Summary:
Background Mastalgia is described as diffused or itching pain of the breast. Usually, active movement of heavy breast supported by weak suspensory ligaments contribute mainly to the etiology of mastalgia which is considered the most frequent complaint of women attending Al-Elwiya teaching hospital for consultation.
Objective:- The aim was to minimiged breast pain in mastalgic women By wearing the sport brassieres with or without the Use of danazol
Patient and method :- Tow hundred and fifty cyclic and non cyclic women suffering
from some degrees of mastalgia were chosen randomly from breast clinic of AL-Elwiya teaching hospital from June 2004 till August 2005. The mastaligic women were divided into 3 groups: group A

Background: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is the most polymorphic genetic system in main.

مقدمة: تحديد المرحلة لسرطان الحنجرة الابتدائي يلعب دورا مهما في العلاج الجراحي . هذا التحديد يعتمد على نتائج الفحص السريري و الاشعة المقطعية,مدعومة بالفحص النسيجي للورم المستاصل.

اهداف الدراسة: لتقييم دقة تحديد المرحلة بواسطة الفحص السريري والاشعة المقطعية.

تصميم الدراسة:اثنان واربعون مريضا مصابون بسرطان الحنجرة تم ادخالهم الى شع

الخلفية العلمية : التهاب الفم القلاعي المتكرر هو حالة شائعة تتميز بنوبات متكررة من تقرحات الفم. العوامل الوراثية قد تسبب هذا المرض وذلك من خلال دراسات عديدة بشأن ألأرتباط بين التهاب الفم القلاعي المتكرر وانواع من مستضدات الخلايا البيضاء البشرية  المحددة وراثيا.

أهداف الدراسة: صممت هذه الدراسة  لإلقاء الضوء على وجود علاقة محتملة لبعض اليلات مستضدات الخل

Background: complications of diabetes have become more common as the rate of diabetes. This complication includes liver and diabetic autonomic neuropathly.

خلفية الدراسة : سرطان الفسحة خلف الانف من السرطانات النادرة في العراق والعلاج الاساسي لهذا السرطان هو العلاج الشعاعي.

الغاية من الدراسة: هذه الدراسة لغرض بيان فائدة العلاج الكيمياوي لمرض سرطان الفسحة خلف الانف.

طرق البحث: هذه الدراسة تشمل ستون مريض مصابين بهذا المرض تم تشخيصهم باخذ عينة من الفسحة خلف الانف وهم يراجعون في شعبة الاورا

الهدف: تقييم العلاقة بين مستوى الزنك في المصل و حدوث عيوب الانبوب العصبي في الامهات اللواتي انهين حملهن في الفصل الثاني من الحمل استحثاثيا نتيجة لوجود عيوب الانبوب العصبي في الاجنة0

مكان الدراسة : قسم امراض النساء و الولادة في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي – مجمع مدينة الطب ,بغداد,العراق0

وقت الدراسة : ابتداءآ من شهر تشرين الثاني 2008 و لغاية ت

المقدمة: تعد عملية الخزعة النافذة في الصدر بمراقبة الفحص الشعاعي ذات قيمة تشخيصية عالية لغرض التشخيص النهائي لبعض أمراض الرئتين كما انها من العمليات المعروفة لتشخيص عقد الرئتين. ومن المعروف ان هذه العملية تجرى للمرضى غير الراقدين , وتعد أيضا من العمليات الأمينة والدقيقة كما انها تنفي الحاجة للعمليات الجراحية المفتوحة.

