Background: Traditionally, evaluation of the results of immunohistochemistry was done by visual quantification.
Materials and methods: for reliable evaluation, more time-efficient and user friendly method we used simple computer program with image analysis options as independent parameters for reading positive results. To test the validity of visually scored results, we compare and correlate the results of Digital image analysis (DIA) variables with the visual scores of 280 pictures taken from entire stained glioma tumor sections for Bcl-2 and P53 oncoproteins in different glioma tumor grades.
Results: In this study, rates expression of both oncoproteins was evaluated visually in glioma tumor samples (

Background: Idiopathic autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) is an isolated thrombocytopenia in a patient with no clinically apparent associated conditions or factors that can
cause thrombocytopenia. The syndrome of ITP is caused by platelet-specific auto-antibodies that bind to autologous platelets. The diagnosis of ITP is usually a diagnosis of exclusion based on a demonstration of peripheral thrombocytopenia. Steroids are the conventional first-line therapy for adult ITP. Most patients demonstrate a response to steroids within 2 to 4 weeks, but a late response is possible.
Patients and Methods: A prospective study on 50 patients with diagnosis consistent with ITP, initially treated by steroid, p

Background: Seizures in the neonatal period are common. They can present as focal clonic, focal tonic, myoclonic, generalized tonic and subtle seizures. They can be caused by a variety of
conditions, ranging from benign self-limited illnesses to severe life-threatening disorders.
Patients and methods: A prospective study included 75 neonates with seizures in the first 28 days of life were admitted to neonatal care unit in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital from January 15th 2009 to August 15th 2009. A Full history was obtained and patients were examined by a specialist in the neonatal care unit and the researcher. Laboratory investigations and neuroimaging studies were done for all patients.
Results: Out

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic idiopathic inflammatory disorder that affects the rectum & extends proximally to affect variable extent of the colon. Autoimmune hemolytic
anemia had reported in few cases.
Objective: to determine the prevalence of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in Ulcerative colitis.
Patient & Methods: Fifty Iraqi patients having Ulcerative colitis attending the GIT Center in Baghdad during the period from March to August 2004 were interviewed, examined and
diagnosed according to pathological study done for colonic biopsies by the same centre. Blood was drown for the assessment of complete picture with blood film, reticulocyte
percent, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, Coo

Background:
There is a need to find methods to assess the size of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume without involving radioactive tracers. For this purpose, the simple delusion method was used
to measure the ECF in rabbits and the inulin which is a polysaccharide was used as a marker of ECF measurement.
Methods:
18 male rabbits were used in this study. 8 of these animals were bilaterally nephroctomized to calculate the exact time to get diffusion equilibrium time after a bolus dose of inulin at a
dose of 25mg/kg of a solution of inulin 10 mg/ml. intravenously. The blood samples were taken after 1, 15, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min.
Results:
ECF volume was about 144.5 to 149.7 ml/kg depending on the i

Background: Growth hormone is a hormone responsible for the normal body growth and development by stimulation protein production in muscle cells and
energy release for breakdown of fat. On the other hand leptin is a newly discovered hormone that is mainly synthesized in adipose tissues it decreases food intake by
causing satiety and promoting energy combustion . Both aging and obesity are associated with a reduction in growth hormone secretion. In the mean time obese
humans have increased circulating leptin.
Objective: The aim of this paper is to shed light on the contribution of these two hormones in the mechanism of aging process in an attempt of improving this
process for a better life at old ages.&n

Background : Obesity and insulin resistance have been quite well recognized as fundamental and leading causes of major health issues such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Abdominal obesity, particularly visceral adiposity is considered to play a major role in causing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus , T2DM
The resistin is considered one of the causes of insulin resistance which lead to hyperinsulinemia and a decrease in the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (Quicki)
which has been recently reported to be a useful marker of insulin resistance in patients with T2DM.
Objective : The aim of the present study is to find the relationship between

المقدمة: الإصابة بفيروس التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي) هو أحد الأسباب الرئيسية لأمراض الكبد المزمنة، قدرت منظمة الصحة العالمية أن حوالي 170 مليون شخص مصابون بالتهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي)، ثبت مؤخرا أن سيليمارين (ليكالون) فعال في علاج التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي).

