Technique of tissue culture for Chia (Salvia hispanica) micropropagation was achieved, this study investigated the impact of various concentrations of plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication and root induction with the Chia’s mature seed as a source explant. The highest percentage of shoot formation (80%), shoots number per explant(3.20) and shoot length(3.26 cm), were recorded on MS medium enriched with BAP(1.0 mgl^-1) after eight weeks of seed culture. The optimal medium for the rhizogenesis was achieved on half strength MS medium fortified with 1.0 mgl^-1 IBA after

Collagen hydrolysates were obtained from catfish skin collagen hydrolysis using catfish collagenase, pepsin and trypsin individually and mixed for 15-300min. The degree of hydrolysis , antioxidant activity based on, DPPH radical-scavenging activity (RSA), and reducing power (RP) for all obtained hydro lysates were studied , then the collagenase hydrolysate was (CH)  was selected to be evaluated for  antibacterial activity , functional properties including solubility, emulsification and foaming  properties besides the toxicity  . The highest values for RSA (72.5%) has been noticed when DH reached (24.30%) after 30 min. of hydrolysis by collagenase (CH). The water and oil holding capacities for this hydro l

This study was aimed to detect of four important virulence genes (UreC, HpmA, rsbA and mrpA) from Proteus mirabilis bacteria isolated and do the important four blood test (ACPA, RF, ESR, CRP) for patient with urinary tract infection and rheumatoid arthritis in Baghdad/Iraq. Fifty (50) clinical urine samples were collected and cultured on blood agar and macckongy agar. Ten of the samples were identified as P.mirabilis and the automated system VITEK 2 used to complete the identification. Molecular methods using PCR technique targeting UreC, HpmA, rsbA and mrpA genes, using PCR technique and the results were UreC found in 90% of the samples,

This study aims to determine the vitelogenesis activity by FSH hormone induction in the early stage of gonadal maturation. The treatament is a differences FSH dose with indicators of vitelogenesis activity were estradiol-17β levels in the blood, Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and Gonadosomatic Index (GSI). The study used a treatment A : Dose FSH at 1.0 ml/kg; B: Dose FSH at 1.25 ml/kg; C : Dose FSH at 1.5 ml/kg; control: nothing induction. The results showed that there was an effect of FSH dose on the estradiol 17β levels, HSI and GSI, there ongoing vitelogenesis activity. The trend of the GSI and HSI has a close correlation to levels of estradiol 17β, with the best dose of the hormone is 1.25 ml/kg resulting levels of esradiol 17

This research aimed to measure and analyze the impact of exchange rate shocks on some variables of the Iraqi economy during (1990-2022), because of the different effects of these shocks on the macroeconomic variables represented in money supply and agricultural output. Exchange rates are related to the policy chosen by the Central Bank of Iraq in managing the foreign exchange market and in the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy. The research uses a quantitative method in estimating the levels of the impact of exchange rate shocks on some economic variables. Several methods are conducted to achieve the goals, including the VAR model, variance decomposition and Impulse Response Functions. The results showed that e

This study was investigated the effect of iron NPs and essential oils of clove in normal and nanoemulsion forms for controlling Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, and Alternaria solani compared with Azoxystrobin fungicide under laboratory conditions. Data revealed that all tested compounds are capable of inhibiting the growth of mycelial of F. oxysporum F. solani, and A. solani from 0 to 84.4%, 0 to 88.9 %, and 0 to 61.1 %, respectively. There is relationship was found between the tested concentration of all treatments and their percentages of inhibition of mycelium. In addition, the use of Azoxystrobin, iron NPs and essential oils of clove in normal and nanoemulsion increase

Several studies have shown that the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) may be a risk factor for Ischemic Heart Diseases (IHD). Therefore, it is needed to look into the relation between IHD and H. pylori infection. One hundred Iraqi patients with IHD and 60 healthy Iraqis as a control group participated in the current study. The ELISA assay was used for the measurement of the sera levels for anti- H. pylori IgG, IgM, and Interleukin-6 (IL-6). Also, H. pylori DNA in the human venous blood was investigated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using 16S rDNA primers. Between IHD patients and the control group, H. pylori-IgG and IL-6 mean ± SD were (Patient =1.814±0.08

This study was conducted at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences/university of Baghdad. Were used wild reeds and barley straw inoculation with cumulative levels of  rumen fluid, Which aimed to calculate in vitro total and methane gas production using five treatments, as follows:-

T1: 1 ml of buffalo rumen fluid + 9 ml of lamb rumen fluid.

