This paper proposes a self organizing fuzzy controller as an enhancement level of the fuzzy controller. The adjustment mechanism provides explicit adaptation to tune and update the position of the output membership functions of the fuzzy controller. Simulation results show that this controller is capable of controlling a non-linear time varying system so that the performance of the system improves so as to reach the desired state in a less number of samples.

This research examines the impact of construction technology systems in contemporary architectural production through the study of the evolution in it systems, construction materials and methods of construction in addition to the digital revolution which provided possibilities of structural and architectural design in creating a distinct architectural product, as considered construction systems technology is the source of creativity in the architectural product, the research is assumed that the construction systems technology have achieved a structural innovation in production through the materials and methods of construction and digital design.
For Long time technology was connected to the

The ground level ozone concentration at different locations in Baghdad city was identified. Five
different sites have been chosen to identify the ground level ozone concentration. Al- Dora and Al-
Za'afarania were chosen as areas contained point source ( power plant station ) in addition to high traffic
load , while Al –Uma park, Aden square and Al-Mawal square were chosen as area contained heavy
traffic only (line source). The measurement focuses on spring and fall because these periods display
favorable meteorology to ozone formation. During the research period the maximum values (peaks) for
ground level ozone concentration were observed at fall: at Al-Za'afarania area 101ppb as an average, at
Al-Dora 87 ppb as a

The coefficient of performance of a window type Air-Conditioner system can be improved if a reduction in the work of compressor can be achieved by a suitable technique. The present study investigates the effect of dispersing a low concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles in the mineral oil based lubricant, as well as on the overall performance of a window type Air-Conditioner system using R22 as the working fluid. An enhancement in the COP of the refrigeration system has been observed and the existence of an optimum volume fraction noticed, with low concentrations of nanoparticles suspended in the mineral oil. Results showed that the average compressor work reduced by 13.3%, which ultimately resulted in an increase of 11.99% in the COP due to

Iron is one of the abundant elements on earth that is an essential element for humans and may be a troublesome element in water supplies.  In this research an AAN model was developed to predict iron concentrations in the location of Al- Wahda water treatment plant in Baghdad city by water quality assessment of iron concentrations at seven WTPs up stream Tigris River. SPSS software was used to build the ANN model. The input data were iron concentrations in the raw water for the period 2004-2011. The results indicated the best model predicted Iron concentrations at Al-Wahda WTP with a coefficient of determination 0.9142. The model used one hidden layer with two nodes and the testing error was 0.834. The ANN model coul

This article proposes a current mode inverting and non-inverting Schmitt trigger circuit, which utilizes a Current Follower Transconductance Amplifier (CFTA) and its application in square and triangular wave generators. The hysteresis of a Schmitt trigger is directly influenced by the process variations and transistor mismatches. This issue is more challenging in applications where the level of noise and disturbances is not predictable. To overcome this deficiency, Schmitt triggers with tunable hysteresis can be used as a practical solution. The suggested circuit consists of a single CFTA analog building block laterally with one grounded resistor. The grounded resistor makes the realization of the above-mentioned circuit

The cost management of cost indicators in housing projects, on the level of planning and design, is the most important quality indicators, for adoption of strategies of planning and design efficient in managing these indicators. So this research points out the need to highlight the most effective and influential cost indicators in housing projects, and to determine strategies in the management of these indicators in order to raise the efficiency of housing projects quality, to seemly the income level target group, taking into consideration the quality of housing standards, to achieve the basic requirements of housing. This paper highlights the importance of the cost  management, the types of housing cost, the method

Fiber reinforced polymers are typically comprised of high strength fibers (e.g. carbon and glass) impregnated with an epoxy (often termed the matrix). Experimental investigations of the behavior of reinforced concrete beams, strengthened or repaired by CFRP for flexural case have been presented in this paper. The experimental program consisted of 14 test beams. The study took into account strengthened and repaired cases in using CFRP; therefore, similar beams were used once for strengthening and once for repairing to make a comparison between them. All beams had been tested in a simply supported span and subjected to two-point loading while the main variable is the quantity, distribution and location of CFRP. The beams included additiona

