This work describes the experimental activities developed to study the biomass transport
phenomena occurring in upflow anaerobic reactor influencing the biomass washout. The
experimental investigations have been carried outon pilot UASB fed with the aim to determine the
height to which washout is affected by: daily flow distribution; upflow velocity; concentration and
sedimentation properties of the biomass. The experiments had shown a considerable influence on
the biomass behavior of the time interval between two successive feeds of the reactor. It was found
that, if this period is more than 1 hr larger losses of the biomass into the effluent were obtained,
independent of the upflow velocity. Shorter time periods g

The present study addresses the behavior of gases in cultivation media as an essential factor to develop the relationship between the microorganisms that are present in the same environment. This relationship was explained via mass transfer of those gases to be a reasonable driving force in changing biological trends. Stripping and dissolution of oxygen and carbon dioxide in water and dairy wastewater were investigated in this study. Bubble column bioreactor under thermal control system was constructed and used for these processes. The experimental results showed that the removal of gases from the culture media requires more time than the dissolution. For example, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient for the removal

The development of monitoring systems for rotating blade has been driven by a desire to reduce the maintenance costs and human interaction to improve the safety, reliability and operational life, so it is urgent to monitor the integrity of a structural systems. In this study four different coordinate system has been used to describe the blade motion, then an element stiffness and mass matrices has been formulated by using Hamilton's principle and finite element method, where each element has been described by seven degrees of freedom, so the method has been demonstrated analytically on a finite element model to estimate the modal parameters under rotating and non-rotating conditions in vacuum (to eliminate aerodynamic effect and damping

An experimental and numerical study has been carried out to investigate the heat transfer by natural convection in a three dimensional annulus enclosure filled with porous media (silica sand) between two inclined concentric cylinders with (and without) annular fins attached to the inner cylinder under steady state condition; The experiments were carried out for a range of modified Rayleigh number (0.2 ≤Ra*≤ 11) and extended to Ra* =500 for numerical study, annulus inclination angle of (δ = 0˚, 30˚, 60˚ and 90˚). The numerical study was to write the governing equation under an assumptions used Darcy law and Boussinesq’s approximation and then solved numerically using finite difference approximation. It was found that the averag

This research introduces a developed analytical method to determine the nominal and maximum tensile stress and investigate the stress concentration factor. The required tooth fillets parametric equations and gears dimensions have been reformulated to take into account the asymmetric fillets radiuses, asymmetric pressure angle, and profile shifting non-standard modifications. An analytical technique has been developed for the determination of tooth weakest section location for standard, asymmetric fillet radiuses, asymmetric pressure angle and profile shifted involute helical and spur gears. Moreover, an analytical equation to evaluate gear tooth-loading angle at any radial distance on the involute profile of spur and hel

A microbial desalination cell (MDC) is a new approach to bioelectrochemical systems. It provides a more sustainable way to electrical power production, saltwater desalination, and wastewater treatment at the same time. This study examined three operation modes of the MDC: chemical cathode, air cathode, and biocathode MDC, to give clear sight of this system's performance. The experimental work results for these three modes were recorded as power densities generation, saltwater desalination rates, and COD removal percentages. For the chemical cathode MDC, the power density was 96.8 mW/m², the desalination rate was 84.08 ppm/hr, and the COD removal percentage was 95.94%. The air cathode MDC results were different

General Directorate of Surveying is considered one of the most important sources of maps in Iraq. It produced digital maps for whole Iraq in the last six years. These maps are produced from different data sources with unknown accuracy; therefore, the quality of these maps needs to be assessed. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the positional accuracy of digital maps that produced from General Directorate of Surveying. Two different study areas were selected: AL-Rusafa and AL-Karkh in Baghdad / Iraq with an area of 172.826 and 135.106 square kilometers, respectively. Different statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the elements of positional accuracy assessment (mean µ, root mean square error RMSE, mini

An experimental study is conducted to investigate the effect of open cavity on the pattern of fully developed internal flow and convection heat transfer. In this experimental work the velocity profile, temperature distribution, heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number were determined at various Reynolds numbers (1.9*104≤ Re ≤ 2.7*104
) for smooth surface as well as for flow over open cavity (with and without excitation). The results showed that the presence of the cavity led to change the downstream velocity profile and the dissimilarity of downstream skin friction coefficient between the upper and lower surfaces around (64 %) at distance to the length cavity (x/L= + 20.5). As a result the heat transfer coefficient and Nu in

