Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder of histiocytes encompasses a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from a benign localized disease to acute
generalized disease with fatal outcome.
Objectives: to retrospectively evaluate clinical characteristics at diagnosis and outcome of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of data on 21 children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis followed at Oncology unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City,
Baghdad, between 1999 and 2006.
Results : The age at time of diagnosis of LCH ranged from 3 months to 9 years, with a median of 22 months, and male to female ratio was 1

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal stem disease with distinctive clinical course which is ultimately fatal. It is characterized by the presence of Philadelphia
chromosome (t 9:22).Tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib mesylate as targeted therapy had revolutionized the management of CML with significant prolongation of overall survival and
decreased rate of blastic transformation.
Objective:This study will describe the experience of treating 44 Iraqi patients with chronic myeloid leukemia by imatinib at the National Hematology Centre in Baghdad.
Patients and Methods:This study included 44 Iraqi patients diagnosed in Chronic phase CML at the National Centre of Hematology in Baghdad fr

Background: Geographic variations in the incidence of different congenital coronary anomalies are well known, but infrequently studied in the Iraqi population.
Recognition of coronary anomalies is important in patients undergoing coronary arteriogrphy; coronary interventions and cardiac surgery .Variation in the frequency of primary congenital coronary anomalies may possibly have a genetic background. 
Patients and methods: Three thousands adult patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography at two cardiac centers in Baghdad between January 2003 to March 2006. Their angiographic films were reviewed by at least two experts in coronary angiographic study.
Results: Among 3000 adult patients wh

Background:- Cryoprecipitate (CRYO) is the cold- precipitated concentration of factor VIII , it is prepared from fresh frozen plasma (FFP) by rapid freezing within
six hours of collection and thawed slowly between 1 - 6 Cº and removed from the supernatant . The product contain most of F VIII and part of fibrinogen from the
original plasma as well as F XIII Von Willebrand (vWF) and fibronectin 

Aim of the study: -This study is conducted to provide more information about significant contents of cryoprecipitates in regard to factor VIII, fibrinogen, and von
Willebrand factor as part of the quality assurance in blood transfusion centers and to provide competent and efficient therapeutic materials to

Background: the most common underlying cause of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is myocardial ischemia. Diastolic dysfunction has been reported in up to 90% of patients with coronary artery disease.

Background: Plane warts represent a common dermatological problem encountered in daily practice with no uniformly effective treatment modality.<br />Patients and methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Baghdad Teaching Hospital / Medical City from April 2005 to June 2006. Fifty patients enrolled in the study and 36 completed it. Patients were instructed to apply isotretinoin gel once daily and keep on regular follow up every 2 weeks for one month to assess the esponse and side effects. At the end of the first month those with complete cure were instructed to stop therapy and keep on regular follow up to detect any recurrence.Patients with no response were divided into 2 groups. One grou

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem. It affects areas of high density of sebaceous glands like the face, chest and back. The penile skin is no exception, also can be affected with acne, however little was written on this subject.<br />Patients & Methods: This is a clinical epidemiological study conducted at the Department of Dermatology & Venereology- Baghdad Teaching Hospital, during the period between December 2007 and May 2008. Seventy six male patients with facial acne vulgaris were enrolled in the study. A full history includes age, age of onset of facial acne and any penile lesion observed by the patient Examination of the face was done for the severity of acne and grading it into mild, moderate, severe

Background: Beta-thalassemia major is a prevalent global condition characterized by a rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Regular blood transfusions can give rise to problems such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, and renal disorders. Alpha-Klotho protein is a protein that has anti-aging properties and is involved in several functions, including reducing oxidative stress, regulating energy metabolism through several routes, and managing calcium and phosphate metabolism.

Objective: This study aimed to assess changes in calcium and phosphate levels, Alpha-Klotho protein concentration, and their associations with cardiac dysfunction in patients with Beta-thalassemia major.

Placenta accrete is defined as an abnormally adherent placenta that is directly attached to the myometrium because of inadequate development of the fibrinoid layer (Nitabuch layer) and absence of decidua basilis either partially or totally. (1) Three degrees of placenta accrete exist depending on the depth of villous invasion: placenta accreta is when villi
become attached to myometrium, placenta increta: the villi invade the myometrium, placenta percreta represents the greatest degree of severity where placental villi penetrate
throughout myometrium and peritoneum extending sometimes to adjacent structure such as the bladder. (1, 2, 3)Placenta accreta accounts for 78% of

Background: infection monomcleosis is caused by the ubiquitous Epstein-Barr virus.

Background: This study comprises0two parts, the first one dealt with epidemiology, etiology and clinical picture of"brain abscess. This part describes diagnostic investigations,
management and final outcome of brain abscess during a 10 years period. 
Methods: The case records of patients with brain abscess admitted to the neurosurgical specialties hospital in Baghdad over a 10 years period extending from 1 " Jan. 1993 to 3 1 " Dec.
2002, inclusive were reviewed. Data obtained included demographic and clinical data.
Results: Results of peripheral leukocytes count, ESR and CSF were supportive in 16.7%, 67.9% 78` o ol'cases in which tests were applied, respectively. CT scan was suggestive in 100%
of cases.