Porcelain is one of the most important ceramic materials with a wide range of traditional and technical applications. Since most mixtures of porcelain have a high sintering temperature, bentonite has been added in this research to improve the characteristics of sintering and burning. The porcelain mixture consisted of the following Iraqi raw materials: 30% wt kaolin, 30 wt% non-plastic clay (grog), 10% wt sodium feldspar, 10 wt% potassium feldspar and 20 wt% flint. After the mechanical mixing process and transfer the powder mixture to the slurry by adding distilled water, then different weight percentage of the sodium bentonite(0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10) wt% was added. The specimens were prepared by using the solid casting m

The heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics for air flow cross over circular finned tube heat exchanger has been studied numerically and experimentally. The purpose of the study was to improve the heat transfer characteristics of an annular finned-tube heat exchanger for better performance. The study has concentrated on the effect of the number of perforations and perforations shapes on the heat transfer and pressure drop across a staggered finned tube heat exchanger. The Numerical part of present study has been performed using ANSYS Fluent 14.5 using SST Turbulent model, while the experimental study consist from a test rig with different models of heat exchangers and all required measurement devices were build

Trickle irrigation is one of the most conservative irrigation techniques since it implies supplying water directly on the soil through emitters. Emitters dissipate energy of water at the end of the trickle irrigation system and provide water at emission points. The area wetted by an emitter depends upon the discharge of emitter, soil texture, initial soil water content, and soil permeability. The objectives of this research were to predict water distribution profiles through different soils for different conditions and quantify the distribution profiles in terms of main characteristics of soil and emitter. The wetting patterns were simulated at the end of each hour for a total time of application of 12 hrs, emitter disch

Stud arc welding has become one of the most important unit operations in the mechanical industries. The need to reduce the time from product discovery to market introduction is inevitable. Reducing of standard deviation of tensile strength with desirable tensile strength joint as a performance character was use to illustrate the design procedure. The effects of (welding time, welding current, stud material, stud design, sheet material, sheet thickness, sheet cleaning and preheating) were studied. Design of Experiment (DOE) is a structured and organized method to determine relationships between factors affecting a process and output of the process itself. In order to design the best formulation it is of course poss

The research targets study of influence of additives on sand mold’s properties and, consequently, on
that of carbon steel CK45 casts produced by three molds. Three materials were selected for addition
to sand mix at weight percentages. These are sodium carbonates, glycerin and oat flour. Sand molds
of studied properties were produced to get casts from such molds. The required tests were made to
find the best additives with respect to properties of cast. ANSYS software is used to demonstrate
the stresses distribution of each produced materials. It is shown that the mechanical properties of
casts produced is improved highly with sodium carbonates and is less with oat flour and it is seem a
few with glycerin additives

sensor sampling rate (SSR) may be an effective and crucial field in networked control systems.  Changing sensor sampling period after designing the networked control system is a critical matter for the stability of the system. In this article, a wireless networked control system with multi-rate sensor sampling is proposed to control the temperature of a multi-zone greenhouse. Here, a behavior based Mamdany fuzzy system is used in three approaches, first is to design the fuzzy temperature controller, second is to design a fuzzy gain selector and third is to design a fuzzy error handler. The main approach of the control system design is to control the input gain of the fuzzy temperature controller depending on the cur

Vibration of base isolated machine foundations has been studied using the Scaled
Boundary Finite Element Method (SBFEM) and the cone model method. The
dynamic stiffness of soil supporting rigid massless foundation was determined. This
stiffness is of complex value. The real part represents the reflected energy of the
restoring and inertial forces while the imaginary part represents the energy dissipated
within the endless extent of the soil as a geometric damping. The effect of geometric
and material properties of soil upon the real and imaginary parts of the dynamic
stiffness was determined and represented in terms of dimensionless charts for the
frequency range of interest. Results have shown tha

his paper presents the design of a sliding mode controller for an uncertain model of a TORA system (Translational Oscillations with a Rotational Actuator) as a two DOF underactuated mechanical system. The switching function is selected to make the TORA system an asymptotically stable mass-spring system with a nonlinear damping effect when the sliding mode controller constrains the state to the sliding manifold. This sliding mode controller is derived here according to a new formula consisting of continuous and discontinuous parts. The main obstacle in the controller design is the uncertainty in the switching function, which appears in the controller formula. The sliding controller is found effective in bringing the system state to the ne

