A field trial has been conducted at the fields of Agriculture College/ Salahaddin University- Erbil in order to evaluate the addition of some organic fertilizers to some wheat varieties and their susceptibility to attack by both corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis and wheat thrips, Haplothrips tritici with their predators. Three types of organic fertilizers (livestock manure, poultry manure + plant compost & plant compost) in a rate of (10 m³/ ha) and synthetic fertilizer (NPK) at (0.1 m³/ha) were applied into the soil. There were significant effects of organic farming on decreasing the population density of both

The objective of this research to investigate  the agricultural techniques used by farmers in reducing the losses of wheat and barley crops in the governorates of the central of Iraq. To achieve the research objectives, use descriptive approach, which is one of the research methods The eight governorates of the central region of Iraq were selected except of Salah al-Din and Anbar were excluded due to poor security conditions. Random sampleS of 50% were selected from three governorates covered (Najaf, Karbala, Babylon) with33, agricultural divisions (25%) and 8, agricultural divisions distributed over the governorates were covered by the research. A random sample of 1% of the wheat and barley farmers were selected in the agri

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the administration of oleobiotic to the drinking water of Japanese quails. Three different concentrations ofoleobiotic (0, 30 or 50 ml/1000L) were administrated in the drinking water and provided to the birds for 5 weeks. Throughout the five weeks experimental period, there was no significant effect of oelobiotic on the performance parameters including (feed intake, body weight, weight gain and FCR) of Japanese quail. The liver was heavier and there was a tendency of spleen to be heavier by rising levels of oleobiotic. Among the measured biochemical parameters of serum, the concentration of albumin increased in the birds that received the medi

Bacterial starter Lactobacillus plantarum at concentration of 5% was added to the pastarma which was manufactured by using buffalo meat at ratio of 3 meat: 1fat. The fermentation process was done at 37 C^o and relative humidity of 80-85% for 48 hours for each inoculated sample. After this process, spices and garlic were added, the pastrama was stuffed in natural covers. The pastrama was matured at 15-17 C^o and relative humidity degree of 75-80% for 3 weeks. This study was carried out for following effect of the bio preservation by using Lactobacillus plantarum in the buffalo meat pastarma the microbial tests of the meat mixture showed that the total count of microorganisms, coliform

In this study, soil samples were collected from two locations: Samawa and Rumetha in southern Iraq. The samples from each location were split into two datasets: calibration set and validation set. A representative soil sample for each location was chosen for application of 5 levels of potassium phosphate fertilizer in 3 replications. Vis-NIR reflectance (350-2500 nm) and GIS-Kriging were used in combination with Partial Least Square (PLS) to predict soil available P. According to the results of this study, three wavelength regions were reported as a main sensitive bands for soil available P. The best prediction ability was achieved for Rumetha location at 1400-1600 nm with an R² of 0.85, lowest RMSE of 1.405, and lowes

The objective of this research was production, purification and characterization of  Bifidobrevicin-LHM from  Bifidobacterium breve isolated  from women breast Colostrum. The antibacterial activity of crude and purified Bifidobrevicin-LHM on Streptococcus.agalactiae were assayed, also investigated their effect on β-hemolysin activity which is purified from S.agalactiae in vitro .We developed an untried mouse model of acute S.agalactae pneumonia, biochemical, histopathological, microbiological, innate and specific immune response were determined. Purified and  crude Bifidobrevicin-LHM exhibited bactericidal  action against S.agalactiae isolates and its  β-hemolysin activity in vitr

In this study, evaluated the effect of turmeric dietary addition on immune response against the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Infectious bursal disease (IBDV). and histopathological changes in some internal  organs was evaluated in 42 day old broiler chicks. ninety-six Ross broiler chicks were reared from 1  to 42 days old and divided randomly into four groups, Feed and drinking water were offered ad libitum.  Group1 (G1) received turmeric (0.2%), while group2 (G2) received turmeric (0.4%), Group3 (G3) received turmeric (0.6 %) and group4 (G4) was the control positive received basal diet . At the end of the trial  

