Wheat is one of the most important cereals, occupying a discrete economic position worldwide as a main source for human nutrition due to its content of essential nutrients. Therefore, wheat has a strategic trait in international economic relationships, and most developing countries, including Iraq, are seeking for achieving self-sufficiency from this crop. This study aimed to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as economic, price, cost, and technical efficiencies beside the other economic indices at actual, optimal and profit-maximizing production of wheat. A random sample of 45 wheat farms in Nejaf province was selected during the agricultural season 2016. From efficiency scales of profit function, it was shown that t

Twenty fungal isolates have been isolated  from different sources, soils( Some of them were contaminated with mineral oils)  wheat, rice bran and rotting sesame seeds. Five isolates contained several  highly lipidic particles. The highest lipid amount (5.95 g/L) was obtained from Mucor sp. that isolated from soil which was contaminated with mineral oils and the oil yield was 50% of biomass. The results indicated that all carbon resources gave more than 20% lipid. The best carbon source for lipid production was Glucose and then Xylose which gave 50% and 46% oil respectively. The best sources of nitrogen were yeast extract and  NH₄Cl which we

The aim of this research was to study the effect of adding green tea extract (GTE) on the mechanical, oxygen permeability, water vapor permeability and antioxidant properties of whey protein isolate edible films. Edible films incorporated with the alcoholic extract of green tea showed high antioxidant activity as compared with the standard antioxidant BHA (Butylated hydroxyl anisole), The scavenging values of the film with GTE and the control film were 65.22% and 9.5%, respectively. The mechanical tests, revealed a decreasing in thickness in the control film which was formed without GTE from 181 μm to 169 μm. The tensile strength has been reduced in the film to 7.87 MPa where it was in the control sample 8

 In this study, the effect of humidity on the diffusion coefficient of radon gas and the diffusion length was studied  in different soils .We have used a modern device( SARAD German-made)was used to calculate the concentration of radon in different degrees of humidity and temperature. After linking it to the exposure system for radon, which was made by the researchers ,results obtained for soil indicated to a great agreement between the theoretical(predicted) and practical (measured) values ​​of the results of this study. ​​The study also indicated that diffusion coefficient decreased at slightly increasing of humidity by (10% -60%) of the diffu

The calculations of gross domestic product (GDP) show the contribution of each sector, whether Service fully or productively, to the formation of the national income.The agricultural sector is an important sector, although it did not take the lead in the composition of GDP because of the large contribution of the oil sector, especially in recent years, which witnessed the return of Iraq to the international oil market. The research aimed to measure the impact of some economic variables in agricultural GDP and analyze the role that these variables can play on the growth of this output, which can promote growth in the Iraqi agricultural sector. The research was bas

Investments in ownership of agricultural machinery services and access to them, especially for small-scale farmers, may not be the minimum cost option in comparison with hiring these required services through oral or written agricultural hire contracts. The main objective of this research is to test whether the custom hiring status of agricultural machinery services is better for selected sample in comparison with the other potential alternatives. The theoretical framework based on the financial approach of engineering costs analysis of agricultural machineries services, to calculate discounted cash flows. The data were collected by using cross- section data in rice production farms in Alnajaf Al-ashraf province during 2015 farmi

The artificial silk (Rayon) was produced from the fronds of date palms which was taken from date palm trees (type Al-Zahdi) from the Iraqi gardens. Two main parts of the frond, namely leaves and stalks were used in this study to produce rayon. The palm fronds were converted into a powder of 90-180 micrometers. Major steps were used to produce rayon; delignification, bleaching and finally dissolution. Modified organosolv method which uses organic solvent method was applied to remove high lignin content. Three variables were studied in the delignification process: temperature, the ratio of ethanol to water and digestion time. The results

The study was carried out  using full diallel cross between six inbred lines of maize, parents and their F₁ including reciprocals were planted in 19^th march 2014 at field of agriculture college, Duhok University. All treatments arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to estimate the general and specific combining ability of maize traits in single cross hybrids. According to the mean square values of The results showed that the general combining ability, specific combining ability, and reciprocal combining ability, the general combining ability exhibited significant variance for all traits except days to 75% tasseling and number of kernels row^-1, whereas, sp

