This study aimed to analyse historical food availability in Sudan during 1961-2013. This was achieved by assessing the food supply (kg/capita/yr.), dietary energy supply (DES) (kcal/capita/day), composition of diets and food self-sufficiency. The study depended on the available secondary data from FAO balance sheets. Percent share, annual cumulative growth rate and trends were used as analytical tools. The total food supply had a positive growth rate of 4.9%. The DES increased from 1743 to 2186 kcal/capita/day, implying that Sudan is food insecure. Cereals constitute approximately half of the total DES. The percentage share of vegetal sources was paramount in the DES (80%), protein supply (60%) and fat supply (45-68%) relative to

The inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes such as α-amylase can be an important strategy in the postprandial blood glucose level in patients with type II diabetes, plants contains  different  chemical  constituents with  potential  for  inhibition  of α-amylase  and  hence  may be used  as  therapeutic.  Nine types of plants include (Clove, Lemon, Chamomile, Radish, Ginger, Black seed, pomegranate, Beetroot and Garlic) were used in this study to select the optimum plant material that inhibited α- amylase enzyme. Raphanus raphanistrum was chosen, it had the highest inhibition activity of the enzyme (95.5%). Also sodium phosphate buffer (0.2 M, pH

Three soil sites were chosen in sulaymaniyah governorate, for three types of trees (pine, oak  and pear), in order to study the effect of biochemical activities in rhizosphere on weathering of mica and potassium availability comparing with Bulk soil. Results of X-ray showed that the transformation process of mica to 2:1 expandable minerals in rhizosphere was exceeded than in Bulk soil of all type of trees. While the superiority of mica weathering, and increase of smectite content in all rhizosphere were taken a followed sequence. Pine > oak > pear. Results of SEM for clay samples of Bulk soil showed there was no cracks, splitting, Exfoliation, and no separation of the layers on the surfaces of minerals. While the inspe

Betamethasone sodium phosphate (BMSP)  selective molecularly imprinted polymers(MIPs) were based on ion-pair by prepared four polymers(MIPs) using BMSP as the template a well as (Acryl amide) (AAM), 2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl-1-Propane sulphonic Acid (2-AAMMPSA as monomer, used N,N-ethylenebismethacrylamide (EBMAA) ,ethylene glycol dimethacrylate ethylene glycol(EGDMAC), N, N-methylene bisacrylamide (NNMBAAM)) as cross linker and used benzoyl peroxide as initiator . NIPs prepared by using the same composition of MIPs except the template (BMSP). The MIPs were prepared using variation  ratio of monomer and cross linker .These MIPs applicate as solid phase extraction for determination    BMSP in pharmaceutical pr

This study aimed to determine antibiotic resistance profiles and the distribution of Integron I, Integron II, and genes among uropathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients suffering from urinary tract infection. The results revealed that one hundred and thirty-seven (91%) out of 150 clinical specimens were Klebsiella pneumoniae. The isolates (137 isolates) were given a higher percentage of resistance against Piperacillin (94.89%)and Rifampicin (93.43%) and the lowest resistance was with Meropenem (40.87%). According to PCR amplification

In order to conserve the ecosystems and biodiversity of wetland areas, it is necessary to monitor the degradation of these areas. Currently, Al Razzazah lake and its surrounding areas have degradation significantly due to its low water level, which has negatively affected its biodiversity. Hence, this   research aims to propose a method to model the monitoring of spatio-temporal changes in that lake and its surrounding areas with an area estimated at 4660 km² between (1998 – 2018) using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. After conducting the supervised classification by the method of Support Vector Machine (SVM) for all satellite images, we extracted thematic maps, which contain five c

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Mycoplasma synoviae in broiler and layer chickens infected with respiratory signs. A total of 80 samples were collected randomly from layer and broiler chickens with respiratory signs in Baghdad from the period between January to May 2017 from the trachea, Lung, Air sac, oviduct, tracheal swabs, conjunctiva swabs, choanal swabs, and nasal swabs and cultured in PPLO medium with supplements, then positive culture subjected to DNA extracted and Polymerase Chain Reaction assay (PCR) to detect Mycoplasma as a genus and Mycoplasma spp by using specific primers targeting16S rRNA gene. The results of culture revealed that the total rate of Mycoplasma<