The aim of this study is to determine the toxicity of Thymus Vulgaris aquatic plant extracts comparing with copper sulfates against Bulinus truncatus the vector of urinary Bilharziasis. Samples of the snails were collected from a site in Al-Rasheed district (30 km) southern of Baghdad.  The isolation, identification, and acclimatization made in the laboratory. Many toxic parameters as NOEL (Non-Observed Effect Level), Threshold, EC (Effective Concentration) and LC (Lethal Concentration) levels were determined in this study. The EC50 of T. vulgaris and Copper sulfates to B. truncatus were (8.4, and 0.9g/L) respecti

Background: Pseudomonas putida can efficiently degrade phenol. The aim of this study was to determine the level of expression of the decomposition of the biological bacteria pseudo-foul pseudomonas putida affected by pesticides. Methods: the study included the collection of 125 different soil samples from the soil surrounding the roots of different plants. Culturing and biochemical tests, also diagnostic devices using the Vitek system for diagnosis of Pseudomonas putida. genetic variation of genes responsible for biodegradation, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect DmpN gene for molecular diagnosis and RT-PCR for gene expression. the results of the PCR sho

This study investigate the effect of concentration of lead ions (Pb²⁺) at 0,1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10,20,30, 40,50 and 100 mg L^-1, concentrations of the quantity of the adsorbed Pb on surface of calcium carbonate at a temperature of 298° Kelvin with all other variables remained constant, was carried out and this experiment was conducted in a single batch and using lead nitrate solution . The results showed that quantity of the adsorbed lead increased from 2.6 to 1924 mg kg^-1 Calcium carbonate, and when single and two surface  Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin and Polani equations were applied, they were able to describe lead adsorption on the surface of calcium carbonate at the used concentratio

The current study investigated the effect of water quality (the salinity of the irrigation water) and Tillage system on some soil physical properties. The experiment was carried out using RCBD with three replicates. wheat was irrigated by three water sources, a  river ,dranege and well waters with electrical conductivities  1.3, 3.5 and 6.9 ds.m^-1 respectively and three tillage systems were zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT) and deep tillage (DT). After harvest, some soil physical properties were evaluated including: bulk density, porosity, penetration resistance, hydraulic conductivity and mean weight diameter. The result showed that the bulk density values were 1.40, 1.44 and 1.47

Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism (MSAP) was used to characterize the alterations in DNA methylation in maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines and their half-daillels affected by plant densities (213333 plant h-1 and 13333 plant h-1). The two restriction was enzymes ( HpaII and MspI) succeeded in diagnosing a total of 23 specific loci, most of (22 loci) were Methylation Sensitive Loci (MSL), while the only one NML (No Methylated Loci) was monomorphic. Thirteen out of 22 MSL loci polymorphic, recording a were polymorphism percentage of 59%. Results of FeSOD gene expression cleared the different response of maize inbreds and hybrids to high plant density stress. Generally, the expression of  the targeted gene

 The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of some amino acids on tillering and grain yield of bread wheat cultivars. A field experiment was carried out at the agricultural experiment station, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad during the two winter seasons, 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. Randomized Complete Block Design within split plots arrangement was used in three replicates. The experiment included two factors, the first (main plots) was the wheat cultivars (IPA 99, Buhooth 22, and Abu-Graib3) and the second (sub-plots) was foliar application three amino acids (L-Tryptophan, L-Glycine, and L-Lysine) with concentrations 50 and 100 mg L^-1 and the amino

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of topping and plant densities on growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) .A field experiment was conducted at the research station of Field Crop Department-  College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad,during  two summer seasons (2016 and 2017).This study included two factors using Ranndomiled Complele Block Design within split plot arrangement  .The first factor, regulate growth  through foliar with the growth retardants (pix) at the beginning of flower buds appearance , foliar at the beginning of The flower appearance and growing tips topping at the  beginning of flower buds appearanc

This research was aimed to detect the seasonal phenomenon of the monthly sales of potato crop in Baghdad for the period (January 2010 - December 2015), using the krusskle - Wallis method. The research also aimed to determine the shape of the time series of the monthly sales of the potato crop whether to follow additive or multiplicative model. The problem of the research is presence of the seasonal phenomenon in the monthly sales of the potato crop, which will be reflected in one way or another on the short-term planning process. According to the results obtained, the monthly sales of the potato crop were predicted at 60 observations for the period January 2016 - December 2020, where the results were consistent with those in the

