This study was carried out to investigate the immunomodulating activity of β-glucan
which extracted from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.β-glucan of 225µg/ml was
supplemented in drinking water of broiler chicken vaccinated with Newcastle disease virus
(NDV) vaccine. The parameters of the immunomodulating activity employed were the body
weight, Phagocytic activity and determination of antibody titer to NDV vaccine. Chicks one
day old (120), were divided into four equal groups, G1 treated with β-glucan for six weeks
and vaccinated with NDV vaccine; G2 treated with β-glucan for three weeks and vaccinated
with NDV vaccine; G3 not given β-glucan but vaccinated with NDV vaccine (control group);
while G4

Transfer factor has been prepared from sensitized guinea pigs against heat
killed Mycobacterium bovis antigen and protective efficacy were evaluated in
guinea pigs that gave 1 ml of transfer factor equivalent 5x108 cell / ml of sensitized
and normal cell donor; then challenged with dose 0.01 mg / animal of virulent
Mycobacterium bovis, After 40 days of challenge all animals were sacrificied.
Histologically: - TFs recipient group showed a mono-nuclear cells
infiltration’s (Lymphocytes & Macrophages) with a mild emphysema of lungs, and
liver showed mononuclear cells ,a small necrotic foci in the lymphocytic organs
(spleen & lymph nodes); the kidney showed mononuclear cells in glomeruli and
urinary tubul

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different toxic doses
with regard to toxicopathological changes in mice injected with ethanolic crude
extract of Euphorbia granulata F. The experiment was done on (24) mice of
(6-8weeks age and 20-25g weight ) divided equally into (4) groups as follows:-
First group injected distilled water subcutaneously for 45 days and considered
as control ,second group injected subcutaneously (600 mg/kg B.W/day)
ethanolic extract of E. granulata for 45 days, Third group injected
subcutaneously (800 mg/kg B.W/day) ethanolic extract of E. granulata for 45
days. Fourth group injected subcutaneously (1000 mg/kg B.W/day) ethanolic
extract of E. granulata for 45 days.The mic

     Milk and dairy products are fundamental components in the human diet and may be the principle way for entrance of Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in to the human body. All milk and dairy products samples were tested for the occurrence of AFM1 by the competitive ELISA technique. Out of 32 bovine raw milk samples that were collected from eight villages around Baghdad province, 32 samples (100 %) were contaminated with AFM1 ranging from 0.15 to 86.96ng/kg with mean value of 42.37±26.07 ng/kg, of which 17 samples were contaminated with concentrations < 50 ng/kg and 15 samples exceeded the maximum acceptable level of AFM1 in milk (50 ng/kg) imposed by the European legislation. The raw milk samples belonged to animals fed with

To study the bacterial contamination of table eggs in Babylon city, a total of 214 eggs collected from different sources, including 100 from farms and 114 from supermarkets, all samples were cultured for the bacteria on Salmonella Shigella Agar(SS Agar) and nutrient agar. The results of the farms samples showed that there are no growth of bacteria in all samples under study whereas the results of supermarkets samples showed that about 21.05% of supermarkets eggs were contaminated with bacterial strains, and the results showed the presence of Stahylococcus aureus in 10.52% of the samples, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 7.89%, a Proteus mirabilis in 3.50%, S. epidermidis in 0.87% and Bacillus subtilis in 0.87%. Also, the antibiotic sensitivity

Twenty Awassi ewes aged 2-3 years were used in this experiment. Estrus was synchronized in these ewes by using intravaginal sponges containing

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of mild PEF conditions on acid tolerance, growth, bile tolerance and protease activity of L. acidophilus LA-K. The treatments were positive square unipolar pulse width of 3 µs, pulse period of 0.5 second, voltage of 1 kV/cm, delay time of 20 µs and flow rate of 60 ml/min at 40.5°C PEF treatment temperature. The control was passed through the PEF system at the same flow rate (60 ml/min) without receiving any pulsed electric field condition. The acid tolerance was determined every 30 minutes for 120 minutes of incubation in acidified MRS broth at pH 2. Growth of the culture was determined hourly for 32 hours of incubation at 37°C in MRS broth. The bile tolerance was determined