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of phytase as a feed additive on growth performance and survival rate against Saprolegnia spp.in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. A total of 120 C. Carpio (initial mass 20.05-20.35g) were randomly stocked into six treatments in duplicate (10 fish/tank) as follows: T1, T2, and T3 were fed the basal diet supplemented with phytase at 1000, 2000, and 4000 IU/Kg diet respectively, while T4 were fed on basal diet plus β-glugan at a concentration of 8.5 g/kg as well as the control group was fed basal diet without any addition of phytase. Results showed after 60 days of feeding period, that the addition of phytase enzyme was significantly (p<0.05) affected on da

Information on the degree of water erosion is of imperative importance to professionals who are engaged in reducing soil losses via implementing soil conservation measures. Soil Conservation requires the knowledge of the factors controlling soil loss. Rainfall erosivity is one of the major controlling factors inducing water erosion. To achieve this objective, several univariate models were developed to estimate the rainfall erosivity in the upper part of Iraq. The database for models development was based on rainfall data of different time scales obtained from 25 stations distributed across the study region. The explanatory variables encompassed annual rainfall (P), Fournier index (FI), modified Fournier index (MFI) and precipita

The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse during 2017 and 2018 growing seasons to evaluate the impact of the shading and various nutrition programs on mitigating heat stress, reducing the use of chemical minerals, improving the reproductive growth and yield of tomato plant. Split-plot within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was conducted in this study. Shading factor was allocated in the main plots and the nutrition programs distributed randomly in the subplots. Results indicate that shading resulted in the decrease of daytime temperature by 5.7˚C as an average for both seasons; thus a significant increasing was found in leaf contents of macro nutrients (Nitrogen, Phosphorous, a

This Experiment was carried out in the plastic houses , College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences , University of Baghdad during the spring season 2018. Six inbred lines of bitter gourd were crossed full diallel crosses and planted during season 2018-2019 (six inbred lines +15 diallel hybrid + 15 Reciprocal hybrid + control hybrid). These genotypes were studied under the influence of amino acid spraying. This experiment was carried out using the split-plot design included two factors: The first factor represents amino acid spraying with control treatment and spraying phenylalanine amino acid a

An experiment was conducted in the Date Palm Research Units labs / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad to assess the tolerance toward salinity stress in potato after two mutagens treatments in vitro. Potato cv. Arizona and Rivera nodal segments were irradiated with four dosages of gamma rays at 0, 10, 20, and 30 Gray and immersed in (EMS) with four concentrations included 0, 10, 20, and 30 mM. The survival rates after mutagenesis treatments were calculated and 449 lines were obtained. The lines were tested for salinity tolerance by growing in MS medium supplemented with four concentrations of NaCl at 0, 100, 150, and 200 mM and data were analyzed according to the CRD with 10 replicates an

This study was aimed at assessing marketing efficiency in the main sites of meat production of calf fattening fields in the private sector due to the importance of meat, especially red meat, which has essential nutrient for human body growth and high commodity prices depending on the measurement indicators used to suit the nature of the research conducted in calves fattening production fields in Gogjali region- Nineveh  (2018). The basic source data of the study is obtained from sources on the ongoing ground- marketing questionnaire of three levels, the producer, the wholesaler, the retailer and two fields groups of caste random sample. The first group included (100) fields with imported cal

In this research, we used a gravity model to investigate whether water scarcity variables influence agricultural trade of cereal crops for Saudi Arabia. We compare the OLS, Fixed effects, Random effects, and Poisson Pseudo-Maximum Likelihood (PPML) estimators to determine the best model. The AIC, and multicollinearity, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation tests assist in determining estimation procedures and the final model. We cluster the errors by distance to improve the specific country effect variables, such as economic mass. We find that water-related variables influence virtual water imports of cereals, millet, corn, barely, and sesame.

