The change in project cost, or cost growth, occurs from many factors, some of which are related to soil problem conditions that may occurs during construction and/or during site investigation period. This paper described a new soil improvement method with a minimum cost solution by using polymer fiber materials having a length of (3 cm) in both directions and (2.5 mm) in thickness, distributed in uniform medium dense .
sandy soil at different depths (B, 1.5B and 2B) below the footings. Three square footings has been used (5,7.5 and 10 cm) to carry the above investigation by using lever arm loading system design for such purposes.
These fibers were distributed from depth of (0.1B) below the footing base down to the investigated dep

in the modern field of heavy ion atomic physics, determined through Lorentz transformation [W. Greiner 1997]. At high energies one must investigate the relative wave equations. This means equations, which are invariant under Lorenz transformation. The Lorentz transformation is so important, that it needs, to be derived on a more logical basis. Many textbooks and research papers have derived Lorentz transformation by different postulates [Anderson, J.L. 1967][G. Nadean 1962][H.A. Atwater 1974], which are not treated electro-dynamically this paper exhibits a method of finding the Lorentz transformation by exploiting the Maxwell's famous equations of the electromagnetic field equations

Many studies and researchers have reported significant evidence that some physical properties of water can be changed as it passes through a magnetic field that can improve water use.  This can have a promising potential for applications, especially in the fields of irrigation and drainage. In this research, magnetized water was used to leach salt-affected sandy loam soil. A test rig was designed and constructed to investigate the effects of magnetized water on leaching soil. The rig consists of a magnetization device that can provide variable intensity. Water was supplied from a constant head reservoir to the magnetization device then to the soils that were placed in plastic columns. Five different magnetic intensi

Thin-walled members are increasingly used in structural applications, especially in light structures like in constructions and aircraft structures because of their high strength-to-weight ratio. Perforations are often made on these structures for reducing weight and to facilitate the services and maintenance works like in aircraft wing ribs. This type of structures suffers from buckling phenomena due to its dimensions, and this suffering increases with the presence of holes in it. This study investigated experimentally and numerically the buckling behavior of aluminum alloy 6061-O thin-walled lipped channel beam with specific holes subjected to compression load. A nonlinear finite elements analysis was used to obtain the

The incorporation of safety characteristics into the traditional pavement structural design or in the functional evaluation of pavement condition has not been established yet. The design has focused on the structural capacity of the roadway so that the pavement can withstand specific level of repetitive loading over the design life. On the other hand, the surface texture condition was neither included in the AASHTO design procedure nor in the present serviceability index measurements.

The pavement surface course should provide adequate levels of friction and ride quality and maintain low levels of noise and roughness. Many transportation departments perform routine skid resistant testing, the type of equipment us

 
      The process of soil classification in Iraq for industrial purposes is important topics that need to be extensive and specialized studies. In order for the advancement of reality service and industrial in our dear country, that a lot of scientific research touched upon the soil classification in the agricultural, commercial and other fields. No source and research can be found that touched upon the classification of land for industrial purposes directly. In this research specialized programs have been used such as geographic information system software The geographical information system permits the study of local distribution of phenomena, activities and the aims that can be determined in the loca

Test results of nine reinforced concrete one way slab with and without lacing reinforcement are reported. The tests were designed to study the effect of the lacing reinforcement on the flexural response of one way slabs. The test parameters were considered is the lacing steel ratios of (0, 0.0025, 0.0045, and 0.0065), flexural steel ratios of (0.0025, 0.0045, and 0.0065) and span to the effective depth ratios of (11, 13, and 16). Two specimens had no lacing reinforcement and the remaining seven specimens had the lacing reinforcement. Four point bending test were carried out, one of the specimens was tested under the static load applied gradually up to failure and the other specimens were tested under repeated load (5 cyc

Environmental problems created by discarded waste rubbers, such as potential fire and diseas hazards, have become significant in recent years. In connection with rubber recycling, a comparative study of laboratory performance of application of two polymer types: styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and polyethylene–vinyl acetate (PVA) in asphalt paving mixtures is presented. These mixtures are
usually employed in construction the surface courses in Iraq. These modified asphalt mixtures were prepared with asphalt cement previously modified by using three percents of polymer (1, 3 and 5) percent by weight of modified asphalt. Two control mixes are adopted for comparison purpose. The first control mix was produced with 40/50 penetration asph