The aim of the present work is to study the e possibility of controlling cracking due to differential temperature rise and differential shrinkage between surface and interior of mass concrete is bot climate .The experimental work consisted of meanaring temperature change with time various depths, within en the mass concrete foundation of 850 cubic meters in Measurements of the concrete shrinkage were also taken surface and st shot climate, The current understanding is that at a temperature difference of 20 C between the core of mais concrete and ita marface will cause cracking lo hot climate, higher temperature difference usually develops, and combined with shrinkage may cause development of wide cracks, even whes precautions are taken,

Numerical solutions are presented for the transient natural convection heat transfer problem in horizontal isothermal cylindrical annuli, enclosed in heated inner and cooled outer cylinders. Solutions for laminar case were obtained within Grashof number based on the inner diameter which varied from 1x102 to 1x105 in air. Both vorticity and energy equations were solved using alternating direction implicit (ADI) method and stream function equation by successive over relaxation (SOR) method. The structure of fluid flow such as a velocity vector and temperature distribution as well as Nusselt number were obtained and the effect of diameter ratio on them is examined. In addition, the Grashof number was changed with the influence of variation

The destroying of Tafel region in many cases is not due to complication u'ith mass transfer , but
due to IR - drop effsct specially in dilute solutions ( i.e., of high resistivity) . Accordingly, the
corrosion behavior of reinforcement in reinforced concrete was investigated using electro -
chemical measurements. The work was carried out with small steel rods: cleaned and previously
oxidized embedded in resistance Portland cement concrete cylinders exposed to dry conditions' In
this investigation a theoretical model equation has been adopted including IR- drop term:
AE =AEA +RAi = -bclogicorr.+ bclog/Ai/+R /Ai/
In order to determine corrosion paiameters of iystem investigated (i.e., icorr., bc, and Rc.

Reservoir pressure plays a significant role in all reservoir and production engineering studies. It is crucial to characterize petroleum reservoirs: by detecting fluid movement, computing oil in place, and calculating the recovery factor. Knowledge of reservoir pressure is essential for predicting future production rates, optimizing well performance, or planning enhanced oil recovery strategies. However, applying the methods to investigate reservoir pressure performance is challenging because reservoirs are large, complex systems with irregular geometries in subsurface formations with numerous uncertainties and limited information about the reservoir's structure and behavior. Furthermore, many computational techniques, both numerical and

This research investigated the importance and priorities of the project overhead costs in Iraq via a questionnaire using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process technique (FAHP). Using this technique is very important in the uncertain circumstances as in our country. The researcher reached to frame an equation through the results of the priorities of weights include the percentages of each of the main items of the project overhead costs. The researcher tested this equation by applying it to one of the completed projects and the results showed suitability for the application. The percentages of the (salaries, grants, and incentives) and (fieldwork requirements) in equation represent approximately two-thirds of project overhe

The removal of turbidity from produced water by chemical coagulation/flocculation method using locally available coagulants was investigated. Aluminum sulfate (alum) is selected as a primary coagulant, while calcium hydroxide (lime) is used as a coagulant aid. The performance of these coagulants was studied through jar test by comparing turbidity removal at different coagulant/ coagulants aid ratio, coagulant dose, water pH, and sedimentation time. In addition, an attempt has been made to examine the relationship between turbidity (NTU) and total suspended solids (mg/L) on the same samples of produced water. The best conditions for turbidity removal can be obtained at 75% alum+25% lime coagulant at coagulant dose of 80 m

The present study explores numerically the energy storage and energy regeneration during Melting and Solidification processes in Phase Change Materials (PCM) used in Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) systems. Transient two-dimensional (2-D) conduction heat transfer equations with phase change have been solved utilizing the Explicit Finite Difference Method (FDM) and Grid Generation technique. A Fortran computer program was built to solve the problem. The study included four different Paraffin's. The effects of container geometrical shape, which included cylindrical and square sections of the same volume and heat transfer area, the container volume or mass of PCM, variation of mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid (HTF), and temp