The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of six local medicinal plant ethanolic extracts (Quercus robur, Vitis vinifera, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Ginger officinale, Thymus vulgaris, and Coriandrum sativum) on the growth of Proteus spp. in vitro. For this purpose, graduate concentrates for each extract (50, 100, 200, and 400 mg/mL) were prepared and tested. The result showed that all the studied medicinal plants have antibacterial activity against Proteus spp., with the exception of Coriandrum sativum, which did not show any inhibitory activity against the growth of the studied bacteria in vitro. And the more active plant in inhibiting the growth of the studied ba

In recent years, fluorosis caused many problems in humans and animals bodies. Dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, bone fractures, decreased birth rates, adverse effects on the male genital system, like damaging the structure of testes and epididymis and loosing fertilization ability can be considered as good examples of fluorosis. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the toxicity of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the activity of sperm and the level of sex hormones including testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. For achieving this purpose, thirty adult albino male rats, aged between 90-100 days, were divided randomly into two treated groups with 10 rats for each group which were treated with 150, 300 ppm o

Sustanonصممت هذه الدراسة لمعرفة التأثيرات المرضية لأحد أنواع مركبات الاندروجين البنائية المتمثلة بالسستتانو 011 بتراكيتتتخ مفتلفتتتة فتتتي ذكتتتور الجرذا .ضتتتمت التجربتتتة 31 جتتترذاس قستتتمت اشتتتوائياس جلتتت ومتتت مجتتتامي بواقتتت جتتترذاس ل تتتل تة مجمواة.المجمواتة الأولت اتدت مجمواتة ستيطرب ستالبة متت معاملتاتا بالمتا والعلتم وأمتا المجمواتة الثانيتة فوتد ا تد ت مجموات تبواياس ل تت أست تت السمست تا بخي

Brown truffle (Terfezia claveryi) is a wild fungi species collected and consumed by humans in Iraq, especially during the raining season, from February to April. However, the toxicological effects of this fungus have not been studied in humans. This study tested the subacute toxicity of brown truffle’s methanolic extract on a rat model. Daily oral doses of 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg were administered to adult Sprague-Dawley rat groups of both sexes for 14 days. There were no behavioral changes, no alterations in body weight, organ weight, and body weight gain (p>0.05) in the treated rats, compared to the untreated control group. The hematological and serum biochemical parameters did not show significant (p>0.05) differences from the

The objective of this study was to determine the clinical effects of total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) by romifidine 0.1mg/kg as a premedication and anesthesia by intravenous injection of a mixture of midazolam 0.1 mg/kg and ketamine hydrochloride 2.2 mg/kg in the ten health She donkeys. The maintenance of anesthesia was performed by intravenous infusion of a mixture of the midazolam 0.065mg/kg/hrs and ketamine 6.6mg/kg /hrs prepared in 500ml normal saline. Data were collected just before intravenous administration of premedication (control data) and after the administration of anesthetics drugs at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, 60 and 90 minutes. The clinical parameters measured included: Anesthetic Parameter (induction, anesthetic time a

The objjectt of tthiis sttudy was focused on ttransmiissiion of Liitteriia
monocyttogenes tthrough llayer body ,, tthe rolle of tthiis biirds iin tthe spread of tthiis bactteriia
and tthe effectt of experiimenttalllly iinfecttiion dose of tthe llayer oralllly on bactteriia
transmiitttted tto eggs ,,egg componentts and iintternall organs .. A ttottall of 45 llayer were
diisttriibutted iintto tthree groups and each group tto tthree replliicattes (15 llayer per replliicatte)
cosnsiistted of T1 (conttroll group free of iinfecttiion) ,, T2 and T3 were oralllly
experiimenttalllly iinfectted by 1x105 and 1x1010 (CFU \\ mll \\ hen of L.. monocyttogenes ..
Resulltts iindiicatted tthatt ..L.. monocyttogenes were iisollatted fr