The performance analyses of 15 kWp (kW peak) Grid -Tied solar PV system (that considered first of its type) implemented at the Training and Energy Research Center Subsidiary of Iraqi Ministry of Electricity in Baghdad city has been achieved. The system consists of 72 modules arranged in 6 strings were each string contains 12 modules connected in series to increase the voltage output while these strings connected in parallel to increase the current output. According to the observed duration, the reference daily yields, array daily yields and final daily yields of this system were (5.9, 4.56, 4.4) kWh/kWp/day respectively. The energy yield was 1585 kWh/kWp/year while the annual total solar irradiation received by solar array system was 198

Recently, several concepts and expressions have emerged that have often preoccupied the world . around the concept of environment and sustainability. This is due to the negative and irresponsible impact of man and his innovations in various industrial and technological fieldsthat have damaged the natural environment. Architecture and cities at the broader level are some of the man made components that caused these negative impacts and in the same time affected by them. What distinguishes architectural and urban projects is the consumption of large . quantities of natural resources and production larger amounts of waste and pollution, along the life of these projects. At the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-fir

Two dimensional turbulent natural convection heat transfer and fluid flow inside an air filled
inclined square enclosure differentially heated has been numerically studied. Fully elliptic Navier-
Stockes and energy equations are solved using finite volume method. The problem is simulated for
different angles of inclination ( 0 ≤θ ≤ 180deg. ) and Rayleigh numbers (108 ≤ Ra ≤ 1016 ). The
turbulence k-є model is used to model the effect of turbulence. The wall function approach is used
to model the regions near the walls of the enclosure. The obtained results from this study show that
the rate of heat transfer is increased with the increase of Rayleigh number and decreased with the
increase of angle of inclina

The image processing is one from the most powerful fields in the modern DSP techniques; also it has wide range of applications this day such as image compression, filtering and coloring. However, these processes required to a huge data processing so it has a problem under real time or movie.The huge data processing under real time requires spatial processing tools such as super parallel processing computers or spatial hardware systems. This paper introduces a mechanism of coloring gray scale image algorithm through dedicated hardware devices.The FPGA devices are used as a more suitable platform for image processing applications, special methods of parallelism and pipelining technique can be reconfigured and synthesized on FPGA categories

Energy use is second to staffing in building operating costs. Sustainable technology in the energy sector is based on utilizing renewable sources of energy such as solar, wind, glazing systems, insulation. Other areas of focus include heating, ventilation and air conditioning; novel materials and construction methods; improved sensors and monitoring systems; and advanced simulation tools that can help building designers make more energy efficient choices. The objective of this research is studying the effect of insulations on energy consumption of buildings in Iraq and identifying the amount of energy savings from application th

In this study, composite materials consisting of Activated Carbon (AC) and Zeolite were prepared for application in the removal of methylene blue and lead from an aqueous solution. The optimum synthesis method involves the use of metakaolinization and zeolitization, in the presence of activated carbon from kaolin, to form Zeolite. First, Kaolin was thermally activated into amorphous kaolin (metakaolinization); then the resultant metakaolin was attacked by alkaline, transforming it into crystalline zeolite (zeolitization). Using nitrogen adsorption and SEM techniques, the examination and characterization of composite materials confirmed the presence of a homogenous distribution of Zeolite throughout the activated carbon.

