The research aims to enhance farmers' access to agricultural credit by identifying the most important economic and social characteristics affecting the demand for agricultural loans. Farmers need agricultural credit as a source of financing due to their weak financial capabilities، and that farmers’ lack of access to credit may negatively affect the achievement of the level of production that maximizes profit or allow farmers to apply and use modern technologies or develop existing agricultural projects. Cross-sectional data were collected for a random sample of (275) farmers in Baghdad governorate. The Logit model was used to determine the most important factors affecting agricultural loans، which include gender، age، educ

 This study was aimed to obtain morphometric parameters of Duhok watershed evaluated through three aspects. The area was located at Duhok governorate with covers 394.87Km². Depending on stream orders, ten of sub-watersheds were extracted from the main watershed. Furthermore, Duhok watershed stream orders ranged from 1 to 6, as well as the total number of segmented stream reported for the total number of orders was (4175). The results of the current study indicate the Duhok watershed has a high relief ratio (0.026 m/km) and relative relief (0.95) which refers to steep slopes and excessive runoff. The ruggedness value is (4.09) indicates the study region is rugged w

This study aimed to investigate the expression level of microRNA-20a in plasma samples collected from 20 healthy males and 20 healthy females' as non-cancerous controls, 34 males and 26 females who diagnosed with CRC, the age range for both poles was at age range of 23 to 66 years old, those patients didn’t receive any chemical, radiological or surgical treatment and subjected to relative quantitative detection using RT-PCR technique. Specific primers designed for this purpose, the sequence of miR-20a retrieved from NCBI and miRBASE, the primers designed using stem-loop structure method, RNU-43 reference gene used for results normalization. The resulted data analyzed using the Livak method, the folding mean of CRC patients (12.

The study's goals are to use pyocyanin pigment produced by the clinical isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a reducing and stabilizing agent for nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) and their use it antibacterial agents against biofilm-producing, multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical sources. The antibiotic susceptibility test of E. Coli isolates was shown to be resistant to ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, piperacillin-triazole, tetracycline, and ticarcillin, while sensitive to Amikacin, Amoxicillin, Nitrofurantoin, and Imipenem. NiO NPs are synthesized by using nickel sulfate NiSO₄ (10g) with a concentration of pyocyanin (10mg/10ml). The NiO NPs synthesized were characterized

Bacterial vaginosis, also known as BV, is a condition that is frequently associated with vaginal inflammation and can be caused by changes in the bacterial composition of the vaginal microbiome. It is the most common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age. The goal of this study is to determine the antibiotic resistance and the role of some virulence genes of E. coli isolates in the vaginosis of non-pregnant women (16–45 years old) as well as the stool of the same patient. A total of 160 samples were collected (130 vaginal swab samples and 30 samples from the stool). All isolates have been identified by MacConkey and Eosin methylene blue media, biochemical tests, and PCR detection of the UidA g

The current study focused on producing gelatin from ostrich bone and analyzing its chemical composition. It also studied the physical, chemical, and functional properties. The results indicated that gelatin contained protein, ash, and moisture in percentages of 82.13%, 3.32%, and 14.54%, respectively. Additionally, the gelatin had a high concentration of amino acids, as determined by amino acid analysis. The functional properties of the gelatin were identified using FTIR spectroscopy. The gelatin exhibited a gel strength of 259 g, which falls within the higher gel strength range of 200-300g. Furthermore, gelatin displayed positive values for dl (lighter/darker), da (redder/greener), and db (yellower/bluer). This indicated it had

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of aqueous Aloe vera on susceptibility to root fracture resistance (RFR) in human teeth subjected to endodontic preparation, and compare it with chemical irrigants (sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and SmearOFF). A total of 40 human maxillary first molars that were extracted and had a straight palatal root. These roots were distributed randomly based on the irrigation regimes (n=8): G1: Distilled water; G2: 3% NaOCl; G3: 3% NaOCl + 17% EDTA; G4: Smearoff; and G5: 90% Aloe vera, and then endodontically prepared using the ProTaper Next rotary system