T2: 2 ml of buffalo rumen fluid + 8 ml of lamb rumen fluid.

T3: 4 ml of buffalo rumen fluid + 6 ml of lamb rumen fluid.

T4: 6 ml of buffalo rumen fluid + 4 ml of lamb rumen fluid.

T5: 8 ml of buffalo rumen fluid + 2 ml of lamb rumen fluid.

The results showed a highly significant decreases (P≤0.01) in total gas and methane production for

The current research aims to identify the needs required to enable rural women in the transition to sustainable family agricultural systems, as a questionnaire was prepared consisting of 5 axes of needs (institutional, guidance, economic, social and technological), which included 46 items, data was collected from  the research community represented by experts and specialists in the field of rural women's empowerment and sustainable agricultural development,  numbering 132 experts in Baghdad Governorate, and the research concluded that 91% of the paragraphs came at a level of great need and 9% of them came at  a  very  large level of need, and this is an indication that there is a large gap between the current sit

The aim of this study is evaluating the impact of salicylic acid and Spirulina algae, vermicompost aqueous extracts, on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) traits. Field experiment was implemented at vegetable field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall season 2021. The experiment was conducted using factorial arrangement within Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors and three replicates (3X3X3). Foliar spraying of salicylic acid represented the first factor (0, 150, 300 µmol.L^-1), which symbolized (S₀, S₁, S₂). The second factor was foliar appl

This study was aimed to investigate baking quality of some bread wheat and water stress. A field experiment was carried out at the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during the seasons 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. Five local cultivars and 20 entrance genotypes were planted, during first season and the best 9 genotypes for baking ability were selected and tested in the second season, under moisture depletion levels of 50, 70, and 90% of field capacity, RCBD was used for the first season, with a split-plot design for the second season, with three replications for both seasons. The levels of moisture depletion occupied the main plots and the genotypes of the sub plots. In the second season

From 2017 to 2019, 51 A. rabiei isolates were isolated from 259 chickpea fields across IKR. On different media, 32 isolates showed significant differences in morphological characteristics. The isolates were divided into six groups based on colony color, five groups on mycelium color and three groups on pycnidia color. CSMDA was the best media for mycelial growth. AS-28 significantly surpassed all other isolates in colony diameter despite media type. A. rabiei growth varied between 15-35°C, the maximum growth occured at 25°C and ceased at 35°C. The mean conidia and pycnedia dimensions in isolates AS-19 and AS-9 ranged from 20.0*7.5μm and 70.8*47.9μm

In the current study, four types of plants commonly used namely Soybean, chickpea, bean, pea were obtained and screened for urease activity, among this plants, chickpea was chosen with maximum enzymatic activity, and it had the highest productivity of urease enzyme (1243 U/mg protein). Also sodium acetate buffer (0.2 M, pH 5.0) was chosen as a best extraction buffer with specific activity 1460 U/mg protein. The optimum extraction ratio represented by 1:8 (w:v) after 15 min, it was given 1988 U/mg protein. As well as four types of plants include garlic, red onion, green onion and cabbage were used to select the optimum plant material that inhibited urease enzyme. Cabbage was chosen, it had the highest inhibition activity of the en

The research aimed to measure the loss and waste of wheat farms, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Although, loss has become a frightening reality due to the loss of large quantities of food produced by humans for human consumption, so Iraq possesses material capabilities, natural resources, and human beings, it is not self-sufficient, and the reason is the low yield per dounm of wheat, as the productivity rate ranged to 650 kg / dounm for the period 1990-2019. The one of the most important reasons for the decline in productivity is the loss and waste of wheat of post- harvest. And to identify the most important factors that work to reduce post-harvest wheat losses for wheat farmers at Baghdad, by use explorator

Agriculture is the most important and most dependent economic activity and influenced by climatic conditions as the climate elements represented by solar radiation, temperature, wind and relative humidity. Therefore, is necessary that analyze and understand the relationship between climate and agriculture. The aim of this study to assessment the relationship between land surface temperature (LST) and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for three regions of Diyala Governorate in Iraq (Al Muqdadya, Baladrooz, and Baquba) by through using of remote sensing techniques and geographic information system (GIS).The Normalized difference vegetation index NDVI and land surface temperature (LST) were used in two of the Landsat-5 E