Dilute emulsified oil in water (50-500 ppm) was removed by electrocoagulatin and
electroflotation process. Effects of various parameters such as current density, initial pH, sodium
chloride concentration, different electrodes material, gap, temperature, electrodes surface area, and
treatment time on the removal efficiency were studied in batch and continuous mode.It was found
that the higher removal efficiency (99%) achieved at pH of 7.5 for Al/Al electrodes while for iron
electrodes at pH 8 in the batch mode.
 The removal efficiency increased and the treatment time decreased with increasing the current
density and decreasing the gap distance between electrodes.
The removal efficiency was (99%) at

Contingency analysis is a valuable tool for a reliable planning and secure operation of a power system. Centingency analysis techniques must consider the impact of voltage effects as well as line flow effects. If the potential outage of a line or a generator would result in the overl rload of another line, then the system is said to be vulnerable. Without line overloading correction it may cause cascade outages and lead to failures in the whole system.

An efficient contingency analysis model for detecting both branch MVA flow violations and bus voltage limit violations is presented. A fast technique has been developed for automatic contingency ranking and selection of contingency cases for a power system contingency analysis stud

The magical brilliance between the information abilities and the abilities of
controlling the environment and consuming power, which distinguishes the smart
buildings. It becomes unavoidable and common things in different fields of
architecture like governmental, public, service and productive. Even on the level of
planning the city center and urban.
That might be attributed in first rank to the vital role of the computer in all
aspects of life until the conditioned buildings that are able to fulfill necessary needs of
the consumer. It also becomes necessary to provide the conditions of comfort,
kindness and entertainment, as regard smart buildings depends in basically in design
and the work o

One of the major advantages of digital photogrammetry is the potential to automate production processes efficiently, thus substantially improving the price performance ratio for photogramnetric products. Image processing and computer vision techniques have successfully been employed for facilitating automated procedures in digital aerial images such as interior orientation, relative orientation, point transfer in photogrammetric block triangulation, and the generation of DTMS. In this paper, the researcher presents her investigations on a digital serial triangulation of a block consists of two strips of eight acrial photographs. Digitul imae data scanned with a resolution of 400 dpi, this gives pixel size of 63.5 um (corresponding to 0.1

This paper proposes an on-line adaptive digital Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control algorithm based on Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) Model. This research aims to design and implement Neural Network like a digital PID using FPGA in order to generate the best value of the hydrogen partial pressure action (PH₂) to control the stack terminal output voltage of the (PEMFC) model during a variable load current applied. The on-line Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for finding and tuning the optimal value of the digital PID-NN controller (kp, ki, and kd) parameters that improve the dynamic behavior of the closed-loop digital control fue

This paper reports eight tests in which in-plane shear forces are applied across the joint between two different concretes forming a composite action. Shear can be transmitted across the joint either by interlocking of the aggregate particles protruding from each face or by shearing of the reinforcement crossing the joint. Tests are conducted on initially cracked specimens by depending only on dowel action. The results of the tests are compared with theoretical results of the exponential equation presented by Millard and Johnson. The computer program of Al-Shaarbaf using the nonlinear behavior of concrete
is used to perform the analysis with inclusion of the exponential equation for dowel action in the interface layer. The program use

Heat transfer process and fluid flow in a solar chimney used for natural ventilation are investigated numerically in the present work. Solar chimney was tested by selecting different positions of absorber namely: at the back side, front side, and at the middle of the air gap. CFD analysis based on finite volume method is used to predict the thermal performance, and air flow in two dimensional solar chimney under unsteady state condition, to identify the effect of different parameters such as solar radiation. Results show that a solar chimney with absorber at the middle of the air gap gives better ventilation performance. A comparison between the numerical and previous experimental results shows fair agreement.