Background: To find an operation that can be effectively carried out in both adults and children, equally applicable in the elective as well as in the emergency situation and for the good – risk as well as the poor – risk patients. Done by expert and junior surgeons in a short time. 
Patients and Methods: Twenty patients with portal hypertension and bleeding varices aged 9-45 years were treated with shunting procedures (group 1, n=10), or a modified Sugiura operation (group 2, n=10) in accordance with the following therapeutic protocol: after resuscitation and diagnostic endoscopy, an emergency modified Sugiura operation was carried out if bleeding could not be controlled over 24 hours. When blee

Background:Incisional hernia is frequently occurring post operative complication after general surgery with occurance rate 2%-----11%,, it is either appear soon after operation or
late occurring incisional hernia..
Patient &methods: This is a prospective study that was conducted on 84 patients who were admitted at Baghdad Teaching Hospital during the period from Oct. 1999 to Aug. 2001 for
repair of incisional hernias. Their ages were ranging from 24-74 years with mean age of (48 ±12). Sixty-nine patients were elective and 15 patients were urgent. Assessment of the patients
for the predisposing factors influencing the development of incisional hernia was done and in our study these factors were: -
R

 Background: Congenital malformations are responsible for a considerable proportion of perinatal, neonatal and infant mortality in many Eastern Mediterranean countries. So this study
aims to find out the incidence, types and probable risk factors of these malformations in Baghdad.
Patients and methods: one hundred cases of congenital malformations were studied out of 8090 neonates born in 4 hospitals in Baghdad province over 5 months in 2002 (preterm, term) .The incidence , types and risk factors were analysed.
Results: the incidence of congenital malformations was 12.36/ 1000 live births, with the central nervous system malformations being the commonest. There is increased risk in consanguinous mar

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive airflow limitation that is preventable but not curable. It is associated with persistent symptoms that cause a considerable burden on individual productivity at work, and daily activities, and reduced quality of life, also burdening the healthcare system and society.
Objectives: The study aims to measure the burden of COPD on patients in terms of daily activities and work productivity. It also seeks to investigate some inflammatory biomarkers' levels and their correlation with selected outcomes.
Methods: A cross-sectional study on 120 stable COPD patients who were diagnosed and treated according to the GO

خلفية: سرطان القولون هو مرض شائع جدا في جميع أنحاء العالم كونها رابع السرطان الأكثر شيوعا التي تتميز انتشار غير طبيعي للجدار الداخلي القولون في البداية ثم أخذ كامل سمك جدار القولون ثم إلى الغدد الليمفاوية والأنسجة المحيطة وأخيرا الى الانسجة البعيدة. وهو واحد من أكثر الأمراض تعقيدا مع الأعراض المنهكة التي تصبح أكثر قسوة، بارزة ومحددة مع تقدم مرحلة مع نسبة عالية من الوفيات والنجاة قصيرة نسبيا إذا تم

الخلاصة

    المقدمة : يعتبر سرطان القولون والمستقيم رابع اكثر السرطانات شيوعا في الجهاز الهضمي.  ان المؤشـــر الحيـــوي لسيرين / ثريونين كاينيزات البروتين   BRAF^v600E  هو عضو من عائلة   RAF  والتي تعمل على تنظيم عمل مسـار كاينيزات البروتين المنشطـه بالمايتوجيـن خارج الخـلايــا. إن سرطانـات القولـون والمستقيـم التي تحمل الطفـرة الوراثية للمــؤشــر الحيـــوي

Background: Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) is a preventable cause of childhood blindness. The global incidence of ROP is increasing, though the contributing factors differ between developed and developing countries. 
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ROP and to identify associated risk factors among preterm neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care units of three hospitals within the Baghdad Medical City complex.
Methods: A prospective study was conducted from January 1, 2019, to January 1, 2020, in the neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Medical City Hospitals in Baghdad: Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad Teaching Hospital, an

Background: Hemophilia B is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the F9 gene, causing bleeding tendency predominantly in males. The mutational spectrum of the F9 gene has not been adequately studied in Iraq.

Objectives: To detect the disease-causing variants of exons 6, 7, and 8 and immediate introns of F9 gene using Sanger sequencing among Iraqi hemophilia B patients and to correlate them with phenotypes.

Methods: Forty Iraqi hemophilia B patients were recruited for this cross-sectional study from The Hereditary Bleeding Disorder Ward in the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City, Baghdad, between November 2021 and Apri

Background: Allergies, as prevalent conditions, significantly impact individuals' health and quality of life. The criticality of accurate diagnosis cannot be overstated, as it is the cornerstone for effective management and treatment, underscoring the gravity of the medical professionals’ work.

Objectives: This review aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of laboratory markers used to diagnose different types of allergies, including food, respiratory, skin, and drug allergies.

