Background: Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a widely distributed mycotoxin in nature. Several investigations have shown its biological effects on different organs and in different animal species. However, the effects of AFB1 on the rat kidney have not been much elucidated histologically.
Objective: This study aims to demonstrate the effects of AFB1 contaminated diet on the rat kidney from
the histological and morphometric aspects.
Method: Twelve mature albino rats were divided equally into a control group fed with usual diet and a treated group which was daily fed with diet contaminated with 20 mg AFB1/kg of body weight for 30 days. Semithin sections from renal cortex were stained with methylene blue and examined by l

Background: Autoantibodies are frequently found in patients with chronic hepatitis C, which suggests that HCV elicit an immune response in the host. ). The relationship of type-2 AIH to
chronic hepatitis C (HCV) is an interesting and as yet unresolved problem. Importantly, antibodies to liver/kidney microsome type-1 (LKM1), the serologic marker of type 2-AIH, have been recognized in serum of some patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Methods: Anti-liver kidney microsome type 1 (LKM-1) autoantibodies were studied by indirect immuno florescence assay (IIF) and confirmed by immunoblot in the serum of 73 Iraqi patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in comparison with 50 patients control (HCV infection) and 50&nb

Background: Men with azoospermia require testicular and epididymal sperm aspiration for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Women over 37 years of age demonstrate
an increase number of immature oocytes after induction of ovulation. The development of a technique for in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilization (IVF) of
the oocytes using testicular, epididymal and vassal sperm (TS, ES, VS, respectively) will be of therapeutic value for the treatment of azoospermic patients.
Objectives: The goal of the study was to develop an animal model for the treatment of infertile couples with obstructive azoospermia and immature oocytes.
Materials and Methods: Canine ovaries and testes were collected from a local animal&n

Background: Syphilis disease remain as a problem especially in developing countries. it can be detected by serological tests and the infection may affected the immunoglobulins concentration and may cause spontaneous abortion.

• Causes of Laser Hazard
I - Inherent Hazards to Laser Beam Direct or reflected laser beams have consequential health effects range from minor skin burn to irreversible eye injuries. The hazards depend on the
power output and wavelength of the used laser and depend on the exposure time and MPE. ti & 2)

Background : Left main coronary artery (LMCA) disease represents important and serious portion of coronary artery disease(CAD).
Aim: The aim of this study is to estimate the incidence of LMCA disease among patients with CAD undergoing coronary artery angiography and to evaluate clinical characteristics of patients with LMCA disease.
Methods: The study involved review of clinical notes and coronary angiography of 1020 patients with CAD in Ibin Al Bitar hospital for cardiac surgery between April and September 2004.This review included evaluation of electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram(ECHO), ECG exercise test (EET) and coronary angiography.
Results: Among 56 patients proved to have left main corona

Back ground: Oxidative damage has been suggested to play a key role in accelerating inflammation and to be involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and
osteoarthritis (OA). Many studies had shown that those patients have low antioxidants level and are at risk of increased oxidative stress.
Objective: This study was designed to examine the levels of serum Total Antioxidant Status (TAS). Malondialdehyde (MDA) as index of lipid peroxidation and C–Reactive Protein (CRP) as a
marker of oxidative stress in patients with RA and OA and compared them with healthy control.
Method: Serum TAS , MDA and CRP levels were measured in 16 RA and 24 OA patients and compare with those obtained from 25 healt

Background : Bronchogenic carcinoma is a common malignancy in iraq and radiotherapy is one of treatment methods for this disease . This study is cytopathological study dealing with
sputum samples for bronchogenic carcinoma before and after radiotherapy .
Objectives : To find morphological changes of the malignant cells as seen in cytopathological examination of the sputum after radiotherapy to the chest .
Patients and Methods : Twenty five patients with a recent diagnosis of bronchogenic carcinoma presented to the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine for the treatment
in the period between 20th july 2004 and 25th june 2005 , sputum samples were obtained from these patients before and after they r

Background: Heart failure is a common clinical syndrome with a high morbidity and mortality, despite advances in medical treatment. Death from dangerous ventricular arrhythmias is
frequently implicated.
Patients, materials & methods: Eighty patients with heart failure (HF) (fitting the criteria of heart failure) who were admitted to the medical city teaching hospital during a period of 8
months, were studied for incidence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (N.S.V.T.) (detected by Holter monitoring) and its association with the severity of left ventricular dysfunction
(measured by ejection fraction), ventricular size (measured by left ventricular end diastolic dimension), and other factors .
Res

Hypertension (HT) remains poorly controlled even in the developed countries in spite of the improvement in management. Many studies found that about 70% of people with HT remain
uncontrolled. The aim of this study is to determine the proportion, and determinants of uncontrolled HT (UHT) among treated hypertensive patients. A random sample of 214 known
hypertensive patients, on regular treatment for a minimum of one year was included. The mean of three blood pressure (BP) readings measured two weeks apart was considered. Controlled BP was defined as systolic BP≤140mmHg, and diastolic BP≤90 mmHg. A questionnaire was used to collect data on certain demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, educat

الخلاصة: عملية قَص وتكميم المعدة بالناظور اصبحت العملية الأكثر شيوعا لعلاج السمنة المفرطة وذلك لثبوت فعاليتها وسلامتها وتؤدي الى فقدان الوزن بصورة فعالة للمرضى الذين يعانون من السمنة المفرطة.