This research presents a study for precipitating phosphorus (as phosphate ion) from simulated wastewater (5ppm initial concentration of phosphorus) using calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)₂ solution. The removal of phosphorus by Ca (OH)₂ solution is expected to be very effective since the chemical reaction is of acid-base type but Ca(OH)₂ forms complex compound with phosphate ions called. Hydroxyapatite Ca₅ (PO₄)₃OH. hydroxyapatite is slightly soluble in water. This research was directed towards sustainable elements as phosphorus. Kinetics of the dissolution reaction of hydroxyapatite was investigated to find the best factors to recover phosphorus. The effect of con

 Bored piles settlement behavior under vertical loaded is the main factor that affects the design requirements of single or group of piles in soft soils. The estimation of bored pile settlement is a complicated problem because it depends upon many factors which may include ground conditions, validation of bored pile design method through testing and validation of theoretical or numerical prediction of the settlement value. In this study, a prototype single and bored pile group model of arrangement (1*1, 1*2 and 2*2) for total length to diameter ratios (L/D) is 13.33 and clear spacing three times of diameter, subjected to vertical axial loads. The bored piles model used for the test was 2000

The concrete industry consumes millions of tons of aggregate comprising of natural sands and gravels, each year. In recent years there has been an increasing trend towards using recycled aggregate to save natural resources and to produce lightweight concrete. This study investigates the possibility of using waste plastic as one of the components of lead-acid batteries to replace the fine aggregate by 50 and 70% by volume of concrete masonry units. Compared to the reference concrete mix, results demonstrated that a reduction of approximately 32.5% to 39.6% in the density for replacement of 50% to 70% respectively. At 28 days curing age, the compressive strength was decreased while the water absorption increased by increas

 The Urban Residential has developed and changed in different periods of time with successive and gradual shifts, as it cast a shadow over the characterization of modern urbanism in Iraq. The semi-total absence of the governing legislation of urbanization as well as the weakness of the State's role of supervisory in addition to neglecting urban heritage contributed in offering a strange environment  in relation to its traditional identity.  That was increased by the pressure of the using urban environment as a result of the increasing of population as well as the growth of people’s needs. The research aims to provide an objective view for a mechanism of the application of urban legislation to monitor the implementation o

Joint diseases, such as osteoarthritis, induce pain and loss of mobility to millions of people around the world. Current clinical methods for the diagnosis of osteoarthritis include X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, and arthroscopy. These methods may be insensitive to the earliest signs of osteoarthritis. This study investigates a new procedure that was developed and validated numerically for use in the evaluation of cartilage quality. This finite element model of the human articular cartilage could be helpful in providing insight into mechanisms of injury, effects of treatment, and the role of mechanical factors in degenerative
conditions, this three-dimensional finite element model is a useful tool for understanding of the stress d

The designer must find the optimum match between the object's technical and economic needs and the performance and production requirements of the various material options when choosing material for an engineering application. This study proposes an integrated (hybrid) strategy for selecting the optimal material for an engineering design depending on design requirements. The primary objective is to determine the best candidate material for the drone wings based on Ashby's performance indices and then rank the result using a grey relational technique with the entropy weight method. Aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, composites, and wood have been suggested as suitable materials for manufacturing drone wings. The requirement

Heat input due to the welding of mild steel pipe causes a temperature gradient in the parent metal. After welding and temperature cooling down, residual stresses appear around welding zone which reduces the weld strength. Residual stresses are a result of the temperature gradient and the dependency of material properties on the temperature, such as yield strength, elasticity modulus, and thermal expansion coefficient.
In this study, a typical flat joint of a single pass weld in a thin pipe was studied analytically and numerically. Analytical approach is performed by exploring a simple method to calculate the magnitude of residual stress in terms of the weld shrinkage behavior. Numerical analysis is performed by applying non-linear tra

This study introduced the effect of using magnetic abrasive finishing method (MAF) for finishing flat
surfaces. The results of experiment allow considering the MAF method as a perspective for finishing flat
surfaces, forming optimum physical mechanical properties of surfaces layer, removing the defective layers
and decreasing the height of micro irregularities. Study the characteristics which permit judgment parameters of surface quality after MAF method then comparative with grinding.