This study was conducted on the Land coverings of the city of Baquba and its outskirts in Diyala province, central Iraq, between latitudes 44º 42ʹ 31.78ʺ ــ  44º33ʹ 14.99ʺ  and 33º41ʹ 46.66ʺ ــ  33º 48ʹ 23.18ʺ an area of 180,835 km². In order to classify the earth covers, it was relied on the field survey to determine the grounding points. Also used two satellite data from Landsat 8, the first one on 23/3/2014, the second on 21/3/2019, and the production of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Differences Built- up the Index (NDBI) maps. Th

This study was carried out at University of Baghdad - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - Research Station B during the autumn season 2019-2020, in order to evaluate the effect of Ozone and the foliar application of coconut water and moringa extract on the growth of broccoli plant grown in modified NFT film technology. A factorial experiment (2*5) was carried out within Nested Design with three replicates. The ozone treatment was distributed into the main plots which consisted of oxygen (O₂) and ozone (O₃). The foliar application of organic nutrients were distributed randomly within each replicate including five treatments, which were the control treatment (T0), Coconut water with two concentratio

The colonies of C. glabrata were described, which morphology of isolated on sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol. Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is of great importance since they are highly involved in various medical and biological applications. The current study aims to produce Penicillium chrysogenum - derived AgNPs to be used to treat Candida glabrata. Nanoparticles were formed, the results of which was observed through UV-visible spectrophotometry. Therefore, the surface morphology and particles size of AgNPs were assessed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the average diameter of AgNPs was 18 nm which is appropriate to be

This study was designed to investigate the influence of pre-estrus (PE) synchronization and post-mating (PM) vitamins AD₃E treatment on the reproductive performance of Awassi ewes raised at four Iraqi provinces. Seventy six Awassi ewes were randomly divided within each province into two groups. The first group (n=15, except for Karbala, n= 11) were im injected with five AD₃E injections (150 IU / dose), biweekly interval. The 1^st injection was 1.5 months PM, while the 2^nd and 3^rd injections were at the time of progestagen-impregnated vaginal sponges insertion. The 4^th injection was at the time of the vaginal sponge’s removal, whereas the 5^th injection w

A field experiments was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil amendments with organic and inorganic fertilizer (chemical fertilizer) on the potassium availability, improve growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). In this experiment each organic and inorganic fertilizer (NPK 15: 15: 15) was added as amount equivalent to potassium (K) at levels 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 kg K ha^-1. Results revealed that there were significant effect of application organic and inorganic fertilizer on soluble and exchangeable K in soils, the application of organic and inorganic fertilizer at level of 100 kg K ha^-1 increased the soluble K from 4.1mg L^-1 to 7.99 a

The current study prioritized certain popular local cereal species like Wheat, Oat, Rye and two local Barley varieties known as Aksad and Amal to extract their β- glucan using alchemical methods. The results of this study indicated that rye contained the lower percentage of β-glucans (0.756%) whereas, both types of barley Aksad and Amal contained highest amount (9.489%) and (7.395%) respectively. However, the results showed that the crude extracted of   β- glucans from wheat, oat, rye, barley (Aksad) and barley (Amal) were 0.373,1.409, 0.26, 2.287 and 1.855 g/100g flour respectively which was reflected the efficiency of extraction process which ranged between 8.83 ± 0.01for wheat to 34.39

This study was designed to confirm the effect of different concentrations of water extract for stevia leaves on lowering blood sugar, cholesterol and other blood traits in diabetes-induced mice. Forty mice with weights ranging 30-35 mg per diabetic were injected intravenously into the gastric tube except for control group (non-diabetic control) and were left for one week to confirm their diabetes. The animals were divided randomly into 5 groups with 8 mice per group; animals were given in group 1 (non-diabetic control) and group 2 (diabetic control) fed standard diet with water supply, while groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed standard diet and different concentrations 300, 400 and 500 mg / dl / day respe