There is a continuous demand in geotechnical engineering to find more economical footing. Screw piles provide acceptable or even much more bearing against tensile, compression, lateral, and overturning moment loads with less impact on the environment and surrounding buildings. Screw piles may be utilized either as shallow footing or deep footing, and can be installed in various types of soils except the soils that contain gravel or stiff clay. A screw pile is generally made of high-quality steel shaft with a single helix plate or multiple helixes plates attached to the lower end of the shaft at specified spacing utilized by the designer. The current study highlighted the various theoretical and field methods that were ut

In this modern Internet era and the transition to IPv6, routing protocols must adjust to assist this transformation. RIPng, EIGRPv6 and OSPFv3 are the dominant IPv6 IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocols). Selecting the best routing protocol among the available is a critical task, which depends upon the network requirement and performance parameters of different real time applications. The primary motivation of this paper is to estimate the performance of these protocols in real time applications. The evaluation is based on a number of criteria including:  network convergence duration, Http Page Response Time, DB Query Response Time, IPv6 traffic dropped, video packet delay variation and video packet end to end de

يعد مبدأ التكامل البيئي- الاجتماعي - الجمالي من المبادىء المهمة في تصميم المجمعات السكنية لنمط متعدد الاسر لما
لها من اهمية في وقتنا الحالي بسبب تفاقم ازمة السكن ، وللوصول الى تصاميم تقترب من نمط الاسكان منفرد الاسرة ، مع
الاخذ بالمعلومات والمعطيات والحلول الناجعة والمتراكمة عبر خبرات سنين طويلة والموجودة في تراثنا العربي للمحلة السكنية
التقليدية، على هذا الاساس اعتمد البحث في تقديمه للمشكلة البحثية

An agricultural waste (walnut shell) was undertaken to remove Cu(II) from aqueous solutions in batch and continuous fluidized bed processes. Walnut shell was found to be effective in batch reaching 75.55% at 20 and 200 rpm, when pH of the solution adjusted to 7. The equilibrium was achieved after 6 h of contacting time. The maximum uptake was 11.94mg/g. The isotherm models indicated that the highest determination coefficient belongs to Langmuir model. Cu (II) uptake process in kinetic rate model followed the pseudo-second-order with determination coefficient of 0.9972. More than 95% of the Cu(II) were adsorbed on the walnut shells within 6 h at optimum agitation speed of 800 rpm. The main functional groups responsible for biosorption of

Pilot-scale dead end microfiltration membranes were carried out to determine the feasibility of the
process for treating the oily wastewater which discharge from some Iraqi factories such as power station of south of Baghdad and the general company of petrochemical industries. Polypropylene membranes
(cylindrical shape) with different pore diameters (1 and 5 micron) were used to conduct the study on
micromembrane process. The variables studied are oil concentration (100 – 1000 ppm), feed flow rate (20 –
40 l/h), operating temperature (31 – 50°C) and time (0 – 3 h). It was found that the flux increases with
increasing feed flow rate, temperature and pore size of membrane, and decreases with increasing oil
concen

A novel design and implementation of a cognitive methodology for the on-line auto-tuning robust PID controller in a real heating system is presented in this paper. The aim of the proposed work is to construct a cognitive control methodology that gives optimal control signal to the heating system, which achieve the following objectives: fast and precise search efficiency in finding the on- line optimal PID controller parameters in order to find the optimal output temperature response for the heating system. The cognitive methodology (CM) consists of three engines: breeding engine based Routh-Hurwitz criterion stability, search engine based particle
swarm optimization (PSO) and aggregation knowledge engine based cultural algorithm (CA)

The volumetric mass transfer coefficient kL.a was calculated using two gases (air and CO2) in water and NaOH solution. The experiments were carried out using 0.1 m column diameter. Empirical and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) correlation were developed to predicted mass transfer coefficient in form of dimensionless groups (Sh, Re,Bo and We). The use of Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) gave better results than other correlations found in literature and than the empirical one found in this study.

