This research aimed to measure the impact of trade openness and changes in the terms of trade on the growth of agricultural domestic product in Iraq for the period 1990-2020. The independent variables were represented by indicators (trade openness, agricultural exports, the rate of trade of agricultural crops, and the exchange rate). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) measures the relationship between variables, in addition to the PP test for the stability of the time series. After the estimated model passed the bounds test, the short-run and long-run functions were estimated. The results of the estimation in the short run showed the existence of a positive effect of both terms of tr

This study was included 155 records of Awassi ewes and 199 records of lambs born during two seasons (2011-2012), belonging to the College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University. The effect of year was highly significant on all traits except for weight gain from weaning to 180 days (GW180d). Age of dam was significantly affected daily milk yield (DMY), birth weight (BW), weaning weight (WW) and gain from birth to weaning (GBW). Type of birth had significant  effect on DMY, BW,WW and weight at 180 days. The effect of lamb sex on WW, GBW was significant. Significant correlations coefficient were observed between DMY and total milk yield (TMY), months weight of lambs, GBW and GB180d being ranged from 0.46 to 0.99 and -0.4

This study was carried out at the vegetable research farm, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Dohuk University during two growing seasons on the period from 15^th November 2021to 1^st May 2022 and 15^th November 2022 to 1^st May 2023, to study the effect of two levels of phosphorus (0 and 36 kg.ha^-1) and three levels of Urtica extract (0, 3 and 6 g.l^-1) on four cultivars of pea (Mammoth, Mezza Rama, Kaspa and Javor). The results showed that the Mammoth cv. significantly enhanced plant height (cm) and number of pods.plant^-1 during both seasons, while Meza Rama cv. significantly enhanced chlorophyll%, weight of pod (g), length of pod (cm), width of

The aim of this study is to develop and predict models of tractive efficiency using the artificial neural network and stepwise approach. The tractive efficiency of tractor (CASE JX75T) was measured experimentally. Experiments were conducted in the site of Basrah University. Which had silty clay soil texture. The field conditions included effect of two level of cone index (550 and 980 kPa), two level of moisture content (8 and 21%), three forward speeds (0.54, 0.83 and 1.53 m/s) and four level of tillage depths (10, 15, 20 and 25 cm). The results illustrated that both developed models (stepwise approach and ANN technique) had acceptable performance for predicting tractive efficiency of tractor und

Corrosion is the deterioration or destruction of metals and alloys in the presence of an environment by chemical or electrochemical means. The phenomenon of corrosion behavior studies is three elements include economic, safety and maintenance. Pitting corrosion is a localized form of corrosion by which cavities or "holes" are produced interring the material layer surface. It's considered to be more dangerous than uniform corrosion damage because it is more difficult to detect, predict and design against. Pitting corrosion can produce pits with open holes or covered with a semi-permeable capsule of corrosion products. In this review, we study about the pitting corrosion mechanism and stages in the manufacture food equipment metals

A research  was  carried out in the lath house of the College of Agricultural Engineering sciences / University of Baghdad / Al-Jadriyah,  for three growth seasons Spring 2017, Fall 2017 and Spring 2018 to study the effect of different fertilization methods, were Fertigation (Ft) , Foliar application (Fa), traditional soil fertilization (Fo) and growth stimulant with two concentrations 0 (D0) and 1.5 mg.L^-1 (D1)  on the growth of local Citrus limon L. Saplings grafted on Citrus aurantium L. (So), C. volkameriana  (Vo), and Citrumello (Co). Saplings were cultivated in 10 kg plastic containers. A factorial experiment was carried out according to the Nested-Factorial Exp

Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of the most beneficial rhizosphere bacteria mostly used to control broad range of soil borne plant pathogens. The local isolate of P.fluorescens (PFDS) was formulated using calcium carbonate (CaCo₃), starch, grind rice and grind hornwort (Ceratophylum demersum L.)  as carriers to examine the best carrier for application of bacteria to control the  plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The results revealed a significant superiority of starch and CaCo₃ (35.3, 32.3