 A field experiment was conducted at the fields of Agriculture College , Anbar University, (alternative site Abu Ghraib) during  spring and fall seasons of 2017, to study the effect of soil and foliar application of potassium (140 kg.ha^-1, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg-L^-1) on growth and yield of three varieties of sorghum (Lelo, Inkath and Ishtar), The experiment was carried out according to the design of  (R.C.B.D) and in order of the split arrangement with three replicates.  Results shows, the cultivar Ishtar was superior in most studied characters such as plant height and leaf area ​​148.67, 152.25 cm, 5210, 4767 cm².plant^-1, in two seasons, respectively. The same cu

This study was carried out during 2017, at the factory of shelling corn grains at Al-musayyib /Babylon governorate. The objective of this study was to evaluate some technical indicators of the locally modified sheller for corn grain by using sheller machine locally modified with different peripheral speed of shelling cylinder 900, 1100 and 1300 m/min, different clearance between shelling cylinder and concave 23 and 28 mm on some the properties, such as sheller productivity, quality productivity, power consumption and unshelled grains. This research was done by applying the split plot design experiment within RCBD using four replicates. The results showed the following: clearance between shelling cylinder and concave 28 mm indicat

The endosperm in cereals supplies nutrients to the developing kernel and seedling, and it is the primary tissue that gene imprinting occurs. Developing maize (Zea mays L.) endosperms were analysed for allelic gene expression in both reciprocal crosses of inbreds B73 and Mo17. A high-throughput transcriptome sequencing in kernels at 0, 3 up to 15 DAP of both reciprocals were performed, and found a gradual increased paternal transcript expression in 3 and 5 DAP kernels. Meanwhile, in 7 DAP endosperm, most of genes tested gave the ratio 2:1 maternal: paternal, suggesting that paternal genes are almost fully activated at 7 DAP. There were 300 PEGs and 499 MEGs identified across endosperm development stages. A 63 genes out of

This study was conducted in Diyala governorate/Iraq during wintering period of the sunn pest from Dece. 2016 to Feb. 2017. Three species of sunn pest was diagnostic. These species are Eurygaster integriceps (Puoton, 1881), E. testudinaria (Geoffory, 1785) and E .maura (len.1758).E .maura  was new species recorded to Iraq funna .E. integriceps is The most abundance of the three species hibernated  in the fields of the four region of Diyala governorate. The results showed that the three species of genus Eurygaster which diagnostic in Diyala governorate were overwintered as an adults under bushes ,dead leaves

Acetamiprid is one of the most wide used insecticides over the entire world. Three acetamiprid concentrations, the dependence one (200 ppm) and two other high concentrations (300 and 400 ppm) were used to treated tomato fruits at the final stage of ripening. A daily samples up to 15 days, were examined for their acetamiprid residues. The maximum migration of acetamiprid (systemic) into tomato fruit was observed after three days (1.7, 1.89 and 2.27ppm) of spraying by 200, 300, and 400 ppm. After 7 days of application, the acetamiprid residues are more than five-fold of the Maximum Residue Limit (acetamiprid MRL=0.2 mg/kg). Four groups of male mice (each of 10, control and three treatments) were used to study the effects of acetami

A field experiment was conducted during autumn season 2017 at Al-Saqlawia, far about 50km north-west of Baghdad/Iraq, aimed to a periodic evaluation for drip irrigation system to obtain best values of the suggested standards. The experiment included two factors; first, emitters' discharge (d) at two levels using emitters with 4Lh^-1 design discharge (d₄) and emitters with 8Lh^-1 design discharge (d₈). While the second factor; operational pressure at three levels, first level, operational pressure 0.5 bar(P₁), second, operational pressure 0.7 bar(P₂), and the last, operational pressure 1.0 bar (P₃), the experiment was designed according to randomized comple

The objective of this study to estimate  the Radiation Use Efficiency  under effect of three levels of nitrogen (N₁ = 80 Kg N ha^-1,  N₂ =120 Kg  N ha^-1, and   N₃=160 Kg N ha^-1) for a set of maize hybrids include (Gloria, Market, Cruze and Draxma) in two different seasons in spring and fall  of 2017 in Qlyasn-Sulaimani. The experiment was conducted using split plot design with three replicates . The results revealed higher intensity of PAR in autumn season than that of spring (15.672 and 10.555)MJm^-2d^-1  respectively that led to higher RUE in autumn revealing (4.311,3.546