الغرض من الدراسة:  دقة ومقدار سلامة ف

Background: genital herpes simplex virus infection in pregnancy poses a major risk to the fetus and it has been associated with bad obstetric out come causing preterm labor, intrauterine growth retardation and spontaneous abortion. This study was conducted to determine if premature rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestational age are observed with subclinical shedding of herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Patients and methods: Cervical swabs were taken from 75 women with a history of preterm premature rupture of membranes before 37 weeks of gestation, and 20 women with normal
obstetrical history for the presence of HSV antigen using Enzyme linked Immuno Sorbent Assay (ELISA) method.
Results: HSV ant

Background: stress test (EST) is one of the main diagnostic and prognostic tests for ischemic heart disease. However, its usefulness depends on achieving target heart rate, then chronotropic incompetence and poor exercise capacity limits its utility. We evaluated the usefulness of atropine administration during the EST to decrease the number of tests with inconclusive results in these patients.
Patients &Methods: We carried out this study in Ibn AI-Bitar Teaching Hospital from September 2007 to December 2008 and comprised of 210 patients undergoing EST. In subjects experiencing fatigue when they achieved 50-75% of target heart rate (THR), or those who failed to achieve their THR, atropine was adm

Background: Prognostic histological evaluation of many cancers have recently concentrated on angiogenesis.
Materials &Methods: A total of twenty formaline-fixed, paraffin embedded blocks of renal cell carcinoma were included in this study. Sections were subjected for immunohistochemical staining of CD34. The median of the MVD of all cases of RCC were obtained to divide the cases into high- and low-MVD score groups and were correlated with the tumor stage and grade.
Results: there was a significant correlation of the high MVD score with tumor stage (P=0.02).
Conclusion: MVD may be considered as a potential prognostic marker for RCC.

Background: there are different procedures for the diagnosis of females suspected with toxoplasmosis. However, time, cost, and accuracy of the test should meet patient’s needs.
Material and methods: one hundred and eleven female with suspected toxoplasmosis were under go three different procedures for the diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Latex agglutination test, rapid chromatographic (immunoblot) and ELISA test were done for all patients. The results were described as frequency and percentage of positivity; also, specificity and sensitivity of immunoblot were assessed according to the result of other tests.
Results: The Latex test has shown 80% and 61.54% sensitivity and specificity respectively

Background: Thrombocytopenia is the second most common hematological abnormality in pregnancy following anemia. However, its incidence causes and outcomes received scarce attention, particularly in developing countries like Iraq.
Objective: This study was conducted to determine the incidence, causes and consequences of thrombocytopenia on both the mother and fetus.
Material and Methods: Platelet counts were performed on 600 pregnant women in their third trimester and on 200 age matched non pregnant healthy women, as well as 150 of the newborns of the former groups.
Results: The overall incidence of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy was 8.6%, with the gestational thrombocytopenia implicated in 76.9%,. Hy

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); its extragastrointestinal manifestations vary from one country to another. This study identifies the prevalence of the extragastrointestinal manifestations in a sample of Iraqi patients with ulcerative colitis and their relation to disease activity.
Patients and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted on 100 patients with established diagnosis of ulcerative colitis, who attended Baghdad Teaching hospital and Gastroenterology center in Baghdad during the period from May 2009 to January 2010. A direct interview and thorough clinical examination were done to determine the history of the disease, its severity and the presence or

Background: Urine cytology has an acceptable sensitivity, & specificity that justifies its use in the current diagnostic protocol. In Iraq transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) constitute about 62.1 % of bladder cancer (which ranks the third according to the results of Iraqi Cancer Registry 1995-1997). Urine cytology used in the primary diagnosis, follow up, and in the screening programs of asymptomatic but high-risk patients.
Patients and methods: This study was conducted on 93 patients, diagnosed or clinically suspected to have TCC of the urinary bladder attending to the Urological department in ALKadhimiya Teaching Hospital, AL-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, and Baghdad Medical City. During the p

خلفية العلمية: منذ اكتشاف البنسلين وحتى الآن تعتبر المضادات الحيوية أهم الطرق في علاج الالتهابات البكتيرية على رغم التطور السريع للمقاومة البكتيرية للعديد من المضادات الحيوية على مدى عقود. المكورات العنقودية الذهبية المقاومة للميثيسيلين (MRSA) احد الامثلة على ذلك، حيث اظهر هذا النوع مقاومة لجميع فئات المضادات الحيوية المستخدمة الحاليا. لحسن الحظ، أثبتت الع

خلفية: يعرف كثرة الحمرة بانه الهيماتوكريت المركزي 65٪ على الأقل. و تزداد الإصابة في الأطفال الذين لديهم تأخر النمو داخل الرحم((IUGR، ووزن صغير بالنسبة لعمر الحمل (SGA)، ويولدون متاخرين بالنسبة لعمر الحمل. العديد من الاطفال الذين يعانون من كثرة الحمرة ليس لديهم أعراض. وجدت إحدى الدراسات أن مشاكل التغذية والخمول هما أكثر الأعراض شيوعا.