الاهداف: فعالية سيليمارين (ليكالون) على الحمل الفيروسي في المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب الكبد الوبائي (سي).

المقدمة: التهاب القولون التقرحي :هو التهاب مزمن غالبا ما يصيب منطقة المستقيم ينتج عنة تقرحات في منطقة المستقيم من الممكن ان تمتد لتشمل المناطق المتبقية من الأمعاء الغليظة بطريقة متواصلة  ويتميز بفترات من الشفاءاو تفاقم في الالتهاب .

وجد ان E.histolyticaاحد المسببات عند المرضى المصابين بالتهابات القولون التقرحية .ان التهاب الأمعاء الأميبي هو التهاب مزمن يصيب الأمعاء مصاح

Background: Several factors render chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) an interesting subject for study by researchers. These include marked progress in understanding the molecular biology of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes and recent advances in molecular genetics techniques. Among molecular markers, p53 cancer suppressor gene and the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2 have been widely studied. 
Patients and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study done on 60 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia compared with 20 controls (anemic patients), all recruited at the Medical City Teaching Hospital laboratories from January 2004 to December 2007. The bone marrow biopsy of each was re-examined histologica

Background: End stage renal disease in patients with diabetes mellitus has been called a medical catastrophe of worldwide dimensions .It was recognized that anemia is a complication of diabetes, particularly in patients with diabetic kidney diseases. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether erythropoietin, adiponectin, and leptin levels correlate with anemia in uremic diabetic patients (under hemodialysis).
Patients and Methods: The studied groups were comprised of (30) diabetic patients(9 patients with type1 and 21 type2 diabetes) with renal failure (group2) who had been under hemodialysis compared with (30) healthy controls (group1). Blood film was obtained in addition to blood tests inc

Background: Plane warts represent a common dermatological problem encountered in daily practice with no uniformly effective treatment modality.<br />Patients and methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of Baghdad Teaching Hospital / Medical City from April 2005 to June 2006. Fifty patients enrolled in the study and 36 completed it. Patients were instructed to apply isotretinoin gel once daily and keep on regular follow up every 2 weeks for one month to assess the esponse and side effects. At the end of the first month those with complete cure were instructed to stop therapy and keep on regular follow up to detect any recurrence.Patients with no response were divided into 2 groups. One grou

Background: Acne vulgaris is a common skin problem. It affects areas of high density of sebaceous glands like the face, chest and back. The penile skin is no exception, also can be affected with acne, however little was written on this subject.<br />Patients & Methods: This is a clinical epidemiological study conducted at the Department of Dermatology & Venereology- Baghdad Teaching Hospital, during the period between December 2007 and May 2008. Seventy six male patients with facial acne vulgaris were enrolled in the study. A full history includes age, age of onset of facial acne and any penile lesion observed by the patient Examination of the face was done for the severity of acne and grading it into mild, moderate, severe

Background: carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) a relatively common disease affecting ♀ more than ♂, usually at the age between 40 -60 , diagnosed by EMG & NCS, treated when moderate
to severe by surgical decompression of the median nerve.
Objective: To study the role of surgery in the management of CTS.
Patients & method: 124 patients collected from the neuro-surgical departments of the specialized surgical hospital from August 2001 till March 2007, all patients studied thoroughly
regarding age, sex, associated diseases, clinical features, EMG studies, surgery & out come & follow up for at least one year.
Results & discussion: there was around 2:1 ♀:♂ , with age predomena between 40-60

Background:
Patients treated for pediatric malignancy are at high risk of parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis.
Objectives:
To detect the seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C viral infections in children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia & identify some variables that could affect its
prevalence in these patients.
Patients and Methods:
One hundred fifty pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients, presented to Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, during the period from March 11th
2007 to July 31st 2007 were enrolled in this study; they were 103 males, 47 females, aged (2.25 months- 16 years). Sera of these patients were investigated for hepatitis
markers including HBsAg and A