Evaluation of drought patterns in Iraq and determining the most susceptible areas of this phenomenon were analyzed, using the remotely-sensed Drought Severity Index (DSI) through analysis the daily and annual DSI for three zones over Iraq, also have been analyzed DSI time series using run theory to evaluate the characteristics of drought in Iraq. The efficiency of DSI for drought monitoring was examined from compared with Percentage of Precipitation Anomaly (PPA) for three zones (Arid and Semi-Arid, Steppes and Desert), and compared with drought indicators (Evapotranspiration (ET), Potential evapotranspiration (PET) and total annual precipitation (PRE)) for the period 2000-2011, were derived from the Numerical Terradynamic Simula

In this study a mathematical models were developed to simulate draft force for three types of plows (moldboard, chisel and disk plow). The study was carried out in the experimental field of Agricultural Machinery Department at University of Basrah, which had silty clay soil texture. Independent parameters included three levels of tillage depth (0.15, 0.20 and 0.25m), three forward speeds (0.54, 0.83 and 1.53 m/s) and two levels of cone index (550 and 980 kPa). Response Surface Method (RSM) was utilized to produce models and to analyze results. Acquired results were used to extract accurate model for draft force. The draft force increased by 114% when tillage dept

Two field experiments were carried out at the College of Agriculture/ University of Baghdad during spring season 2017 on okra "Petra" to study foliar application of potassium and zinc on growth, green pod yield and seed production of okra. Split plot within RCBD design was used with three replicates for both experiments where potassium factor was used within main plot and zinc in sub-plot. Potassium sprayed with concentrations (0, 2000, 4000, and 6000) mg.l^-1 while zinc sprayed with the concentrations (0, 30, and 60) mg.l^-1. Results were showed that the potassium spray with concentrations 4000 mg.l^-1 and the zinc spray with 30 mg.l ^-1 was superiored in plant height (114.36 and 111.60 cm

The slow-release NPK double-coated granules obtained was evaluated in term of chemical interaction, surface morphology, and release rate of phosphate by Fourier Transform Infra Red spectrophotometer, Scanning Electron Microscope, and Visible spectrophotometer. Results showed that the FTIR spectrum of granules showed that no chemical interaction was observed between NPK granules and coating polymers during the coa

The objective of this study to investigate the effect of magnetic field on water properties recirculating
aquaculture systems. This study is based on previous works reporting the positive effects of exposure
to magnetic field on water properties, plant growth, plant germination, livestock-drinking water, and
fish fertilisation. It was conducted against the backdrop of serious issues pertaining to water quality in
recirculating aquaculture systems, which negatively impact aquaculture species growth. First, this
work evaluates the effect of exposed to magnetic field intensities of 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.10+0.15,
0.10+0.20, 0.15+0.20, and 0.10+0.15+0.20 T on water quality. The results showed significant (p < 0.05)
incre

This study was carried out at Al-Radhwaniyah fish Reservoir (Baghdad) to investigate the polymorphism of GH gene and relationship with some of productive characteristics (total weight gain (T.W.G), daily growth rate (D.G.R), relative growth rate (R.G.R) and specific growth rate (S.G.R) in common carp. single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in GH gene was analyzed by direct sequencing. Two SNP were identified in the third intron of GH1, the first SNP at site A1132T was negative correlated with growth traits, AA Gen

Results of current study represents the first investigation on age groups and growth of  Carasobarbus luteus from two stations of the Euphrates in Al- Muthanna province, during  the period from September 2017 to March 2018.A total of 155 samples were caught belonging this fish species . age group comprised five (II⁺-VI⁺) for males and six (II⁺-VII⁺) for females with dominant III ⁺ age group in both sexes. The annual increment in length was decreased with the increase in age group, while the

Rabbit’s urine waste (RUW) is one of the by-products of rabbit metabolism that not utilized. The complex nutrient content of rabbit’s urine is an enormous potential as a basic ingredient of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). In the production process of LOF, the fermentation process becomes very important. In the fermentation process, the role of decomposer is very important. The use of commercial decomposers (CD) containing selected microorganisms is difficult to implement in rural areas, as they are expensive and difficult to obtain. Therefore, it is very important to find alternative sources of decomposers derived from nature.  This study aims to evaluate the quality of LOF made from RUW using local microorganism (LM) a