The study aimed to improve potato plant productivity, roots growth biomass, and the efficiency of water utilization by using sustainable treatments .The experiment carried out at vegetable field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during spring season 2023. The experiment was conducted using split plot arrangement within Randomized Complete Block Design with two factors and three replicates (2X6X3). Applying TiO₂-NPs represented the first factor (main plot) (10 mg.L^-1), which symbolized (T₀, T₁). six treatments were included to represent subplots (regular irrigati

This study was carried out in order to isolate and diagnosis of common bacteria from bovine mastitis in Baghdad city which have the ability to produce biofilm and detect its molecular composition. Twenty five milk samples were collected from different regions in Baghdad city from udders of cows suffering from clinical and subclinical mastitis.Then cultured on blood agar. Gram staining was done to differentiate between bacteria gram positive which cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar and Nutrient Agar while gram negative bacteria were cultured on MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. All bacterial isolates were subjected to different biochemical tests, API 20 E System, API Staph System and RapID^TMONE System kit to con

The aims of this study were to detection of dominant Salmonella species that caused poultry infection Salahaddin province , and evaluation  local prepared and manufactured serological kits that used in diagnosis of poultry salmonellosis, for this purpose 100 diarrheatic  hen checked by culture methods, PCR, ELISA, Whole blood agglutination test and Slide agglutination test. The results showed that Salmonella isolation from hen  in rate 34% , intestine is most suitable site for Salmonella isolation and Salmonella. typhimurium is most dominant spp. The sensitivity of ELISA test was 76.4%, while for other used tests were 100%. The specificity of ELISA test, Whole blood agglutination test,&nbs

This study was aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the bacterial pathogens causing calf diarrhea in Baghdad province and study it's susceptibility toward different antibiotics. The study was conducted on 105 faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of diarrhoeic calves and brought to the laboratory for bacteriological examination. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms were confirmed on the basis of their, staining, cultural, morphology and biochemical tests. Furthermore, antibacterial test was study for different clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria toward varying concentration of antibiotics by disc diffusion technique. samples

Wilt death disease on date palm tissue culture offshoots is a new interested phenomenon observed in Iraq since a several years, represented by fungal disease infecting plants in pots and/or soil, causing graduate wilt starts from down fronds to the top, ending with death.  The survey results revealed that infection percentage ranged from 4% in Abulkhaseeb district to 4.5% in Al-Seeba area with no significant differences among infected orchards (P-0.369), while the death percentage was 6.2% in Al-Seeba area comparing with 2.4% Abulkhaseeb with no significant differences too (P=0.368). The isolation results confirmed that Fusarium solani was the main isolated fungus from all root samples. Five isolates of F.solani

The aim of this research to study the role of modern communication technologies in improving agricultural extension work in middle Iraqi governorates by providing infrastructure to use modern communication technologies in Agricultural extension work , support agricultural extension system to transform agricultural work to electronic government , electronic management of human resources , extension services introduced for the targeted people through internet  and the contribution of modern communication technologies in improving agricultural work .The population of the research includes the middle region governorates numbered (8) governorates .Anbar and Tikret were excluded because of the security conditions in the time of da

Iran is a part of the secondary center of origin of melons, and therefore, there is a wealth of genetic variation of these species in this country. In this work, 14 morphological traits were studied in order to select the most discriminating traits. Significant difference among accessions was revealed for almost quantitative traits. KMO coefficient obtained was 0.723 that is explaining of appropriation of this test. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) for the morphological traits indicated that the first three PCs explained 53.46% of the total variation. Principal component analysis results (PCA) for morphometric data indicated that samples of Semnan and Khorasan showed high degree of  variation and were hi

A comparison was conducted  between volatile oil of the plant parts leaves and stems of Pelargonium graveolens as antioxidant by using the compound  DPPH as a free radical. This study aimed at isolation and diagnosis the active compounds of the volatile oil  .The volatile oil was extracted by using the water distillation Clevenger .Volatile oils were detected by using  the liquid gas chromatography. The results showed that 100 g of leaves and steams produced a volatile oil estimated by 5% and 2.3% respectively. The study has shown that volatile oil of leaves contains 12compounds and the highest was Terpineol reaching