الهدف من هذه الدراسة: تهدف هذه الدراسة لمقارنة التقنيات المخلتفة لتعزيز خط التيلة خلال عملية قَص وتكميم المعدة بالناظور في الحد من المضاعفات الرئيسية (نزيف وتسرب)

خلفية البحث: ان ظهور العديد من البكتريا المتفطرة السلية (M.TB) المقاومة (MDR)للعقاقير وظهور سلالات مقاومة لعقاقير واسعة النطاق (XDR) M.TB وضع عبئا كبيرا على الدول والموؤسسات الصحية مثل حالةالسل المتوطنة في العراق.

 الأهداف: علاجات العاثيات البكتيرية (فج) يمكن أن تستخدم كنهج بديل لمعالجة هذه المشكلة.

المرضى وطرائق العمل:  أربعون عزلة من M.

الخلفية: مرض تصلب الاعصاب المتعدد هو اضطراب مناعي ذاتي مدمر للجهاز العصبي المركزي والذي يتميز بسلسلة من الالتهابات, زوال الميالين, و تلف عصبي والتي تصيب الدماغ والحبل الشوكي . ان الدراسات المتعلقة بالتخلق المتعاقب خاصة التعبير عن الحامض النووي الرايبوي متناهي الصغر تمثل جانبا مهما من البحوث التي ربما تكشف الغموض وراء النشوء المرضي لمرض تصلب الاعصاب المتعدد.

الاه

الخلفيه:- الثلاسيميا هو نوع من انواع امراض الدم الوراثيه الجسميه المتنحيه التي تتصف بتكوين غير طبيعي للهيموكلوبين.

الاهداف:- بيان مدى تكرار وارتباط اليلات مستضدات كريات الدم البيض البشرية (HLA) الصنف الثاني (DRB1& DQB1)  عند مرضى الثلاسيميا بيتا الرئيسي في العراق.

المرضى:- سبعون مريضا تم اختيارهم بطريقه عشوائيه  من المصابي بالثلاسيم

الخلفية: داء السكر نوع 1 شائع بين الاطفال. وهناك علاقة خطية موجبة بين السيطرة على مرض السكر (HbA1c أقل من 7) وتطور المرض وظهور المضاعفات. اعداد قليلة من الاشخاص يصل الى مرحلة الى مرحلة السيطرة على مرض السكر.

الهدف: تقدير نسب السيطرة على امراض داء السكر نوع 1 وبين المصابين به المراجعين للمستشفى

الطرق: جميع الاطفال المسجلين في العيادة الاستش

.

خلفية البحث:متلازمة التناذر الكلوي المقاومة للأدوية الستيرويدية ترتبط بمضاعفات صحية خطيرة وعبء مالي كبير. وقدأبلغت الدراسات عن زيادة في المستويات البولية لللايبوكالين المرتبط بانزيم الجيلاتينيز لخلايا الدم النيوتروفيلفي الأطفال المصابين بمتلازمة التناذر الكلوي مجهولة السبب.

الأهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تقييم إمكانيةاللايبوكالين على تمييز المرضى المصابين بمتلازمة التناذر

الخلفية: يعاني الرضع في وحدة العناية المركزة لحديثي الولادة  في كثير من الأحيان من تلف حاد في الكلى.تختلف تقديرات انتشار القصور الكلوي الحاد اعتمادًا على التعريفات المستخدمة. في العراق ، تعد الدراسات التي تتناول انتشار وعوامل الخطر المرتبطة بمرض تلف الكلى الحاد في هذه الفئة العمرية نادرة ، ولم يشر أي منها إلى معايير التشخيص والمراحل الخاصة بـ KDIGO.

الهدف: وصف عدد ، وال

ألخلفية: ألبريدنيزولون هو كورتيكوستيرويد ذو طعم شديد ألمرارة يعمل كدواء مضاد للإلتهاب و مثبط للمناعة يستعمل في أي مرحلة عمرية.

ألهدف: لتحسين تقبل ألمريض للدواء بواسطة إكساء ألطعم ألمر للدواء ليتم إيصاله كقرص متشتت بالفم.

ألطريقة: طريقة ألتبلور الأيوني ألخارجي, حيث إستخدم ألجينات ألصوديوم (0.5%) و كلورايد ألكالسيوم (1%) بوجود (0.5%) غم/ مل من ألكاربابول 940 لتحضير خرز مكسوة ألطعم محملة بالبر

الخلفية: قد يؤدي عدم رضا التدريسيين في كليات الطب إلى ترك ممارسة التدريس حيث يصعب في كثير من الأحيان استبدال أولئك الذين غادروا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، قد يكون عدم رضا أعضاء هيئة التدريس  مؤشرًا على الجودة السلبية للمؤسسات التعليمية / الجامعية.

هدف الدراسة: تقييم رضا أعضاء هيئة التدريس عن التعلم عبر الإنترنت أثناء جائجة كورونا في جامعة النهرين / كلية الطب، بغداد / العراق.