The aim of this study was to identify pasteurella multocida and their types by PCR in cattle’s and buffaloesi bagdad from March to August 2012 on 204 animals , including 102 cattle and 102 buffaloes at slaughter houses from Baghdad .Blood samples and nasal swaps were collected , before slaughtering and lung tissues of slaughtered animal , and from 54 clinically suspected cases of pasteurellosis , including 27 bovines ,and 27 buffaloes the samples taken included blood and nasal swabs . Pasteurellamultocida were isolated from 94 animals include 49 cattle 45 buffaloes. The typing of the isolates by multiplex PCR for genotyping Pasteuerllamultocida revealed 93 isolates of type B , 31 from cattle and 62 from buffaloes ,and 81 isolates of ty

The epidemiology of ringworm in two cattle herds in Baghdad area was studied during the period from
September 2001 to August 2002.Two hundred skin scraping were collected from the infected area. The
prevalence of infection was 68%. In males it was lower (37.5%) than females (62.5%) and higher in less than
one year old animals. The prevalence was highest in January (16.5%). Eleven species of fungi were diagnosed,
these include; Trichophyton verrucosum, T. rubrum,T.metagrophytes, Aspergillus fumigatus , A. flavus , A.
Niger , A.terru , Mucor spp. , Altenaria alternata , Rhizopus and Fusarium spp. , one species of yeast Candida
albicans.

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) is a highly contagious and fatal disease of dogs, causing
acute hemorrhagic enteritis and myocarditis. In this study different mutant strains of the virus
were characterized by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).The fecal samples from infected dogs
suspected for CPV2 infection were collected in a suitable medium. The viral DNA from fecal
samples was extracted using specific kits, PCR were carried out with five different primer,
pCPV-2ab and pCPV-2b, to distinguish the strain prevalent in field condition. The primer
pCPV-2ab recognized both variant CPV-2a and CPV-2b, whereas the primer pCPV-2b
recognized only the variant CPV-2b, using the third primer pCPV to recognize the residual
base pair

In this study were choice some medical plants ( Matricaria chamomilla , Nigella sativa and Allium sativum ) and inhibitory their effect on Streptococcus pyogenes was tested ,which cause for many diseases especially respiratory disease andBecause of their availability and low cost of obtaining them ,study aimed to study the effect of extracts of these plants in growth of these bacteria isolated from aperson infected with tonsillitis. There was variation in bio effects of extracts among the species tested. The study show the presence effects of medical plants on growth of Streptococcus pyogenes is equal to the effect of both Matricaria chamomilla and Allium sativum and reached a concentration of 100 Mcg/ Dis , and the less effect with Nige

Liquid Phase Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to detect and measure anti-rinderpest immunoglobuli

Parathyroid gland of ten adult one-humped came] has been collected from the slaughter house. Glands have been fixed sectioned and stained by several procedures. The gland measured 1.2 cm in length, 0.4 cm in width and 0.25 cm thick. It differs in position from left to right side due to displacement of thyroid gland. The gland consisted of aggregate of cells arranged as solid masses, clusters, cords or strands. The parenchyma of the gland appeared with different cell density. Four cell type has been distinguished, viz., light as well as dark chief cells, oxyphils and syncytial cells.

The present Study Showed that the falciform process and vitereal vessels is extended upper to retina, which are found only in S. triostegus . The visual cells in both fishes have cones and rods with myoid element, myoids are inconspicuous in S. triostegus . The cones in S. triostegus are large but in L. abu found in four types, long single cones, short single cones, dwarf cones and twin cones. It appears that the cones in L. abu arranged as mosaic include square and row patterns, but they are distributed randomly in S. triostegus , also the cones in L. abu have lateral fins which are lack in S. triostegus .The result showed that three types of ganglion cells, long, medium and small as well as there is additional type called Giant ganglio