This study was aimed to isolation of pathogenic bacteria from different clinical cases like burns, wounds &UTI infections, then study the antimicrobial activity of Laurus nobilis leaves water extract on it. From a total of (80) samples were taken from these cases, the most isolated bacteria were related to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staph aureus & Escherichia coli. Antibiotic sensitivity test was done for isolated bacteria against (9) antibiotic and most of them revealed sensitivity to gentamycin, ciprofloxacin& trimethoprim/ sulphamethoxazole. Different concentration of Laurus nobilis leaves water extract (25, 50, 100,

أصبحت السيطرة على تلوث المياه العادمة ذات أهمية متزايدة في السنوات الأخيرة. لا يشكل إطلاق الأصباغ في البيئة سوى نسبة صغيرة من تلوث المياه ، ولكن الأصباغ مرئية بكميات صغيرة بسبب تألقها. في هذه الدراسة تم عزل طحالب Spirulina subsalsa  و Scenedesmus ecornis من جناروك و طق طق في مدينة كويا و قدرتها على امتصاص الأصباغ المختلفة. وأجريت دراسات دفعة في ج

Genotypes and allele frequency values ​​were studied to determine the genetic diversity of three microsatellite markers (BM1329, BM134 and CSSM66) in two local Iraqi sheep breeds (50 Awasi ewes (AW) and 50 Naimi ewes (NA)) and breed in one Agricultural Stations in middle of Al-Furut Iraq (Karbala Governorate). The Genetic analyses for the study were carried out at the Biotechnology Research Center /  Al-Nahrain University using PCR technology to obtain alleles for the studied microsatellites. The results of this study indicate that there is a multiplicity of genotypes and alleles resulting from these markers among the members of the single breed and between the studied breeds. It was rev

Soil degradation and water scarcity are considered the main challenges that are faced the agricultural production, particularly with changing climate. The objective of this study was to study the effectiveness of alum in improving some soil chemical properties using two qualities of irrigation water . The experimental study was conducted in the Anbar Governorate / Al-Khayrat district in the fall season in degraded clay loam soil. The experimental design for the study site was the split- Block arrangement with a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. This study included two factors: the main factor was water quality with river water (1.8 dS m^-1) and well water (3.8 dS m^-1), and the sec

The study aims to determine the impact of economic and social determinants on the size of women's contribution to agricultural work. The research used qualitative response models to determine the impact of the explanatory variables (age, marital status, educational level, training skills, experience in agricultural work, NGO support, health status, family size, experience in secondary agricultural work, use of agricultural machinery in plant production) and their impact on the variable affiliated with the participation of rural women for a random sample of (384) women in separate rural areas in Baghdad Governorate. The results of the analysis showed that the size of the family and the use of mechanization had a negative and weak

The increasing resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics has complicated the treatment of infections due to its various virulence factors. One of its major pathogenic traits is the ability to form thick biofilms, which allow the bacteria to adhere to living or nonliving surfaces and enhance drug resistance. Consequently, exploring safe and effective therapeutic alternatives from plant sources has become essential for combating this multidrug-resistant pathogen. In this study, essential oil of Ocimum basilicum (BEO) was extracted via distillation and analyzed by GC-MS. The BEO was then loaded onto chitosan nanoparticles (BEOCSNPs) prepared using the ionic gelation method with tripolyphosphate (TPP). The

Two experiments were conducted to study the efficiency of the ovine follicular fluid (_OFF) and the age of ewe on in vitro nuclear maturation of Awassi sheep oocytes (Experiment 1) and the subsequent stages of early embryos and their quality (Experiment 2). The _OFF has been added to the basic maturation medium (TCM-199) with three different levels (A: 0% (Control group), B:15%, C:25% and D:50%) while the ages of the ewes were determined into two main groups (> 2 and 1-2 year). In the first experiment, across the two age groups, matured oocytes in C solution achieved the highest (p=0.006) rates of metaphase-II (85.70 and 82.35 % respectively). In the second experiment, oocytes belo