This study was aimed description of morphological features of fruits and seeds of eight species related to Brassicaceae family in Iraq, the study showed number of taxonomic differences as the silique was long in all studied except the species Rorippa amphibian (L.)b Besser was short, however the  fruits varied in dimensions where the species Turritis laxa L. recorded the highest average length with (160 mm) while the species  R .amphibia was record  the shortest length (5 mm), in addition the colors ranged from green to brown. This study showed that all of the species was glabrous except Arabis caucasia Willd. was lanute-woolly.  The configuration shapes were linear with exc

This study was conducted in the laboratories of Soil and water resources Department, College of Agricultural Sciences Engineering, University of Baghdad for the purpose of disclosing the effect of ionic strength from different salt mixtures on the adsorption of Boron in a silty clay loam calcareous soil taken from the prior location of the college of Agriculture in Abu Ghraib, after a quite equilibrium of Boron solution prepared from Boric acid at( 0, 1, 5, 7.5, 10 and 20) μmole B.ml^-1 at 298 Kalvin. Three solutions with different ionic strength were used( 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) mole.L^-1 of four different salts CaCl₂, MgCl₂, NaCl and composed salt of the three salts at 3:1:1 ratios respectivel

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of four concentrations of Dimethylsulfate (DMS) 0%, 0.03%, 0.06% and 0.1% under four levels of salinity including 0, 30, 60 and 90 mmol NaCl L^-1 on some biochemistry characters such as proline, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and total chlorophyll. All treatments were distributed according to the factorial experiment using complete ro(CRD) with five replicates. Results revealed that 0.03% of DMS gave the highest proline of 2.08 mg g^-1, H₂O₂ of 0.64 µM 100mg^-1<

A nitrogenous bio-fertilizer comibination was prepared contain Azospirillum lipoferum, and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria. A phosphate bio-fertilizer consisting of Bacillus megaterium and Glomus mosseae fungus was also prepared. vermicompost was produced from earthworms imported from Iran and others isolated locally. A factorial experiment was carried to evaluate the effect of the interaction between these combinations and vermicompost types under levels of 0%, 25% and 50% of NPK. The results showed a significant superiority of the bio-fertilizer (nitrogen and phosphate) tre

Two field experiments were conducted during the spring season 2020 in Karbala governorate, to study the effect of sprinkler and surface drip irrigation systems to determine water consumption of potatoes and irrigation intervals using polymers and bio-fertilizers in desert soils. The experiment included three factors: 1-Irrigation system surface drip T₁ and sprinkler T₂, 2- The Irrigation interval: every 2 days I₁, 4 days I₂ and 6 days I₃, 3- Addition of soil conditioners: control without any addition C, bio-organic fertilizers (seek) B, polymer (zeba) P, and polymer+ bio-organic fertilizers P+B. The experimen

This study was aimed to produce potato minitubers via tissue culture technique by testing four cultivars; Agria, Nicola, SM 12-124-15 and JIP 1600-1 under in vitro, greenhouse and open-air field conditions. Nicola cultivar was superior upon the other cultivars under in vitro and greenhouse conditions by producing the best shoot multiplication (1.89 shoots/ explant and 13..27 leaves/ explant) and the highest number of minitubers (8.87 minitubers/ plant) in greenhouse whereas, SM 12-124-15 was better in the open field conditions by producing 11.25 tubers per plant, recording the highest mean weight of tubers (321.33 g), the highest weight of tubers per plant (3.615 kg), the bigger sizes of tubers (length 8.22 cm:

This study was aimed to recognize the spatial and temporal features of urban development and its impact on the climate of Baghdad City. The analytical method of the study relies on changes in Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Land Surface Temperature(LST); GIS technology was used to measure these statistics. Landsat (5,8) and Sentinel2A imagery were used to detect the change of urbanization growth, vegetation change, and land surface temperature during the study period from 2001 to 2020, whereas used the supervised classification technique for determination for LULC variations. The results showed significant changes among the LULC classes in

This study was conducted to investigate certain characteristics of the purified Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). The results revealed that the molecular weight was 180 kDa by gel filtration and Native-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature for enzyme activity were 7 and 40 °C respectively. The enzyme activity was stable against pH values range of 6-8. The enzyme retained 79% of its total activity after incubation for one hour at 50 °C and retained 7% (lost 93%) of its activity at 70 °C. The entire activity was completely lost when the enzyme was incubated for 1 hour at temperatures over 70 °C. Carbohydrate content of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 24.61%. Km, Kcat and Vmax were estimated with phenylalanine as substra