Background: Geographic variations in the incidence of different congenital coronary anomalies are well known, but infrequently studied in the Iraqi population.
Recognition of coronary anomalies is important in patients undergoing coronary arteriogrphy; coronary interventions and cardiac surgery .Variation in the frequency of primary congenital coronary anomalies may possibly have a genetic background. 
Patients and methods: Three thousands adult patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography at two cardiac centers in Baghdad between January 2003 to March 2006. Their angiographic films were reviewed by at least two experts in coronary angiographic study.
Results: Among 3000 adult patients wh

Background:- Cryoprecipitate (CRYO) is the cold- precipitated concentration of factor VIII , it is prepared from fresh frozen plasma (FFP) by rapid freezing within
six hours of collection and thawed slowly between 1 - 6 Cº and removed from the supernatant . The product contain most of F VIII and part of fibrinogen from the
original plasma as well as F XIII Von Willebrand (vWF) and fibronectin 

Aim of the study: -This study is conducted to provide more information about significant contents of cryoprecipitates in regard to factor VIII, fibrinogen, and von
Willebrand factor as part of the quality assurance in blood transfusion centers and to provide competent and efficient therapeutic materials to

Background: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare proliferative disorder of histiocytes encompasses a wide clinical spectrum, ranging from a benign localized disease to acute
generalized disease with fatal outcome.
Objectives: to retrospectively evaluate clinical characteristics at diagnosis and outcome of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of data on 21 children with Langerhans cell histiocytosis followed at Oncology unit, Children Welfare Teaching Hospital, Medical City,
Baghdad, between 1999 and 2006.
Results : The age at time of diagnosis of LCH ranged from 3 months to 9 years, with a median of 22 months, and male to female ratio was 1

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal stem disease with distinctive clinical course which is ultimately fatal. It is characterized by the presence of Philadelphia
chromosome (t 9:22).Tyrosine kinase inhibitors like imatinib mesylate as targeted therapy had revolutionized the management of CML with significant prolongation of overall survival and
decreased rate of blastic transformation.
Objective:This study will describe the experience of treating 44 Iraqi patients with chronic myeloid leukemia by imatinib at the National Hematology Centre in Baghdad.
Patients and Methods:This study included 44 Iraqi patients diagnosed in Chronic phase CML at the National Centre of Hematology in Baghdad fr

Subject and Method :
study involved sixty five children with kala-azar who were admitted to the maternity and children teaching hospital in Diwaniah during a one year period , 1999. The
clinical and epidemiological criteria of the disease were discussed. The majority of these patients were under the age of 5 years ( 97% ) and were from rural areas ( 86% )
Result :
The symptoms and signs of the disease were fever (100% ), splenomegaly (100% ), anaemia ( 100% ), hepatomegaly ( 92% ), anorexia ( 62% ), bleeding tendency ( 46%
) and jaundice ( 31% ). Our patients had high incidence of bleeding tendency , jaundice , edema and relatively high mortality in comparison with patients elsewhere

Backround:

chlorhexidine mouth wash one of the effective chemical plaque control method that is used to prevent plaque accumalation and subsequent gingivitis.

خلفية البحث:  أصبح واضحا أن دراسة سرطان الأطفال دون السنة الأولى من العمر ربما يؤدي إلى زيادة  فهم ميكانيكية تكوين السرطان بسبب الخصائص السريرية ,الوراثية والإحصائية الفريدة لسرطان الأطفال دون السنة الأولى من العمر.

هدف الدراسة: دراسة الصفات السريرية والمرضية لسرطان الأطفال دون السنة الأولى ونتائج العلاج والبقاء.

الطرق: دراسة

خلفية الموضوع :  هناك اختلاف بين جراحي الاعصاب في استخدام ثقب واحد او ثقبان في الجمجمه لعلاج التجمع الدموي المزمن تحت الام القاسيه.

الغاية من الدراسة: هو تقيم النتائج والمضاعفات التي تحدث عند استخدام ثقب واحد في الجمجمه في علاج التجمع الدموي المزمن تحت الام القاسيه وتشمل رجوع التجمع الدموي بعد التداخل الجراحي.