الأهداف: يهدف هذا العمل لدراسة الولدان المصابين ب

وجسدية مختلفة مثل التهاب العصب البصري و خلل حركي وحسي وتنسيقي . حديثا عدد من الدراسات توجهت لدراسة العلاقة بين بعض الجينات و مرض تصلب الاعصاب المتعدد. من بين هذه الجينات المهمة هو جين Foxp3.

الاهداف: الاهداف من العمل الحالي هو لدراسة التعبير جين (Foxp3) باستخدام تقنية تفاعل البلمرة المتسلسل ذي الزمن الواقعي ولتنفيذ تحليل الكروموسومات باستخدام خلايا الدم اللمفاوية المحيطية

Background: Endoscopic treatment is widely accepted as the most effective method for controlling acute ulcer bleeding and preventing ulcer rebleeding.
Objective: is to compare efficacy and safety of local endoscopic injection of adrenaline to normal saline in bleeding peptic ulcers and to identify the risk of rebleeding after successful endoscopic hemostasis.
Patients and methods: This is a prospective study of 77 patients with bleeding peptic ulcers were treated by local endoscopic injection of adrenaline or NS. Patients who succeeded initial hemostasis were admitted and followed for rebleeding events. Rebleeding was confirmed by urgent endoscopy followed by referral to urgent surgery. Outcome was mea

Introduction:
Vibrios are gram negative rods bacteria that are all widely distributed in nature the vibrose are found in marine and surface waters. They are curved aerobic rods
and are motile, possessing a polar flagellum. V.vibrios sero group 01 and related Vibrios cause cholera cause sepsis or enteritis Vibrio cholerae The epidemiology
of cholera closely parallels the recognition of V.cholerae transmission in water and the development of sanitary water system (1,2,6,9). V. C is a comma-shaped, curved rod 2-4 long .It is actively motile by means of polar flagellu on prolonged cultivation. Vibros may become straight rod that  resemble the gram-negative enteric bacteria (1,2,6,9). V.C. grow well

Background: Green tea Camellia sinensis is non fermented tea. The tea is an infusion of flavorful leaves that has been consumed for centuries as a beverage and is valued for its medicinal properties. Over the last few decades green tea has been subjected to many scientific and medical studies to determine the extent of its long-purported health benefits, with some evidence suggesting regular green tea drinkers may have lower chances of heart disease and developing certain types of cancer. Green tea has also been claimed useful for weight loss management.
Methods: Three doses of the hot water extract were used (19.2, 38.4 and 57.6 mg/kg) to investigate micronucleus formation and phagocytic index. Mice were

Background: Several studies were carried out on association of infection with male infertility, which revealed great variations in the prevalence of genital infection in different parts of the world. This work was designed to study the effect of infection on semen parameters in a sample of Iraqi infertile males.
Methods: A sample of 400 infertile male patients attending the High Institute for Embryo Research and Infertility Treatment for laboratory investigations and treatment were selected. This study was carried out during the period Nov. 2002 to April 2003, inclusive. Seminal fluid analysis was performed on samples obtained by masturbation into a glass container after 48 to 72 hours from of abstinence from&

Background: Open access gastroduodenoscopy allows general practitioners to request gastroduodenoscopy without prior referral to a specialist. Endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract in experienced hands has definite advantages over conventional barium-meal examination.
Patients and Methods: A total of 266 patients who were referred directly from general practitioner or a specialist attending for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to the Endoscopy Unit At Al-Kindi Teaching Hospital from September- 2008 to Feb-2010 as an open access policy. Six inclusion criteria were used to include patients in our study group , while 136 patients had underwent EGD were referred from outpatient clinics of the hospital