This study  was aimed to measure the production efficiency, cost efficiency, profit-maximizing production level, and net income at actual, cost-minimizing, and profit-maximizing production, as well as to calculate the minimum priced accepted by cucumber producers to supply their products, estimate supply function for cucumber producers, estimate the marketing efficiency of cucumber grown in greenhouses. A random sample of 45 cucumber growers from Dhi Qar governorate, Al-Shatra district/ Iraq during the agricultural season 2017 was selected. Due to its harmony with economic and statistical logic, cubic formula was used to estimate the cost function. Results showed that the optimal production of cucumber was 59.54 tons, and th

Wheat is one of the most important strategic crops that have an important role in people's life and food security. Therefore, the research depends on the methodology value chain analyses to discuss and follow the most important determinants and problems facing wheat value chains in Iraq, as well as analyzing the costs and revenues for a different series of the chains, and then calculate the profits and value added in each of its chain .The results showed that the achieved profits by the producers of the wheat crop was 384258 dinar / dunum, while the value by weight was 371263.9 dinar / ton, The added value of the wheat producers and the marketing chain when the grain is delivered by  (local wholesalers) was 212000.8 ID / ton

This study aimed to identify pathogenic bacteria in contaminated food from cafeterias and restaurants at the University of Kerbala. Thirty-nine bacterial samples were collected from various foods, such as salads, falafel, and meat products (burger, kebab, and shawarma), before cooking. Bacteria were serially diluted, isolated on selective media, and identified based on biochemical characteristics, and 16S rDNA sequencing. Hemolysin production, seen in most bacteria from raw food samples, was determined using blood agar. Genomic DNA was extracted from all bacterial samples, and their 16S rDNA were analyzed through PCR, gene sequencing, and phylogenetic tree construction. Twenty-seven genetic variants representing both gram-positiv

A project to develop new maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds from inbred populations, crossed, and tested for performance. The project elapsed six seasons, 3 spring and 3 full plantings during 2015-2017. Newly developed inbreds showed significant grain yield increase as compared to the cross of its progenitor inbred. An increase of 2 t ha^-1 was obtained with one of the new inbreds. The crosses obtained were evaluated in field trials with a registered hybrid (60×21). Method of selection counts on a unique plant trait in the inbred population, such as longer ear, thicker ear diameter, stay-green leaves, large kernel, and so on. The merit obtained due to hybrid vigor could be attributed to parental inbreds that have hig

Field experiment was conducted at field of Fallujah- Anbar Governorate/ Iraq, during the two seasons of 2017. Seeds of eight maize inbred lines were cultivated, and line × tester method was used to produce 16 crosses. The seeds of parents were cultivated and crosses in the fall season of 2017 in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The objectives of the study were to estimate gene action, hybrid vigour, and the effects of general and specific combination abilities of the inbred lines  and to evaluate test cross performance of the hybrids for grain yields and yield related traits. There were significant differences between parents and their crosses for all studied traits. The results showed that crosses

The certain crop cultivars could be adapted that characterized their performance via given trait over given environments. Thus this adaptation could be investigate by many methods. Therefore, ternary plot method advocated to assess the adaptation of ten caraway cultivars using seed yield (Mg ha^-1) over two environments viz. Fallujah and Ramadi for two successive seasons (2011/2012 and 2012/2013). This method was fortified with AMMI Biplot technique. PAST software was adopted to construct triangle graph. Cropstat7.2 software was also applied to extract cultivars own biplots. Results from ternary plot showed that G7 was the both most adaptable cultivars over most circumstances, G3 irresponded because it located on point

Bradyrhizbium sp. was isolated from 40 legumes roots and soil samples collected from various agricultural areas of Iraq by growing them on yeast extract mannitol agar (YEMA) and identification based on culture and microscopic characteristics, biochemical and physiological test and PCR technology.  A split plot experiment was carried out to study the effect of biofertilizer prepared from this isolate on the growth and yield of mungbean plant in sterile and non-sterile soil. The results showed a significant increases in all studied growth and yield traits due to biofertilization. The increase percentage  for the biofertilized treatments was 159.3

