Background: Small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer are the two main types of lung cancer and major causes of cancer-related death worldwide.

Objectives: To compare serum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels between treated and untreated patients with small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer, and healthy controls.

Methods: This case-control study was conducted at the Oncology Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq, from December 2024 to June 2025. The study included 180 participants: 24 patients with small cell lung cancer, 96 with non-small cell lung cancer, and 60 healthy controls. Serum cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 levels

Background: Neonatal Thrombocytopenia (NT) is defined as a platelet count of <150,000/microL and is classified as: Mild (platelet count 100,000- 149,000/microL), moderate (50,000- 99,000/microL), and Severe (<50,000/microL).  It is classified according to the time of presentation as: Early NT (occurs within the first 72 hours of life) and Late NT (occurs after 72 hours).
Objectives: To study the clinical and laboratory profiles of neonatal thrombocytopenia in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of the Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad.
Methods: This single-center case series observational study was conducted from 1^st May 2022 to 30^th April 2

Background: Acute flaccid paralysis surveillance, forms the basis for poliovirus eradication efforts and  provides useful data on non-polio enteroviruses, which are significant causes of acute flaccid paralysis in polio-free countries.   Non polio enteroviruses were the most common isolates from acute flaccid paralysis cases at this time, indicating sensitivity of surveillance and continued circulation of enteroviruses.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence, epidemiologic trends and clinical features of non- polio enteroviruses among children with acute flaccid paralysis in Iraq, from 2018 to 2024, for improving surveillance sensitivity and complementary evidence-based public

Background: Parkinson's disease is a neurological condition that strikes an individual and gradually progresses, resulting in both motor and non-motor symptoms. The severity and progression of can be predicted by biochemical biomarkers, such as glial fibrillary acidic protein and degradation products, which are released into the cerebrospinal fluid and serum when astrocytes are injured.  Accumulating evidence suggests that Tau protein plays a major role in the pathological mechanisms of Parkinson’s disease.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the levels of Tau and human glial fibrillary acidic protein GFAP in patients with Parkinson's disease PD and subsequently compare th

Background: Uterine fibroids are a common gynecological condition that may cause heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, and pressure on the nearby organs. Uterine artery embolization is a minimally invasive treatment that offers an alternative to myomectomy or hysterectomy. The procedure works by occluding the uterine arteries and reducing blood flow to the fibroids, which leads to ischemia and gradual shrinkage, thereby relieving the symptoms.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of uterine artery embolization in reducing the size of the uterine fibroids and alleviating the associated symptoms, and to compare treatment outcomes between International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics F

Background: Conventional isotretinoin dosing (0.5–1.0 mg/kg/day) for acne vulgaris achieves high efficacy, but is limited by significant adverse effects. Low-dose regimens (≤ 0.5 mg/kg/day) may offer an improved therapeutic ratio.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and relapse outcomes of a flexible low-dose isotretinoin protocol in Iraqi adolescents and young adults.

Methods: A prospective single-arm study involving 72 patients aged 14–25 years) with mild-to-severe acne vulgaris received isotretinoin 0.1–0.5 mg/kg/day for 16–20 weeks. The study was conducted at the Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of Al-Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital, Iraq, between January 2

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCD) is a common mental health condition where a person has obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. The worldwide prevalence of OCD is approximately 2% of the general population.
Objective: To assess prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in a sample of medical students in Iraq.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design with a convenience sampling method, was conducted on 414 Iraqi medical students during
the period from 1^st November, 2022 to 28^th February, 2023. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire submitted online. The questionnaire consisted of two parts:

Background: Central obesity is a critical predictor of cardiometabolic risk, yet universally applicable waist circumference cut-offs are confounded by ethnic discrepancies

Objectives: To determine the optimal WC cut-off points for identifying central obesity in the Iraqi population and evaluate associated sociodemographic risk factors.

Methods: A retrospective record review was conducted utilizing data from 3,924 participants (1,600 males, 2,324 females) who underwent anthropometric assessment in the National Iraqi STEPWISE Survey of non-communicable disease risk factors. Central obesity was referenced against the WHO Body Mass Index criteria, BMI (30kg/m2). Receiver Operat

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of open-heart surgery, with a reported global incidence of 20-40%. Local Iraqi data on postoperative AKI incidence and predictors remain limited despite its designation as a 2025 Iraqi Ministry of Health perioperative research priority.

Objectives: To determine the incidence, severity, independent predictors, and short-term outcomes of AKI among adult patients undergoing open-heart surgery at a tertiary cardiac center in Iraq.

Methods: This single-center observational case-series analyzed 99 adults undergoing elective open-heart surgery at the Iraq Center for Heart Diseases, Baghdad, between January 2024 and D

Background: In accordance with DSM-5-TR, Depression is a common psychiatric disorder marked by persistent sadness, loss of interest, and impairment in everyday activities. Recent evidence shows that between 22% and 45% of international student’s experience depressive symptoms. There is limited information on the prevalence of depression among international medical students at the International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of depression among international medical students at the International Campus of Tehran University of Medical Sciences and to examine related factors.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was con

Background: While endometriosis has a high prevalence among women during their reproductive years, appendiceal endometriosis is an uncommon clinical condition that affects women, and it is mostly presented as acute appendicitis, and or similar to several other gynecological disorders.
​Case Presentation: A thirty-four years old female presented with symptoms of a one-day of acute right lower quadrant (RLQ) pain as well as a chronic history of abdominal pain and chronic recurrent pelvic pain. The physical and clinical assessment referred for laboratory, the findings suggested acute appendicitis, then admitted to Baghdad teaching hospital for  Laparoscopic appendectomy, and the specimen was sent fo

Background: Hypospadias is the second most common congenital malformation and may be classified according to the anatomical site of urethral meatus into distal, which accounts for about 70-80% of all hypospadias cases, and proximal, which is rare. There are multiple surgical options for the management of hypospadias. This study covers cases of distal hypospadias with two surgical options, which are urethral advancement and Glanuloplasty, and meatal advancement glanuloplasty.
Objectives: To compare the surgical outcomes and complications of urethral advancement and meatal advancement with glanuloplasty for the treatment of distal hypospadias.
Methods: Forty-three patients, 20 of

Background: Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine disease that affects women of reproductive age. Corin and Neprilysin are developing biochemical markers linked to the metabolic complexities of PMOS. Both are enzymes involved in the mechanisms that regulates adipose tissue metabolism.

Objective: To assess the clinical and diagnostic value of Corin and Neprilysin in a variety of phenotypic manifestations of PMOS, with a focus on their possible functions as biomarkers for illness classification and definition.

Methods: This observational case-control study w

Background: Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome (PMOS) is a common condition that affects women of reproductive age. It is usually associated with hormonal and metabolic disorders. However, the precise relationship between these derangements and the development of PMOS is unclear.
Objectives: To evaluate the circulatory levels of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) and Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) in PMOS and to explore the possible application of these factors as potential diagnostic biomarkers.
Methods: A case-control study was conducted at the College of Science, University of Baghdad, between Nov. 2024 and Feb. 2025. The study involved 90 Iraqi w

Background: Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) typically affects women aged 15 to 50. According to recent studies, immune cells and hormonal imbalances have a role in the pathogenesis of PMOS. The causes and effects of chronic inflammation, particularly in women with PMOS, have been the focus of research.

Objectives: To better understand the immunological profile of PMOS patients through investigating the role of IL-19 blood levels as a biomarker or inflammatory mediator and examining its possible involvement in the pathophysiology of the syndrome.

Cases and Methods: This is a case-control stud