To investigate the impact of Enterococcus faecium as a probiotic in the
performance of layer male chicks and some aspects of immunity, Newcastle disease
antibodies and the blood picture, this bacteria was given in the feed of layer male
chicks with a dose rate of 1.5 g\kg of feed, each kg of feed contained (5×1011CFU)
along the experiment which last 57 days. 150 male chicks were divided into five
groups, the 1st group was given the probiotic in the feed, the 2nd group was given the
probiotic and was exposed to bad ventilation and high temperature as a stress, the
third group was given the probiotic and chlortetracycline in the feed, the fourth group
was given the probiotic and then infected with E. coli on day 21

This study was carried on 50 calves with septic arthritis. Synovial effusion was obtained by

In order to investigate the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in raw and imported Ultra Heat Treatment
(UHT) milk, this study was done by random collection of samples from different areas in Baghdad province and
its surroundings from different animals (small and large ruminants) as 68 total samples (53 raw milk samples and
15 imported UHT samples)collected weekly from October 2007 till January 2008, and processed according to
standard protocols of Listeria monocytogenes .
The results showed reisolation of 10 isolates from 68 samples (14.7%) as 6 isolated from raw milk samples
(11.3%) and 4 isolated from UHT milk samples (26.7%) ,these revealed significant differences (P≤0.05) in
isolated percentage of Listeria mon

The antigeic composition of two kinds of malleins (Old mallein and PPD mallein) were analysed by gel filtration chromatography on sephacryl S 300 column. Two major protein peaks were determined and were terme

Coronavirus (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic) followed by a human to human transmission, The purpose of the present study is to determine the genetic affinity of a phylogenetic tree and conformation of protein between human and bat. Through study of genetic sequencing, as shown in the tree design of strains and genetic variants, the main cause of COVID-19 is the Bat Coronavirus RaTG13 (SARS) virus in ID: MN996532.1 and ID: MG772933.1 (24-Jul-2013 and Feb-2017) shows that the evolution of the Corona virus from 2003, 2013 to 2020 which has become the most deadly peak in humans, the virus evolved from the bat effect on Humans. Protein analysis show 98 change of amino acid form RaTG13 (SARS) virus to COVID-1

Dreissena polymorpha mussel were collected from Al-Kadesia lake - Haditha /Al- Anbar Governorate-Iraq. The animals were exposed to 1, 2 and 4 mg copper/l of water for eight days. The soft tissue was analyzed for the effect of copper on total protein components and activity of six enzymes (using colorimetric and /or electrophoretic methods). Copper was found to cause (a) Change in the intensity of some esterase patterns and increase of total protein by increasing the exposure time to copper (b) Increase in the activity of the enzymes, Aspartate amino transaminase (AST) and Alanine amino transaminase (ALT), and decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) . (c) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH ) activity was

As a part of a protocol ( Z2F10 – Laidlomycin calf - fed Holstein health management ) Coccidiosis was studied in two hundred Holstein steer- calves (114 kg ) to evaluate the effect of management and treatment programs. Early weaned animals were shipped to the University of California Desert Research Center El Centro on the 26th of May 2010. The calves were vaccinated and treated with internal and external anti parasitic also injected with Vital E - AD (5ml SC 100000 vitamin A/ml and 12ml of liquamycin. Steers were balanced by weight and assigned within weight grouping to (40) pens ( 5 steers / pen ). Animals were randomly divided into four equal groups, the 1st was control group and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were treated with Monensi

Thirty six trials of flushing with riched Delbeco`s phosphate buffer media applied in this study using a plastic two ways folly catheter, introduced by metal robe inside the cervix of donor cows and by air bubble fixed it in the cervical canal in 3 positions, one near the cervico-vaginal opening or at the first third of the cervical canal, the 2nd one at the middle third of the cervical canal and the 3rd one near the utero-cervical opening or at the last third of the cervical canal. The process of flushing was carried out after the fixation of the folly catheter in the three sites and the number of embryos collected by each collection site.
The results showed that the number of embryos detected in the third method where the fixation w