In this study, generation of elliptical gears with different teeth profiles of crowned involute, double circular arc (DCA), and combined (crowned involute with DCA) has been developed. The resulting mathematical equations have been computerized and feed to CNC end mill machine to manufacture elliptical gear models with different profiles. These models are investigated in plane polariscope to show the resulting stresses under certain load. Comparison of photo-elastic stress results shows that combined elliptical gears with DCA side as a loaded side have a minimum resulting contact stress with a reduction percentage of 40% compare with contact stresses in counterpart elliptical gear of involute profile (which is commonly u

Single phase AC induction motors are one of the widely used motors in the world, yet relatively little woke has been done in the applications of power electronic converter to these motors to achieve variable speed operation. When variable speed is required, it is usually achieved either by using auto transformer or by switching between two or more fixed winding configurations. The motor is analyzed as an unbalanced two phase system to determine the torque that can be expected under variable frequency control.
The performance of capacitor-run single phase induction motor used in SHEPWM adjustable speed drives in the steady-state is investigated. The supply voltage-frequency law for the motor is selected in such a way as to insure a cor

Fuzzy logic is used to solve the load flow and contingency analysis problems, so decreasing computing time and its the best selection instead of the traditional methods. The proposed  method is very accurate with outstanding computation time, which made the fuzzy load flow (FLF) suitable for real time application for small- as well as large-scale power systems. In addition that, the FLF efficiently able to solve load flow problem of ill-conditioned power systems and contingency analysis. The FLF method using Gaussian membership function requires less number of iterations and less computing time than that required in the FLF method using triangular membership function. Using sparsity technique for the input Ybus sparse matrix data gi

The ECG is used for the clinical analysis of physiological data has occurred in the field of cardiology. Certain abnormalities of the ECG are quite well defined and can be readily identified. The digital signal processing Slantlet Transform is used in the feature extraction of ECG monitoring and Diagnosis system to convert the continuous ECG signal to a form can be classified by a classifier of the ECG monitoring and Diagnosis system to detect the cardiac abnormalities.In this paper, FPGA is used to build the slantlet Transform of the ECG feature extraction VHDL program of FPGA is used in the work, the obtained output results are similar to the past work results, which is built by using Mat Lab program, in accuracy and closing to the ori

This research aims to co-register UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) photogrammetry and Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) for volumetric measurements of irregularly shaped material stacks available at construction sites in Iraq. The research investigates the potential of combining these techniques in comparison to standalone and traditional techniques to improve volume quantification and time consumption. An area containing a stockpile of bulk materials and building remnants was selected. A low-cost drone was used for data acquisition, whereas Structure from Motion (SFM) and Multi View Stereo (MVS) algorithms were used for processing and analysing the photogrammetric data. In contrast, Stonex X300 TLS device was used for laser

          This paper deals with studying the effect of hole inclination angle on computing slip velocity and consequently its effect on lifting capacity. The study concentrates on selected vertical wells in Rumaila field, Southern Iraq. Different methods were used to calculate lifting capacity. Lifting capacity is the most important factor for successful drilling and which reflex on preventing hole problems and reduces drilling costs. Many factors affect computing lifting capacity, so hence the effect of hole inclination angle on lifting capacity will be shown in this study. A statistical approach was used to study the lifting capacity values which deal with the effect of hole

Taguchi experimental design (TED) is applied to find the optimum effectiveness of aqueous Red Pomegranate Peel (RPP) extract as a green inhibitor for the corrosion of mild steel in 2M H₃PO₄ solution. The Taguchi methodology has been used to study the effects of changing, temperature, RPP concentration and contact period, at three levels. Weight-loss measurements were designed by construction a L₉ orthogonal arrangement of experiments.   Results of the efficiencies of inhibition were embraced for the signal to noise proportion & investigation of variance (ANOVA).  The results were further processed with a MINITAB-17 software package to find the optimal condition