New technologies have risen into popularity causing the Liquid membrane techniques to evolve over other separation techniques due to its high selectivity and recovery, increased fluxes, and reduced investment and operating cost. This work focuses on extracting Methylene Blue (MB), a cationic dye using a simple BLM separation technique from its aqueous phase. It combines extraction and stripping in a single unit operation. The feed phase was an aqueous solution of MB, the solvent chosen was soybean oil for the liquid/organic membrane phase, and tri-octyl amine acted as a carrier. The strip phase was a hydrochloric acid solution for this study. A two-phase equilibrium study was done to choose the correct solvent, carrier,

A key characteristic of diesel engines is predicting the ignition delay period. This work predicts the ignition delay in diesel engines using combinations of ethanol/diesel fuel blend and pure diesel as fuel replacements. It provides an empirical formula for predicting delay periods.  A growing interest in alternative fuel blends, representing a substantial shift from the use of traditional diesel fuel, is reported. Modern study is focused on examining these combinations and how they might affect the dynamics of combustion in diesel engines. Experiments were carried out utilizing five different ethanol/diesel fuel blends, including pure diesel, with ethanol percentages varying from 5% to 20% in 5% quantities. Tests we

a variety of composite steel-concrete column segments using shear connectors of different shapes and sizes to provide resistance to slip at steel – concrete interfaces . Hence , it represents a qualitative transition in the experimental and analytical investigations on shear connectors effectivity at steel – concrete interfaces , as most studies in the field of shear connectors were devoted to composite beam and slab – systems .
Three types of shear connectors – with four concrete grades for each type – were used in fabricating composite specimens . The twelve composite prototypes were subjected to push – out test individually to examine their behavior by measuring the slip values for each load incremental till failure , t

This study included the convective air drying of a single sweet potato sample which is taken as an ellipsoid with (40mm) in the longitudinal direction and (20mm) in the thickness direction. Convective heat and mass transfer takes place between the sample surface and its drying environment; while, unsteady heat conduction and moisture diffusion take place within the drying body without phase change for liquid (evaporation occurs at the surface only). The numerical solution of the mass, energy conservation equations was used; by applying the finite difference technique after using the body fitted coordinate system with grid generation techniques. A set of empirical correlations have been employed to determine the product properties and the

The present work is an attempt to investigate the vibrations characteristics and effect of static stresses and deformation in partially pressurized thick cylindrical shells, such as the gun barrels. The method used cover analytical investigation developed to determine static stresses and deformation along the thick cylindrical shell using LAME'S equation. The numerical investigation is developed
using the finite element method with axisymmetric element (Plane 42) four nodes to determine the static response and solid element (Solid 45) eight nodes for vibration analysis by using the ANSYS package. The obtained results show a good agreement with the other investigators. It's found that the natural frequency of the selected models alm

A program of laboratory testing is carried out to study the performance of laterally loaded piles
embedded in soil, which contains cavities. The testing apparatus is manufactured for carrying out the
tests and a simple technique was used to simulate the cavities.
The program of testing consists of five groups: Group One was carried out on pile embedded in soil
without cavities. The Second and Third Groups are performed on pile embedded in soil contains
single cavity located in front and in touch with pile face for the Second Group and in back and in
touch with pile face for the Third one. Group Four is performed on pile with the existence of two
cavities located in front and in touch with pile face. Group Five

The main title of the study is “THE GEOMETRICAL FORM IN MUSICAL HALL THROUGH THE CLASSICAL AND MODERN AGES” We live in a world full of sounds performed by human and different creatures which surround us from every direction, it’s not strange to know that acoustics has gone a long way through human experience because its related to many sides as mathematics and physics with accordance to architecture side, This side is related to the nature of space and its speech or music variation, each use has certain
determiners that affect the efficiency of acoustic performance. Musical halls have a main characteristic on the design and performing level through different periods. The architectural and acoustical literature's have dealt wi

Drilling fluid properties and formulation play a fundamental role in drilling operations. The Classical water-based muds prepared from only the Syrian clay and water without any additives((Organic and industrial polymers) are generally poor in performance. Moreover, The high quantity of Syrian clay (120 gr / l) used in preparing drilling fluids. It leads to a decrease in the drilling speed and thus an increase in the time required to complete the drilling of the well. As a result, the total cost of drilling the well increased, as a result of an increase in the concentration of the solid part in the drilling fluid. In this context, our study focuses on the investigation of the improvement in drilling mud   Prepa