Background: Bone healing of fractures is still an open field for research due to its biological complexity. Adequately adapted experimental model is essential for understanding the factors
influencing the biological process of bone healing. Rabbits provide a good animal model for bone healing studies; its bone had Haversian system similar to human.
Material and Methods: Six young locally breaded New Zeeland male rabbits were used in this study, the study conducted in animal house in college of medicine at November and December 2009. Surgical fracture (osteotomy) induced operatively in right ulna under general anesthesia by a hand saw. At the end of fifth weeks, the animals' scarified and the specimens taken

Background: foreign bodies Inhalation still a common problem in Iraq, occurring in both lay and professional segments of our society. Their successful removal is based on a collected experience of our thoracic surgical teams.
Patients&Methods: A prospective study of two hundred forty eight patients referred to the department of thoracic surgery of the surgical subspecialties hospital of the medical city teaching complex during the year (2007) due to witnessed or suspicion of foreign body inhalation. Patients were grouped into group 1 with definite history of foreign body inhalation and group 2 with no such history.
Results: In group 1, out of 203(81.85%) patients, about 169(83.25%) patients were pr

Background:
Angiogenesis plays a crucial role in tumorigensis; several reports have described a significant increase in microvessel density (MVD) in colorectal carcinogenesis There are
several methods to measure the angiogenesis in neoplasms, but immunohitochemistry seems to be the mainstay of all. This method enable us to measure the tumor microvessel densities highlighted by using antibodies directed against endothelial cell markers like CD31,CD34 or others; then assessment of MVD by manual count of the number of microvessels in what appears to be the most vascular area of the tumor(called the hot spot) using a protocol described by Weidner et al.Automated cellular imaging system is used to analyze

Background: TIDM is known to be polygenic disease that appears from the interaction of mutation in multiple genes including HLA. The autoimmune mediated destruction of
pancreatic β-cells is reflected by the presence of autoantibodies against prominent antigens in the pancreatic β-cells.
Objective: This study was designed to investigate the role of HLA-class I and class II antigens in the etiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and also assessment of
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) autoantibodies in the patients at the onset of the disease.
Patients & Methods: Sixty T1DM patients who were newly onset of the disease (diagnosed less than five months) were selected. Eighty apparently healthy

Objective:
To assess the subjective rating of quality of life of college students in University Of Science And Technology in Jordan as a sample of healthy educated
young population through applying the WHOQOL-BREF instrument as a field trial in Jordan and to compare the finding with similar previous study.
Methods
Three hundreds forms of Arabic version of the self-reporting questionnaire WHOQOL-BREF were distributed to students of third class attending the lecture
halls in three colleges (college of Engineering, college of science, college of  medicine) in the university campus in AL Ramtha–Jordan from the first of March
to first of may 2007., with respect to university regulations,interested parti

Background:To evaluate the accuracy of serum uric acid to predict maternal and fetal complications in women with pre- eclampsia.
Design: Prospective study. Setting: Tikrit Teaching Hospital.
Subject and Methods: Fifty normotensive and forty-three pre-eclamptic pregnant women at (20-24) weeks of gestation were the study subject, serum concentrations of uric acid
were measured and examine the correlations between serum uric acid level with fetal and maternal complications.
Result: Serum concentration of uric acid in pre-eclamptic women were significantly higher than in gestational age match normotensive pregnant women, and women with pre-eclampsia
and elevated uric acid concentration at increased risk of

Background: Acute inflammatory demylinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barr'e syndrome) is the commonest cause of acute neuromuscular paralysis in most countries. The onset of symptoms in patients with GBS can either be acute or sub acute .Ventilatory failure is primarily caused by inspiratory muscles weakness although weakness of abdominal and accessory muscles of respiration, retained airway secretion leading to aspiration and atelectasis are all contributing factors. Nutritional support of critically sick children is important for metabolic maintenance and
tissue repair.
Methods: To identify clinical and respiratory features associated with progression to respiratory failure in children with GBS. Twen