The research aims to measure the economic efficiency and technological change and the total productivity of resources using the parameter and non-parameter methods, for agricultural companies registered in the Iraqi stock exchange, the number of 6 companies for the period from 2005 to 2017 based on the hypothesis that the  agricultural companies do not achieve economic efficiency and does not control the management of its operations, and It may be technically efficient but the size of its operations is not optimal. From non-parametric methods, the data envelope analysis method was used. Using the DEAP program, the Middle East Company achieved the highest average technical and cost efficiency of 0.62 and 0.58, respectively. T

Dietary replacement of soybean meal by toasted sunflower meal in Clarias gariepinus diet was investigated in a 56-day feeding trial using growth, body composition, digestibility, haematology and liver histology as indices of assessment. Sunflower seed meal was toasted at 204⁰C for 5, 10 and 15 minutes. Control diet consist of soybean meal which was replaced by differently toasted sunflower seed meal at a rate 15, 30 and 45% to produce nine 40% crude protein, 18kj/kg test diets. Triplicate groups of fish in 70-litre capacity aerated rectangular plastic tanks were assigned to each dietary treatment at a stocking rate of 15 fingerlings (4.97±0.42g average weight) per tank in a completely randomized design. Fish

This study was designed to determine ZmHKT1;5 gene expression  in relatively salt tolerant using four maize genotypes (Alfajr and Almaha  and medium-tolerant ones T1 and T6) within cellular level.  Three salinity levels (2, 8, and 16 ds / m .  Were used immature seeds were surface sterilized and embryos were dissected under full sterilization conditions. Callus was initiated from immature embryos of the above four genotypes on Skoog and Murashige (MS) medium supplemented with the required growth regulators (3 mg/L 2,4-D +0.5 mg/L kinetin) and recultured for three times and transferred to the stress medium containing NaCl.

This study was aimed to demonstrate the seroprevalence and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii among ewes and horses as well as to determine the risk factors for infection in Duhok province. Sera and blood samples from 700 ewes and 62 horses were collected. Sera were examined by indirect ELISA for detection of anti-T. gondii IgM antibodies and in molecular study, DNA was extracted, then by PCR, B1 gene was amplified and the product visualized and sent off for sequencing. Serologically, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis was 17.7 (11/62) and 28.9 (202/700) in horses and ewes by ELISA respectively. Present of cats on the farm was significantly associated with T. gon

This study was aimed to produce AuNPs biologically using Klebsiella pneumoniae and study their synergistic effect with some antibiotics.Technologies of nanoparticles are quick and are employed in many applications in biomedicine. The potential of metallic nanoparticle as an anti-microbial agent is greatly investigated which considered as an alternative method to reduce the challenges of multi-drug resistance microbes. The present study discusses the novel approach to synthesize nanoparticles involving eco-friendly synthesis of gold nanoparticles using Klebsiella pneumoniae and study their effect as antimicrobial spectrum .Also study synergism effect of gold nanoparticles with an

This study was aimed to estimate the influence of Conocarpus erectus L. residues, and some micronutrients on growth and production of potato. This research was conducted at one of the fields of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad. The experiment was implemented using factorial arrangement (4X3X3) within randomized complete block design with three replicates. Conocarpus fertilizer was represented the first factor with three levels (7.5, 15, 30 ton.ha^-1), which symbolized (C2, C3, C4). Mineral fertilizer as recommended dose as a control, which symbolized (C1). The second factor was foliar spraying with three levels of iron (0, 100, 2

This study had as principal objective identification of osmotic-tolerant potato genotypes by using "in vitro" tissue culture and sorbitol as a stimulating agent, to induce water stress, which was added to the  culture nutritive medium in different concentration (0,50, 110, 220, 330 and 440 mM).  The starting point was represented by plantlets culture collection, belonging to eleven potato genotypes: Barcelona, Nectar, Alison, Jelly, Malice, Nazca, Toronto, Farida, Fabulla, Colomba and Spunta. Plantlets were multiplied between two internodes to obtain microcuttings (in sterile condition), which were inoculated on medium. Sorbitol-induced osmotic stress caused a significant reduc

Soil erosion by water is an extensive and increasing problem worldwide. Albeit, this problem has been recognized as a significant hazard in Iraq, yet the number of studies on this topic is very limited. Most of the models used for estimating soil erosion contain parameters for slope length factor (LS). A major constraint is the difficulty in extracting the LS factor. Accordingly, the current study was initiated with the main objective of deriving models to predict the slope length from relatively easy to measure basin characteristics with a reasonable accuracy. To achieve the above objective, standard methodologies were employed to describe 30 main basins with the upper part of Iraq in terms linear, areal and relief morphome

