RIS-assisted uplink multi-user MIMO system operating under Nakagami-m fading conditions in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. Specifically, we analyze and compare the achievable sum rate and secrecy rate in scenarios both with and withou

This research aims to evaluate the levels of some air pollutant gases, namely sulfur dioxide (SO₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and radon (Rn²²²) in the residential areas surrounding the Dora refinery, south of Baghdad. Several locations were selected from residential areas representing different directions relative to the refinery, taking into account the distance from the emission source and the environmental characteristics of the site. In this study, gas detection techniques were applied, using a multi-gas detector in the areas surrounding the Dora refinery. Concentrations were collected over three consecutive months, with 89 readings taken at 14 locations in the areas surrounding the Dora

The main objective of this laboratory study was to produce environmentally friendly, sustainable roller-compacted concrete (SRCC) that meets the required strength by utilizing waste building materials such as waste thermostone block as a partial volume replacement of fine aggregate by two percentages (15% and 30%) and filler by 50%. Along with standard curing, three different curing regimes were tested: spray-water, liquid-membrane compound (Sika Antisol-WB), and damp-burlap. Regarding the curing methods, the liquid-membrane compound achieved the best results compared to standard-curing, followed by damp-burlap. On the other hand, spray-water resulted in the poorest performance, yielding lower results than standard-curin

With the escalation of environmental challenges and financial constraints worldwide, and the development of the construction industry that has a wide impact on environmental and economic aspects, sustainable design has become increasingly important, especially in developing countries like Iraq. The construction industry has witnessed significant technological advancements in digital tools that enhance sustainability and maintain performance at all stages of project design, management, implementation, and operation. One of the most prominent of these technologies is Building Information Modeling (BIM). This research paper examines the direct role of BIM in enhancing environmental and economic sustainability in administrat

As a result of the increase in wireless applications, this led to a spectrum problem, which was often a significant restriction. However, a wide bandwidth (more than two-thirds of the available) remains wasted due to inappropriate usage. As a consequence, the quality of the service of the system was impacted. This problem was resolved by using cognitive radio that provides opportunistic sharing or utilization of the spectrum. This paper analyzes the performance of the cognitive radio spectrum sensing algorithm for the energy detector, which implemented by using a MATLAB Mfile version (2018b). The signal to noise ratio SNR vs. Pd probability of detection for OFDM and SNR vs. BER with CP cyclic prefix with energy dete

The process of risk assessment in the build-operate transfer (BOT) project is very important to identify and analyze the risks in order to make the appropriate decision to respond to them. In this paper, AHP Technique was used to make the appropriate decision regarding response to the most prominent risks that were generated in BOT projects, which includes a comparison between the criteria for each risk as well as the available alternatives and by mathematical methods using matrices to reach an appropriate decision to respond to each risk.Ten common risks in BOT contracts are adopted for analysis in this paper, which is grouped into six main risk headings.The procedures followed in this paper are the questionnaire method

Predicting vertical stress was indeed useful for controlling geomechanical issues since it allowed for the computation of pore pressure for the formation and the classification of fault regimes. This study provides an in-depth observation of vertical stress prediction utilizing numerous approaches using the Techlog 2015 software. Gardner's method results in incorrect vertical stress values with a problem that this method doesn't start from the surface and instead relies only on sound log data. Whereas the Amoco, Wendt non-acoustic, Traugott, average technique simply needed density log as input and used a straight line as the observed density, this was incorrect for vertical computing stress. The results of these methods

This study aims to model the flank wear prediction equation in metal cutting, depending on the workpiece material properties and almost cutting conditions. A new method of energy transferred solution between the cutting tool and workpiece was introduced through the flow stress of chip formation by using the Johnson-Cook model. To investigate this model, an orthogonal cutting test coupled with finite element analysis was carried out to solve this model and finding a wear coefficient of cutting 6061-T6 aluminum and the given carbide tool.

Sentiment analysis is one of the major fields in natural language processing whose main task is to extract sentiments, opinions, attitudes, and emotions from a subjective text. And for its importance in decision making and in people's trust with reviews on web sites, there are many academic researches to address sentiment analysis problems. Deep Learning (DL) is a powerful Machine Learning (ML) technique that has emerged with its ability of feature representation and differentiating data, leading to state-of-the-art prediction results. In recent years, DL has been widely used in sentiment analysis, however, there is scarce in its implementation in the Arabic language field. Most of the previous researches address other l

Among the most important problems which faced the new approach is the wide use of old approach , particularly the traditional approach ( general contractor ) and the bill of quantity contract, and this were commonly used in the course of the application of fast – track approach in spite of unfulfilling the execution requirements for the fast – track , so It became necessary to look for certain contract rules to be used as a substitute suited all conditions and cases after concluding lessons from the local experiments in rebuilding issues . This research aims at analyzing the subject of shortening time factor taking in consideration the effect all the effective factors which leads to increase the cost and time A scientific methodology

A thermal layout modeling and optimization routine for a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) has been made
in the present work. The thermal model includes the modeling of electronic components based on thermal
resistances and the PCB as a flat plate with multiple heat sources. Isothermal and Isoflux natural
convection heat transfer for horizontal and vertical PCB thermal modeling. The numerical solution
method for the 2-dimensional thermal model is the superposition method for the adiabatic PCB edges. The
optimization meshing model was constructed based on the Complex Method. The numerical Complex
Method has been improved to a new optimization method named as "Dual Complex Method", which
minimize the objective function to gi

A complete numerical solution of thermal compressible elastohydrodynamic lubrication of rolling /
sliding contact was achieved to determine the effect of inlet boundary condition on the film shape,
film pressure, and film temperature in an elastohydrodynamic line contact problem.
The direct iterative technique is used to solve the simultaneous system of Reynolds, ,elasticity , and
energy equations for different locations of inlet oil fed . The effect of various load, speed , and slip
conditions have been investigated . the results indicate that the effects of starvation are an increase
of oil film temperature and decrease in oil film thickness so that the temperature effect are
significant and can not be neglected.