This research was carried out at Research Station , Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering , College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences , University of Baghdad during fall season of 2020, it was aimed to improve flower productivity, quantity and quality of essential oils with increasing the concentration of N, P , K elements in the nutrient solution, and foliar app `lication of Plant growth promoters  (PGP) on Rosa Damascene grown on a soilless culture system with coco peat substrate bags. A factorial experimental design was carried out according to  (RCBD)with three replication. Results indicated the superiority of a high nitrogen treatment and 1.5 g of PGP (N2S2 ), of the flowers number, dry m

The purpose of this research was to find the effect of alcoholic extract of the lion's mane mushroom (Hericium erinaceus) against certain clinical pathological isolates isolated from Iraqi patients suffering from various diseases such as gingivitis, urinary tract infection, diarrhea and severe vomiting, and also a biopsy was taken from the stomach of people suffering from ulcers. Out of 150 males and females sample 107 samples were isolated and identified by chemical detection and VITEK 2 technique, and by PCR  for Halicobacter pylori as follows: Staph aureus(56),Salmonella typhi(6),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(10),Escherichia coli(15),Halicobacter pylori(10),Klebs

The current study was aimed at case recording and molecular detection of infectious coryza in chickens. Samples were collected and identified for Avibacterium paragallinarum from about 68 poultry farms for eight months from different five provinces Baghdad, Diyala, Babil, Salahuddin, and Wasit from different flock layers and broilers. Diagnosis of bacterial colonies was first done by isolation and microbiological and biochemical tests. From 15 nasal samples of respiratory sinus cases of chicken,6 isolates were A. paragallinarum, additionally, PCR technique was used to confirm A. paragallinarum, the results for these bacteria in this study were detected

 A Restricted Selection Index was constructed to genetically evaluate animals using a dataset composed of body weights of Shami kids at the ages of birth, weaning, and 6-month. The variance-covariance matrix (VCV) was generated and used to estimate genetic parameters for the index construction after adjusting the fixed effects; year, birth month, kid sex, type (single, twin or triplet) of birth, doe age, weights at kidding (KW), birth (BWT) and weaning (WWT) as covariates. General Linear Model and Restricted Maximum Likelihood methods were used to estimate BLUE for fixed effects and variance components for random effects, respectively. BW was 3.6

A field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Researchs and the Experiments Station in Wasit province during 2019-2020 season. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of three factors, the first being biofertilizer at three levels (without addition , a combination of Bacillus megaterium + Glomus mosseae and complet combination of G. mosseae, Azotobacter chroococcum, B. megaterium and Azospirillum brasilense). the second factor was three levels of vermicompost (without,3,6 Mg ha^-1).The third factor included three levels of triple superphosphate (0, 40 and 80%) of the fertilizer recommendation. The treatment were distributed in a factorial experiment according to a randomized complete block

The objectives of this study are to analyses the impact of price policy on wheat production in Iraq through its efficiency in resource allocation using Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) technique. This study depends basically on primary data collected from a random sample consisted of 115 farms, The sample has been divided into three subclasses, the first one area was less than 50 donum consisted of 64 farms, the second one area was between 50 – 100 donum and consisted of 33 farm, the third one area was more than 100 donum and consisted of 18 farm. The objective of this study is to analyses the impact of price policy on wheat production in Iraq. By estimation of policy analysis matrix elements, revenue transfers, tradable input tran

This study was aimed to investigate effectiveness of lycopene and nano-lycopene extracted from tomato waste powder in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms was studied. The study included preparing lycopene extract using a triple solvent mixture (hexane, acetone, and ethanol) in ratios (2:1:1) after evaporating them from the extractor and using it to prepare nano-lycopene by the technique of High-energy mechanical grinding. The surface morphology and roughness of the lycopene nanoparticles was determined, and their dimensions were determined using an atomic force microscope (AFM).The effectiveness of both lycopene and nano-lycopene extract was tested to inhibit gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi, and yeast using the sui

This study was conducted to show the effect of Hemazole fungicide on the growth and vitality of earthworms when treated with different concentrations of the pesticide (1000,200,40) mg.kgˉ¹ and for periods of (7,14,21,and28)  days, a clear decrease was observed in the growth rate of worms treated with the pesticide with the increase in the time period, and the highest decrease in growth was recorded at the concentration of 40 mg.kgˉ¹ amounted to 83.23% during the third period of rearing (21 days), as for the survival of worms, it was noted that young worms were affected by the three concentrations, and the time period for killing worms 100% was observed a