The present study included the collection of 144 samples from various clinical and environmental  sources  to investigate the presence of P.aeruginosa. 45 isolates were identified as P.aeruginosa  based on morphological and biochemical tests in addition to molecular diagnostics  used of 16S rRNA. This diagnosis proved that all isolates belong to P. aeruginosa. All isolates selected susceptibility toward 11 antibiotics using disc diffusion method. The results showed a high resistance among isolates against Tetracycline, Cefixim, Cefotaxim, Amoxicillin,   Erythromycin, Methicillin,

The objective of this study, to was measure concentrations of some heavy metals in various imported and locally produced vegetable crops, including root crops (Turnips ''Brassica rapa'' and Carrots ''Daucus carrota''), stem crops (Potatoes ''Solanum tuberosum'' and Onion ''Allium sativa''), leaves (Lettuce ''Lactuca sativa''), and fruits (Tomatoes ''Lycopersicon esculentum'').These crops were collected from Baghdad central whole sales. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry technique was applied to measure heavy metal concentrations. In the imported vegetables, heavy metal mean concentrations were arranged in the following increasing order: Fe>Zn> Cu>Ni>Co>Cd>Cr>

Using modern technology is one of the most important means that affect the productivity of wheat, the achievement of profits, the increase of agricultural production, and the progress towards self-sufficiency and food serenity. Therefore, the research aims to study the effects of the use of modern technological packages on the profits efficiency of wheat farms in Iraq for the season 2016-2017 in the provinces of  (Wasit, Babylon and Diwaniyah (, through estimation a stochastic profit frontier  function and inefficiency function. The results showed that the values of the parameters were significant and positive for the durum income and were significant and negative for the parameters of the production costs (mechanizatio

The present study deals with the estimation of gill surface area for orange spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) collected from Iraqi marine water, north west Arabian Gulf. In the laboratory, fishes were separated in to five different length groups ranging from 200-325 mm and weight range of 108.8-582.2g. Absolute and relative total gill surface area (GSA) were estimated for 33 fish from different lengths. Statistical analysis of results revealed that there were significant differences (P<0.05) between total length of gill filaments (TFL) in different length groups, while there were no significant differences (P>0.05) between secondary lamellae (Bl) in different length groups. St

تهدف الدراسة إلى تحديد فعالية النياسين A و الزيت الطيار لأكليل الجبل في الجسم الحي لفئران التجارب على بكتريا B. cereus المعزولة من اللحوم المعلبة في المختبر. أظهرت النتائج فعالية اكليل الجبل بتركيز (2000 ميكروغرام / مل) والنياسين A (350 ميكروغرام / مل) اذ بلغت  27 و 19 ملم قطر المنطقة المثبطة على التوالي بأستخدام طريقة الانتشا

تلعب مضادات الأكسدة الطبيعية المنبثقة من الفاكهة دورًا مهمًا في تثبيط أنواع الأكسجين التفاعلية وإزالة الجذور الحرة، وبالتالي تمنع الإنسان من الأمراض التنكسية المزمنة مثل أمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية والشيخوخة ومستويات الكوليسترول والسرطان. غطت الدراسة ست فئات من كل نوع من ثلاثة أذواق من ثمار الرمان المختلفة التي تم الحصول عليها أو شراؤها في مدينة أربيل ، وتم تحليل ما مجموعه 54 عينة (63x3x

This study was aimed to determine protein and crude fiber digestibility by adding propionic acid in rations and its effect on production and carcass quality broiler chicken. This research was carried out using 180-day old chicks (DOC) broiler chicken with Cobb strain. This research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of three treatments and six replications for every treatment. The treatment in this study consisted of: T0 = ration without propionic acid; T1 = addition of 0.5% propionic acid in the ration; T2 = 0.75% addition of propionic acid in the ration. Parameters observed included crude protein, crude fiber digestibility, feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, live weight, carcass percen

The objective of this study was to investigate the polymorphisms of three loci (SEMA3E, GH and TLX) that related with growth traits in local quail. A total of 720 birds (males and females) from three lines (desert, brown and white) were used. The results revealed that the effects of the line were significant on bird body weight and carcass weight and dressing percentage at 180 days at age. The Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) value overall birds for body weight was ranged from -9.2173 to 10.0117, these results showed there were significant differences among high and low BLUP value groups in three quail lines under study. The PCR-RF