The Concept of Alienation has succeeded in being the main and most dealt phenomena and estate in the modern era , thus it was issued in different fields of knowledge such as Language , philosophy , Social and Psychological Sciences alongside the field of Architecture , and that caused the special pivot of the research and that was represented with ( Alienation in the Built Environment) . 
The Concept of Alienation consists of three main forms ( Physical/Spatial , Social and Psychological Alienation) ; The first can be defined as the rapture in the relationship between man and his surrounded built environment caused by the urban tissue disintegration, the latter effected on the built environment physical consistencies like the archi

The limitations of wireless sensor nodes are power, computational capabilities, and memory. This paper suggests a method to reduce the power consumption by a sensor node. This work is based on the analogy of the routing problem to distribute an electrical field in a physical media with a given density of charges. From this analogy a set of partial differential equations (Poisson's equation) is obtained. A finite difference method is utilized to solve this set numerically. Then a parallel implementation is presented. The parallel implementation is based on domain decomposition, where the original calculation domain is decomposed into several blocks, each of which given to a processing element. All nodes then execute computations in parall

Digital image manipulation has become increasingly prevalent due to the widespread availability of sophisticated image editing tools. In copy-move forgery, a portion of an image is copied and pasted into another area within the same image. The proposed methodology begins with extracting the image's Local Binary Pattern (LBP) algorithm features. Two main statistical functions, Stander Deviation (STD) and Angler Second Moment (ASM), are computed for each LBP feature, capturing additional statistical information about the local textures. Next, a multi-level LBP feature selection is applied to select the most relevant features. This process involves performing LBP computation at multiple scales or levels, capturing textures

Ict contributes to the establishment of deeper approaches to how to sustain major projects. On this basis, this research presents the impact of ICT-specific factors on performance indicators of major projects by utilizing a combination of surveys, expert opinions, interviews, and exploratory research, with the help of previous studies in the field of construction projects. The primary investigation assessed the impact of implementing risk management techniques on performance indicators by utilizing a combination of surveys, expert opinions, interviews, and exploratory research, drawing upon previous studies in the field of construction projects. The initial findings were obtained by calculating the factors effect. The id

The present work aimed to study the efficiency of nanofiltration (NF) and reverseosmosis (RO) process for water recovery from electroplating wastewater and study the factors affecting the performance of two membrane processes. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosismembranes are made from polyamide as spiral wound module. The inorganic materials ZnCl 2 CuCl2 .2H2O, NiCl.2.6H2O and CrCl3.6H2O were used as feed solutions. The operating parametersstudied were: operating time, feed concentrations for heavy metal ions, operating pressure, feed flow rate, feed temperature and feed pH. The experimental results showed, the permeateconcentration increased and water flux decreased with increase in time from 0 to 70 min. Thepermeate concentrations incre

The planning, designing, construction of excavations and foundations in soft to very soft clay soils are always difficult. They are problematic soil that caused trouble for the structures built on them because of the low shear strength, high water content, and high compressibility. This work investigates the geotechnical behavior of soft clay by using tyre ash material burnt in air. The investigation contains the following tests: physical tests, chemical tests, consolidation test, Compaction tests, shear test, California Bearing Ratio test CBR, and model tests. These tests were done on soil samples prepared from soft clay soil; tyre ash was used in four percentages (2, 4, 6, and 8%). The results of the tests were; The soil samples which

In this study, a different design of passive air Solar Chimney(SC)was tested by installing it in the south wall of insulated test room in Baghdad city. The SC was designed from vertical and inclined parts connected serially together, the vertical SC (first part) has a single pass and Thermal Energy Storage Box Collector (TESB (refined paraffin wax as Phase Change Material(PCM)-Copper Foam Matrix(CFM))), while the inclined SC was designed in single pass, double passes and double pass with TESB (semi refined paraffin wax with copper foam matrix) with selective working angle ((30^o, 45^o and 60^o). A computational model was employed and solved by Finite Volume Method (FVM) to simulate the air i

A Longitudinal opening is used to construct hollow core beam is a cast in site or precast or pre stressed concrete member with continuous voids provided to reduce weight, cost and, as a side benefit, to use for concealed electrical or mechanical runs. Primarily is used as floor beams or roof deck systems. This study investigate the behavior of six beams (solid or with opening) of dimension (length 1000 x height 180 x width120mm) simply support under partial uniformly distributed load, four of these beam contain long opening of varied section (40x40mm) or (80x40mm). The effect of vertical steel reinforcing, opening size and orientations are investigated to evaluate the response of beams. The experimental behavior based on load-deflection