المنهجية:

الخلفية: وفقًا للعديد من الدراسات التي أجريت على الحيوانات والبشر ، يبدو أن فيتامين (د) يلعب دورًا جوهريًا في تطوير اعتلال الكلية السكري ، ومع ذلك ، فإن إمكانية تأثير فيتامين (د) الوقائي وتأثيره على عكس الضرر الكلوي الموجود بالفعل لا تزال تخمينية. ينتشر نقص فيتامين (د) ونقصه في كل مكان في جميع أنحاء العالم وقد تم ربطهما بمجموعة متنوعة من الحالات الفيزيولوجية المرضية ، بما في ذلك مرض السكري ، والحساسية

Background:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints. It is a disabling and painful inflammatory condition, which can lead to substantial loss of mobility due to pain and joint destruction. RA is a systemic disease, often affecting extra-articular tissues throughout the body including the skin, blood vessels, heart, lungs, and muscles. 
Patients and Methods: Enzyme immunoassay for Determination of human TNF- , IL-1 and GM-CSF in serumsamples from50 patients with a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis
Results: of cytokines showed a significant increase in TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and GM-CSF in patients with rheumatoid arthrit

Background: the incidencies of clinically palpable thyroide nodules are 4% to 7% 

Background: Hypertension causes changes on the cardiac performance, and this effect is more
profound on the LV where systolic high pressure is present.
Patients and Methods: We studied 30 patients (14 females and 16 males of average age of
54.8±13.5) with hypertension and 20 normal individuals, the control group (age range 45.6±17.8, 11
females and 9 males). Measurements of early filling velocity E, late filling velocity A at atrial
contraction and ejection fraction were taken, also isovolumetric relaxation, and contraction times
and ejection times were taken. MPI myocardial performance index was calculated.
Results: Results shows a significant increase in the isovolumetric relaxation time IRT (30%),were
IRT for

background:

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and debilitating autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation with subsequent cartilage and bone destruction. Cytokines are  key mediators of inflammation and can be found in abundance both in the joint and blood of patients. This study was designed to evaluate the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in pathogenesis of RA, as well as study the correlation among these cytokines.
Patients and methods: Forty patients with RA and thirty age-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Serum cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8

Back ground: Anaemia is one of commonest health problems in antenatal care units of developing countries and contributes significantly to increased maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
Patients and methods: During the period from 1st of July 2007 to the end of October 2007, hundred anaemic pregnant women attending the gynaecology and obstetrics department in Al- Yarmook teaching hospital in Baghdad and 20 apparently healthy pregnant women,aged between 17 - 46 years as a control were included in this study. Anaemic women included in this study fulfilled the criteria of haemoglobin concentration of less than 110 g/L in first trimester and 105g/L in the second and third trimesters, no history of acute

Background:The diabetogenic agent alloxan is a selective necrosis of insulin producing cells .Alloxan accumulated rapidly in liver and pancreatic islets , this study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of cinnamon oil on the destructive effect of alloxan in liver and intestine diabetic tissues .
Materials and methods:Thirty male rats were used and divided into threegroups: Group I =10 animal controls, Group II =10 treated with alloxan, Group III = 10 treated with alloxan + cinnamon oil . 
Results:Liver and intestine tissues of diabetic groups revealed necrotic, degeneration of cells (histologically ) , increase in blood serum enzymes for acid and alkaline phosphatase , total protein&nbs

Background: Acrylic resin dentures are susceptible to fracture; it is unresolved problem in prosthodontics. The repair procedure should be simple, strong, and accurate. This study evaluated the transverse and impact strength of autopolymerizing acrylic resin, the repair material was modified with kraft lignin as a new enforcement material and compared with the commercially available self cured acrylic resin.
Materials and Methods: The addition of kraft lignin to the acrylic resin were done in percentages of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, and 1.5% (wt%). Seventy specimens were made according to the ADA specification No 12 for transverse strength using three point bending test and Impact strength tes

Background: In Ulcerative colitis (UC), the presence of a persistently elevated number of T cells in the inflamed area with respect to the activity of the disease suggesting bad prognosis. This study was done to evaluate cellular immune response in different disease activity patterns and its possible implication in evaluation of disease activity.
Materials and methods: This study included Forty seven archived paraffin-embedded samples of ulcerative colitis; these samples diagnosed and graded for disease activity. Then dual
immunofluorescence staining was used for phenotyping of lymphocytic infiltrate (CD3- CD19) and (CD4-CD8). A total and differential T cell as well as plasma cell count was recorded in thes

Rupture of the trachea or main bronchus can occurs during severe chest trauma and this event has been reported since more than a century. This is a report of a 19 year old male patient sustained car accident leading to loss of consciousness due to multiple trauma ,involving specially the head and the chest that he needs assisted ventilation in an intensive care unit and later a tracheostomy .The patient regain his consciousness gradually , and a late diagnosis of traumatic rupture of the left main bronchus , which was approved by bonchoscopy and CT chest .Surgical repair of the ruptured left main bronchus was accomplished sixty days from the admission with the lung fully expanded on a post operative che