Methods: The review analyzed and synthesized data from current literature on essential diagnostic tools such as skin prick tests, specific IgE blood tests, and component-resolved diagnostics. S

Background: Multidrug resistance bacteria is rapidly spreading globally and has created an urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies to combat these bacteria. Green nanotechnology is an eco-friendly way of synthesizing Bioactive Nanoparticles with enhanced antimicrobial activities compared to conventional methods.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to "green" synthesize magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) from an alcohol extract of Camellia sinensis (tea plant) and evaluate their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity against clinical multidrug resistance bacterial isolates.
Methods: Magnesium Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized utilizi

Background: As the number of caesarean deliveries has escalated over the last 50 years, Placenta Accreta Spectrum is now emerging as a more frequent pregnancy- related issue. The incidence of this problem is increasing, with recent estimates indicating an approximate 1/333 to 1/533 deliveries. Recent studies reveal that YKL-40 (also known as Chitinase-3-like protein 1 which is a secreted glycoprotein that is approximately 40kDa in size) may be involved in angiogenesis, cell proliferation and differentiation as well as extracellular matrix remodeling, and other inflammatory processes.

Objectives: To evaluate the association between mate

Background: Psoriasis, a common chronic autoimmune dermatological disease, is identified by scaling and inflammation seen in the skin. Both environmental and genetic factors contribute to its pathogenesis.

Objectives: To examine changes in albumin and C-reactive protein levels and their ratios, and the effect of Etanercept treatment on these indicators in the serum of Iraqi Psoriasis patients compared to healthy individuals.

Methods: A total of 100 Psoriatic patients were enrolled in the study and matched with healthy individuals (n=93) attending the Department of Venereology and Dermatology at Baghdad Teaching Hospital from November 2024 to April 2025. The levels of C-reac

Background: Triple-negative breast carcinoma has an aggressive nature, poor prognosis, with high recurrence rates and metastasis. It has a poor response to targeted therapies, leaving a restricted number of efficient treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Some types of triple-negative breast carcinoma are considered immunogenic types, which mean that these tumors may be susceptible targets to a new line of treatment known as immunotherapy. Several biomarkers have been discovered to determine patients who could be eligible candidates to receive immunotherapies. One of these biomarkers is the programmed death receptor 1 (PD1)/ programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression.

Objectives

Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions that arise from a complex interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Essential metal elements (EMEs), including copper, zinc, iron, and calcium, support brain development, support neuronal communication, and maintain normal metabolic activity. Any increase or decrease in these elements may play a role in the development of ASD and ADHD.

Objectives: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum levels of zinc, copper, iron, and calcium with ASD and ADHD. Moreover, to compare these levels among children with ASD, ADHD, combined ASD plus AD

Background: Co-microbial infection occupies a big portion of the urinary tract infections (UTI), especially in the elderly. Such infections are hidden, because of the dominance of one species over the other species.
Objectives: This study aimeds to detect polymicrobial urinary tract infections in middle-aged and elderly patients using both culture-based and molecular methods. It also investigates the presence of aminoglycoside resistance genes, specifically armA and rmtG, to improve diagnostic precision and support targeted therapeutic decisions.
Methods: In the current study, 100 clinical samples of urine were collected from

Background: Adenoidal hypertrophy is generally considered a common condition of childhood .When obstructive symptoms or recurrent otitis media (suppurative or non suppurative) occurs, adenoidectomy is generally indicated.A wide range of bacteria could be isolated from the surface and core tissue of the removed adenoid tissue.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study carried out in the ENT Department of AL-DIWANIYAH Teaching Hospital between October 2007 and September 2008.Involved 73 patients between 3 and 7 years, they were 31 male and 42 female .All patients underwent adenoidectomy .Surface and core swabs was taken from all specimens and submitted to bacteriological study.
Results: Pathogens were de

الخلفيه:يعتبر ناسور الاحليل بعد عملية اصلاح المبال التحتاني الولادي من اكثر المضاعفات شيوعا واكثرها صعوبةوتكمن صعوبتها بكونها من المضاعفات التي تتكرر حتى بعد اصلاحها جراحيا.

الهدف:الهدف من هذه الدراسه هو لتقييم نتائج استخدام الغشاء المخاطي الولادي في اصلاح ناسور الاحليل المتكرر بعد عملية اصلاح المبال التحتاني الولادي.

طريقة العمل

العلاقة بين تعبير المعلمات المناعية ل (P53) وعدم استقرار الساتل الميكروي  (MSI) مع العوامل السريرية المرضية لسرطان المعدة الغدي باستخدام الكيمياء النسيجية المناعية.

الخلاصة

الخلفية: يحدث سرطان المعدة الغدي بسبب عدم استقرار الكروموسومات، وطفرات TP53، واختلال الصيغة الصبغية، والانتقالات، والجينات الورمية الأولية، والتغيرات الجينية المثبطة للورم.عدم استقرار الساتل الميكر

Background: Neuropsychiatric symptoms are typical consequences in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There is no apparent link between the clinical parameters of SLE patients and the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Objectives: to determine the incidence of neurological manifestations and the risks associated with them in SLE patients.

Patients and Methods: This is a case-series study comprised of 65 patients who visited the rheumatology department at Baghdad Teaching Hospital/Medical City between January 2022 and February 2023. All patients' demographic and clinical data, including age, gender, disease duration, type and duration of treatment, gener