طرق معالجة الموضوع: &

المقدمة :-تعد المثانة المنقلبة من التشوهات الخلقية النادرة والمعقدة التي تصيب المجمع البولي التناسلي. إن إسلوب العلاج الجراحي الحالي يتألف أساساً من الغلق المبكر متبوعاً بإجراءاتٍ أخرى في وقت لاحق تهدف إلى تحقيق السيطرة على التبول.

إن الغلق الإبتدائي أو المبكر يحتاج عادة إلى أحد أشكال قطع عظم الحوض لتسهيل إصلاح المثانة وجدار البطن بنجاح. لعقود مضت كان القطع الخلفي ال

الخلفية: إن ضرر الكلية الحاد هو مشكله سريريه متكررة الحدوث عنده المرضى الذين يعانون من حالات مرضيه حرجه وإن نسبه الوفيات المتعلقة بها عالية.ان التقييم السريع والدقيق لوظيفه الكلية المزروعة هو امر اساسي في المرضى من مستقبلي زرع الكلية لغرض اكتشاف الرفض الحاد. وجد في السنوات الاخيرة السستاتين سي كمؤشر بديل لمعدل الترشيح الكبيبي .

الهدف:دراسة فائدة سيستاتين

المقدمة: ان التعرض لمادة التباين هو السبب الثالث المؤدي الى اصابات الكلية الحادة التي تحدث في المستشفيات. ورغم ان التنبأ بالوقت الذي ستحصل فيه الاصابة ممكنا الا ان التكهنبمسار  الشفاء لايبدو  كذلك . ذلك ان الاصابة متعلقة بتزامن عوامل معينة وتؤدي في النهاية الى علاقة جوهرية مع زيادة المراضى و الوفاة و طول فترة البقاء في المستشفى.

الاهداف: لحساب نسبة وقوعات

المقدمة: من المعروف أن العديد من الخلاصات العشبية تعرف بفائدتها العلاجية في تجويف الفم عند استخدامها موضعيا. احد هذه الاعشاب هو الهيل هو ثمار مجففة لنبات عشبي معمر، وله مكانته في العائلة الزنجبيلية.

هدف الدراسة: اختبار تأثير مستخلصات الهيل الاخضر والاسود على بكتريا العصيات اللبنية بالمقارنة مع الكلورهيكسيدين كلوكونيت 0.2٪ والماء غير الايوني.

الخـلـفـيـة :يشير مصطلح المتلازمة التاجية الحادة الى اية مجموعة من الاعراض السريرية المتوافقة مع اقفار عضل القلب الحاد والتي تتضمن الذبحة اللا مستقرة واحتشاء عضلة القلب غير المرتبط بمقطع ST ((NSTEMI وكذلك احتشاء عضلة القلب الناجم عن ارتفاع مقطع ST (STEMI).

ان الابلين (apelin) هو احد الببتيدات المستحدثة داخلية المنشأ التي تمتاز بخصائص تؤثر في التقلص العضلي و في توسيع الأو

الخلاصه: الشقيقه هي من الامراض المزمنه الصداع هي اهم الاعراض الشقيقه بالاظافه الى الاعراض الاخرى المصاحبه للشقيقه`الشقيقه تقسم الى نوعين الشقيقه المصاحبه للنسمه والشيقه غير المصاحبه للنسمه

الهدف: تهدف هذه الدراسه الى تحديد الفروقات الموجوده بين الشقيقه تحت سن الخمسين مع الشقيقه فوق سن الخمسين.

طريقة البحث: اعتمدت هذه الد

الخلفية :  الناسور الشرجي أحد المشاكلِ الجراحيةِ المُصَادَفةِ عموماً . تُصنّفُ هذه النواسيرِ إلى  منخفضةِ أو عاليةِ، العديد من الدراسات أظهرت بأنّ  نوع النواسيرِ المنخفضةِ  يُمْكِنُ أَنْ تُعالجَ بسهولة بتقنيةَ الفَتْح التقليديةِ. أما الناسور الشرجي العالي فمن الصعب معالجته بتقنية  الفَتْح التقليديِ لأنها سَتؤدّي إلى قسمِ أغلب عضلاتِ العاصرةِ الشرجيةِ مما تسبب في حدوث ا