Six inbred lines of maize were crossed in this study by using half – diallel analysis method , during spring season of 2017, to produce fifteen F1 crosses. The parents and crosses were cultivated during fall season of 2017 by using R.C.B.D with three replications to determine heterosis, general and specific combining ability effects and gene action . Significant differences were found among parental and their crosses for all the traits . The results were showed that the hybrid ( Zm - 1× Zm - 5) had the highest heterosis in grain yield.plant^-1 (113.4%). The hybrid (ART-B-17x SYN-33) produced highest number rows. ear^-1 (17.

A field study was conducted at the experimental farm, College of Agriculture, Abu-Ghraib (Alternative site), Baghdad , Iraq, during the spring and fall seasons of  2017, to evaluate the effects of tillage systems (zero tillage T1, Surface tillage T2, normal tillage T3) and three plant populations ( 66666 D1, 57143 D2, 50000 D3) on yield and it's Components of two maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars (Maha V1 and Fajr V2). The layout of the experiment was split split plot design with three replications, Results were revealed that the zero tillage (T1) was superior to surface and normal tillage in weight of 300 grains both seasons spring and fall. Also the same treatment was the best in ears number plant^-1, plant

Forests of Siberia are heterogeneous in species composition, productivity, types and nature of renewability. They are also heterogeneous in patterns of forest distribution on different categories of land, marshes, bare mountains, meadows and percentage of forest cover. This research investigates the main types of woody plants and geographical distribution of forest communities in Western Siberia. The forest zoning of Western Siberia was analyzed to reveal the features of zonal formation of forest biogeocenoses. Forest zoning and ecological and economic assessment of the productivity of forest communities within zones and regions make the basis for outlining the strategic priorities in the given territory, and help to develop a sy

This study was to examine the histological changes in liver and kidney in tramadol -induced rabbits . This study was conducted on 10 adult male rabbits. Rabbits. were divided evenly into two groups: control group, received 1 ml normal saline 0.9%  Treated group received 0.3 ml of tramadol subcutaneously for 30 days. Results:  The histological analysis of the liver showed that the thickening wall  with minimal fibrosis in the periportal  area infiltration of inflammatory cells in necrotic change of the hepatocytes massive vacuolation of the hepatocyte, kupffer cell were present intensity in the sinusoid. The histopathological examination of kidney revealed lymphocyte infiltration , congestion ,glomeru

 Deltamethrin insecticide was highly toxic to mammals and had long-term residual effects and easily causing environmental pollution. The dependence concentration of deltamethrin (25 ppm) was used to treat  unripe mandarin orange fruits through a field experiment. A daily and weekly fruit samples, up to 35 days, were examined for deltamethrin residues. The concentrations  of  deltamethrin  which immigrated via peel into flesh of mandarin orange were 3.4, 3.9, 4.5 and 5.2 ppm after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days respectively. The levels of deltamethrin residues were decreased (due to many degradation reasons) from the maximum amount (after 4 days) to undetectable amount after 35 days. The field experiment showed that t

The Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) is well-known as serious insect pest of date palm and other palm species. The pest was firstly recorded in Iraq in 2015. This study was confirmed the identification of this pest using molecular diagnostic (PCR and sequence analysis) and investigate the genetic relationship by comparison of the sequences with other recorded copies worldwide. The results confirmed the identity of the R. ferrugineus (Olivier) molecularly. Ten copies of mitochondrial COI gene of Iraqi samples (MF092880.1- MF092889.1) were firstly registered in National Center of Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The sequences comparison of Iraqi sample genes with worldwide genes showed hi

There is great interest for NPs manufacturing by environmentally friendly and economic manner. The aqueous leaves extract of Thuja orientalis was used to synthesized silica nanoparticles (SiO₂NPs) by using two green methods, the first one is the magnetic stirrer method and the second method by using the cold plasma. The XRD pattern for both samples annealed at T_a=600˚C for 1h, while they showed the characteristic of Bragg peaks for poly phases at (001), (010), (10-1), (1-10), (0-12) and (002) for SiO₂ triclinic (anorthic). The average crystalline size was calculated by using Scherer’s formula, which was