In the last decade, tilapia fish species distributed in the Iraqi inland waters. Three species; Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), Blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) and Redbelly tilapia Coptedon zillii (Gervais, 1848) inhibiting Shatt Al-Arab River. They belong to family Cichlidae. They are very similar to differentiate among them using biometry. So, genetic markers used for species discrimination. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) protocol used to examine genetic variation and to generate DNA fingerprints of tilapia fish species in Shatt Al-Arab River. Sixty-two specimens of tilapia fish collected from Shatt Al-Arab

This experiment was conducted and aimed to reducing mortality and losing the weight of birds transported to the slaughter house through reducing or Transport stress removal and thus to reduce financial losses. 150 birds used almost equal weights that were divided into three treatment groups and by five replicates for each treatment is control treatment (T1) without giving anything and treatment with salicylic acid concentration 1 g / liter of drinking water (T2) and treatment with ascorbic acid (T3) concentration 0.5 g / Liter of drinking water provided 24 hours before its transport. The transport process resulted in a highly significant decrease (P ≤ 0.01) in body weight in treatment T1 as it reached 4.66%, while it reached 1.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels (5g/kg ,10 g/kg or litter) of chamomile flower in feed and water on performance and gut health of broiler chickens under E. coli challenge. A total of 480-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly assigned to 12 treatments each replicated 4 times with 10 birds. Oral inoculation with E. coli was on days 8 and 9 of birds age. At day 10 and 35, the interaction (p<0.05) between the experimental factors decreased the feed intake in the challenged birds supplemented with chamomile. At day 10, unchallenged birds were heavier (p<0.05) than the challenged groups.  Up to 35 days, birds on antibiotics (zinc bacitracin 360g

This study was aimed to purify, characteristic, and fibrinolytic activity of staphylokinase (SAK), is an enzyme activates plasminogen to form plasmin, which digest fibrin clots that cause thrombosis clot. Staphylokinase was purified from local isolate Staphylococcus aureus GH38 by ammonium sulfate precipitation at 70% saturation followed by ion exchange chromatography (CM-Cellulose) with a purification fold 2.73, and 1.53, and recovery 72.1, and 33.11% in wash and elution steps respectively. The partially purified enzyme was high activity at 40°C with pH 7 and the enzyme retained 100% of its activity at 35°C with pH 7. The activity of an enzyme increas

Natural dye is easier to dissolve in water and to be absorbed by our body than artificial pigment. Anthocyanin pigment combination from different sources is able to improve functional food quality. Soymilk is a white liquid vegetarian functional food which hasn’t adorable appearance. The dragon fruit skin and teak leaves anthocyanin extract combination can be used as alternative natural pigment to improve soymilk’s quality. Dragon fruit skins bright red, while the teak leaves is dark red with higher anthocyanin content. This study aimed to determine the dragon fruit skin and teak leaves anthocyanin extract combination to Argomulyo var. soymilk’s quality. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) one factor (dragon fruit skin and t

Date palm needs sufficient water of acceptable quality to reach its potential yield. The present study conducted in Al-Hassa Oasis located in the Eastern Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia aiming to estimate the daily, monthly and annual actual evapotranspiration (ETa) for date palm using Landsat-8 satellite data during 2017/2018. Also, an attempted was made to compare between the computed ETa and the actual water applied in the field. The Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) supported by climate data was used to calculate the ETa. The SEBAL model outputs were validated using the FAO Penman-Monteith method coupled with field observation and measurements. The results showed that the highest daily ETa value observed

This study was aimed to investigated the relationship between the daily average of meteorological parameters (MP), and the daily average (DA) of air pollutant concentrations (PC) (including particulate matter (PM)). In this study, the DA of air PC, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂), was measured during heavy traffic in the summer season for five different locations throughout 2017, and comparison made with results similarly obtained in 2012. The particulate matter sample has been collected for the same period. The daily average meteorological parameters (MP) such as temperature (T), atmospheric pressure (AP), wind direction (WD), wind speed (WS) and relative humidity (RH) were meas

The study was aimed to determine the coordinates of  the points were measured by different ways and different instruments, the most precise way using the differential global positioning system (DGPS) that will be the reference measurements in comparison, less precise way using navigator GPS. Google earth (pro.), and the other applications of GPS mobile ( Samsung and I-phone). In this research (8 points) were chosen that are occasional in location. The comparison of the different observations can give us an idea of ​​the extent to which the accuracy of the observations differs from the different devices used in the observing, as well as through the knowledge of the best device and the best way to measure