This research aims at predicting the imported quantities of rice in Iraq for the period 2016-2023 through the use of the self-regression model (VAR). The values ​​of explanatory variables (local production, population, national income, local price index, of rice consumption), where the predicted values ​​for each of these variables are estimated separately using the moving average method based on the data of the last 10 years. The research concluded that there is no difference between the actual values ​​and the predicted values ​​in the short term. This is the problem that emerged from the research which is the mismatch between these values. Therefore, the research recommended that the short term forecasts be ado

This study was conducted to assess soil salinity forecasting using spectral soil reflectivity. Artificial salinization was carried out on silty clay loam soil. Collected soil sample was handy crushed, sieved through a 4 mm sieve and backed in plastic columns. The columns were closed from the bottom with a perforated plastic lids with the presence of sand-gravel filter. Columns placed vertically at plastic basins contain saline ground water and left for salinization by capillary rise. At the desired salinity level, soil reflectivity was measured using spectroradiometer and wave length between 350-2500 nm, and band width 1 nm. Soil salinity and moisture were determ

This study was conducted to assess soil salinity forecasting using spectral soil reflectivity. Artificial salinization was carried out on silty clay loam soil. Collected soil sample was handy crushed, sieved through a 4 mm sieve and backed in plastic columns. The columns were closed from the bottom with a perforated plastic lids with the presence of sand-gravel filter. Columns placed vertically at plastic basins contain saline ground water and left for salinization by capillary rise. At the desired salinity level, soil reflectivity was measured using spectroradiometer and wave length between 350-2500 nm, and band width 1 nm. Soil salinity and moisture were determ

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Phyllanthus emblica extract by (ethanol: methanol 1:1) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at different concentration started with 20, 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25 and 0.625 mg/ml. The antibacterial activity was determined by the agar well diffusion method to investigate the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The alcoholic extract of Phyllanthus emblica had the highest antibacterial activity at 20 mg/mL and 5 mg/mL except in Pseudomonas aeruginosa where the value of inhibition was between 20 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL whereas The MIC concentration

Iraq has been endemic for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) with natural infection causing significant losses in the poultry industry since 1968. This study was designed to  identify a natural infection of NDV  occurred in three governorate in the northern part of Iraq (Erbil, Sulymaniyah and Duhok)  among chicken flocks and estimate its virulence  by the mean death times(MDT) and intra-cerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI). Ninety six flocks with high mortality were examined for post mortem lesions and the samples collected from suspected ND chicken flocks, either sick or dead showed characteristic clinical findings and show positive rapid test for NDV antigen. The collected sample

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deprivation on productive traits of newly post hatched chicks. A total number of Ross 308 birds (120) were divided into four groups as in the following way: group1 (G1=38 bird), was regarded as positive control and had been supplied directly with the feed, whereas group2 (G2=27 bird), group3 (G3=28 bird) and group4 (G4=27 bird) were supplied with the diet at post hatch period of 24h, 48hr and 72h respectively. Water supplied was ad libitum to all groups immediately after placing. Result revealed that G1 showed significant performance (P<0.05) according to the level of yolk sac absorption (Y.S.A), Feed Conversion Ratio (F.C.R). The final body weight gain (B.W.G) sh

This study was conducted to assess the water quality of the Diwanyiah River by the water quality Index (WQI) over the period from September 2015 to June 2016. Four sites were selected along the river. The Canadian water Quality Guideline- water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) was applied to the Diwanyiah River in this study. Nine environmental parameters (water temperature, power of Hydrogen ion, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total alkalinity, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate) were selected to assess the water quality for the protection of aquatic life. The water quality index results showed that the water quality of the river is ranged between poor to marginal.