This study was aimed to determine some genetic parameters of summer squash (cucurbita pepo L.), half diallel cross among  eight inbred lines carried out in summer season 2021 at field of College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of  Duhok. The experiment lay out using randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that the mean square for all genotypes was highly significant effect in all studied traits. The inbred lines LBL2 and CNS2881 was superior in yield plant^-1 obtained 9.67 kg and 10.94 kg, the crosses (CNS2881 x PEP1670) and (PEP1670 x N33133) recorded the highest value 13.83 and 13.53 respectively. The crosses (PEP512 x, CNS2881), (CNS2881 x PEP

This study was aimed to analyze the annual rainfall and study the changes in the borders of rainfed regions in Iraq. Monthly rainfall data for 39 meteorological stations affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Transportation /Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology have been used. These data represent a Long-term Climate Records from January 1980 to December 2020 have been used to calculate the mean annual rainfall in Iraq over the 41 years. The resultes showed significant spatial and temporal variability in the annual mean rainfall, with higher values in the northern areas of Iraq and lower values in the southern regions. It was examined the succession of the rainfed line at 250mm. The results indicated that there have be

The research aims to identify the financial feasibility of cultivating the wheat crop under modern irrigation systems in desert areas and to clarify the impact of the capacity of the systems in those projects in achieving the financial feasibility of their establishment, using the economic evaluation criteria for the projects. The research included a study of 60 projects in Anbar Governorate for the 2020-2021 production season. It has been shown that projects that use several systems, despite their high investment costs, can recover the money invested in them within a relatively short period. The projects that use modern irrigation systems covering 60 donums were among the best projects that achieved technical efficiency in the p

The study was aimed to identify the concepts of water footprint and virtual water and how these two concepts could be used to achieve water savings at the local level to meet the water supply deficit in Iraq,which is expected to increase in the coming years through studying the water footprint and virtual water and their impact on the foreign trade for wheat and rice crops during the period 2000-2020 and estimating the most important indicators of virtual water and the water footprint of the study crops due to the importance of these criteria in determining the amount of increase or decrease in the area of ​​the studied crops.According to the foreign trade policy.This study was concluded that the average total water footprint

ABSTRACT

The experiment was carried out at southwest Baghdad during fall season 2021 and spring season 2022 on the industrial potato of Arsenal hybrid, and the experiment carried out using randomized complete block design with in split plot arrangement with three replicates (4 × 3 × 3). Bio-fertilizer distributed within main plots and interaction between phosphorus levels and Brassinolide growth regulator within sub plot. Bio-fertilizers included Aspergillus niger fungus alone and Bacillus Megaterium bacteria alone and the combination between them add the control and phosphorus treatment of three levels of 0.100, 200 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 and Brassinolide spraying of th

A factorial pot experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design (CRD) in greenhouse to evaluate contamination of oleander plant with some heavy metals, based on calculation of international environmental pollution indicators and effect of heavy metals on growth of oleander plant , with three factors and six replications. soil was treated with three heavy metals: Pb, Cd, and Ni, and four combinations: Pb + Cd, Cd + Ni, Ni + Pb, and Pb + Ni + Cd, with two levels of each element: 0 and 120 for Lead, 0 and 10 for Cadmium, and 0 and 70 mg kg-1 for Nickel with six time periods used for sampling: 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 and 240 days after planting, using sandy loam soil. Treatments symbolized as T_Ni, T_Cd

The study aimed to investigate the impact of location on the nature of the natural landscape along riverbanks and how the design of this landscape changes based on site-specific variables by establishing a theoretical framework that incorporates the principles of plant element design, considering these influences in the design of urban vegetative scenes. Subsequently, the study seeks to validate this theoretical framework along the banks of the Tigris River in Baghdad, focusing on the case study of Abu Nu’as, a site of cultural and natural significance for the city's residents. Among the key findings of the study is that the efficiency of designing urban vegetative scenes along riverbanks is enhanced through the use of local plant spec