This study was conducted on Antirrhinum majus plant to investigate the effect of the light selective and colored covers red, yellow and control with spraying by paclobutrazol in three concentrations (0,50 and100 mg.L^-1) on some vegetative growth. The factorial experiment was carried out within Randomized Complete Block design using three replicates with six plants for each replicate. Results indicated that there was a significant decrease in the plant characters grown under the red and yellow polyethylene covers in comparison with the plants grown under the control cover. These characters were the plants height, number of the internodes, number of branches, diameter of the crown area, number of leaves, leaf ar

Pseudomonas fluorescens is one of the most beneficial rhizosphere bacteria mostly used to control broad range of soil borne plant pathogens. The local isolate of P.fluorescens (PFDS) was formulated using calcium carbonate (CaCo₃), starch, grind rice and grind hornwort (Ceratophylum demersum L.)  as carriers to examine the best carrier for application of bacteria to control the  plant pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. The results revealed a significant superiority of starch and CaCo₃ (35.3, 32.3

A field experiment was conducted at Abu-Ghrib during 2013- 2014 season to study the effect of harrowing systems on the decomposition and fermentation on organic matter(OM) when added and mixed with the soil under special technology, as well as its effect on the growth parameters and productivity of (Zea mays L. 5018). The experiment was laid out using factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) in split-split design with three replications in SCL bare soil with a percent of moisture ranged from 16 – 18 %. The main plots were designated to the two systems of harrowing (Rotary Harrowand Disc Harrow ). The sub main plots were specified for two organic matters ( Sheep manure ,cow manure ) . Data were statistic

The study area is located in Wasit province, represented in Al-Souera about 60km south of Baghdad (464273.369- 463318.982) East and (3643443.734 - 3643798.3013) North. GIS technology was used to predict some of soil fertility parameters by using Kriging Application and to produce a final fertility map by standard method of assessment, building a database of soil characteristics in GIS environmental. The results showed: There were four classes of fertility assessment in the study area, very fertile soil class was not found because the study area did not contain the ideal state of the indicators used in soil fertility assessment. The fertile soil class in the study area was 7.53% from the total are

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of five concentrations of growth regulator of (0, 25 GA3, 50 GA3, 100 Salicylic acid, 150 Salicylic acid) mg.L^-1 and three types of preservative solutions on the vase life and water relations for Gladiolus hybrida L. after cut flower. The experiment was conducted as a factorial experiment (3×5) according to Randomized Complete Blocks Design, with three replicates. The results showed that GA3 (50 mg.L^-1) significantly excelled in relative fresh weight of 155.33%, absorbed water 59.00 g /flower /day, the lost water 32.99 g /flower /day, water balance 26.01 g /flower /day, vase life 16.96 days, dry weight of flowers 22

A stochastic frontier approach is used for analyzing of the environmental impacts of soil salinity in Iraq. An econometric method based on the neoclassical production theory (stochastic frontier analysis) is transformed to enable the definition and estimation of environmental efficiency of wheat production farms in irrigated areas in central Iraq. The study is based on a sample of 360 farms. Farms were divided into three sub groups according to the soil salinity level - low salinity, medium salinity, and high salinity. The empirical results indicate that farmers are broadly environmentally inefficient. Based on an improved input mix, the average potential environmental impact reduction for low, medium, and high salinity farms is

Observations on the biology of Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus)were made under  room temperature conditions (26 ± 2°C; 35 ± 10% Relative Humidity) feeding stages were fed on wheat leaves and shelled Sunflower seeds. Light and dark morphs were observed for second, third, fourth and fifth instars; short fine hairs on dorsal head, thorax and abdominal of fourth and fifth instars observed; fifth instars have black and white banded antennae. The mean periods of pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition were 7.8, 33 and 2.5 days, respectively; the averages of female and male longevity were 43.3 and 36

A study was conducted during fall season of 2015-2016 at Qwshtapa farm village of Grdmala, Erbil to study the effect of different rates of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizers application on nutrient balance and yield of Broccoli. Treatments included 5 levels of nitrogen (0, 60,120,180 and 240 kg N ha^-1), and 5 levels of potassium (0,150,300,450 and 600 kg K ha^-1) in factorial experiment in RCBD with three replicates. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated system (DRIS) methodology was applied to study nutrient balance. Results indicated that yields were 23.916 and 11.233 Mg ha^-1 for N₃