Background: Several factors render chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) an interesting subject for study by researchers. These include marked progress in understanding the molecular biology of normal and neoplastic lymphocytes and recent advances in molecular genetics techniques. Among molecular markers, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), have been widely studied.
Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of CLL and its role in disease progression.
Patients, materials and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was done on 60 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (45 males & 15 females) compared with 20 controls (anemic patients), all recr

Background: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant clonal expansion of plasma cells. Previous studies had demonstrated that both bone marrow angiogenesis as measured by microvessel density (MVD) and PCNA were increased in variety of malignant disorders, including multiple myeloma.
Objective: Assessment of angiogenesis in bone marrow of MM patients by using immunohistochemical stain to measure microvessel density (MVD) using factor VIII –related antigen and to evaluate the expression of PCNA antigen in plasma cells of MM bone marrow sections . Also to find the correlation between these two parameters and between them and the percentage of plasma cells infiltration in bone marrow of MM.
Patients, materia

Background: Bladder carcinoma is one of the most common cancer worldwide, it accounts for 6.5% of all cancers, with highest incidence in industrialized countries .It represents the fourth most common cancer in men and the eighth in women. Bladder carcinoma depends in its pathogenesis on a combination of genetic and environmental factors, these factors produce phenotypic changes that allow normal transitional cells to become cancerous and finally acquire the “malignant phenotype".  Many attempts had been tried to explore the role of some genetic abnormalities encountered in bladder carcinoma. It has indicated that many genetic abnormalities may underline the pathogenesis of cancer evolution of urinary

Background: Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a common rheumatologic syndrome with multiple manifestations and associated with many diseases, it characterized by chronic wide
spread muscular pain and tenderness. Resistin is an adipokine discovered in 2001 and considered as a link between obesity and type 2 diabetes by antagonizing and resisting the
action of insulin as it name encompass ;resistin (resist insulin) . It is secreted mainly from adipose tissue in mice and from white blood cells besides the adipose tissue in humans.
Research reviled that resistin has a role in some inflammatory diseases like Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA).
Objective: The objective of this study is to measure Resistin concentration and

Background typhoid fever is the commonest cause of non traumatic terminal ileal perforation in our study with a grave postoperative morbidity & mortality depending upon preoperative time delay &/or type of surgical intervention practiced. 
Objective to evaluate the frequency of non traumatic causes of terminal ileal perforation, their presentations,perforation-operation interval effect on complications, as well as different modalities of treatment and their complications.
Methods the study is a prospective study of 82 patients with perforation of terminal ileum diagnosed by explorative laparatomy in Al Kindy teaching hospital ,Baghdad, Iraq from April 2008- December 2010, all of the patien

Background: Cataract surgery is one of the most common surgeries, and changes in intraocular pressure might occur after cataract surgery, and some postoperative medications might affect it.

Objectives: Evaluate the effects of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug bromfenac 0.09% ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) after phacoemulsification surgery and report any side effects of the drug.

Patient and Method: This is a prospective study done in an ophthalmic center in Iraq involving adult patients with senile or iatrogenic cataracts prepared for cataract surgery by phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and were divided into two groups:

Background: Most individuals with inflammatory arthritis are diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which is an immunological disorder characterized by the development of autoantibodies, particularly anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACCP) antibodies, which play a significant role in initiating inflammatory responses. Recent studies have shown that the production of cytokines contributes to the progression and dissemination of RA.

Objectives: To assess the predictive capability of Interleukin 41 (IL-41) compared with ACCP and its correlation with disease activity and treatment response in a group of Iraqi patients afflicted with RA.

Methods: One hundred patients with RA

Background: Until today, the etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) remains unknown, although hints of its etiologic basis lay on genetic susceptibility, infectious agents and alterations in immune mechanics.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the possible alterations in salivary tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and Immunoglobulin-A (IgA) level in patients with RAS and its relation with clinical types of disease.
Subjects and Methods: Salivary TNF-α levels were investigated in 50 RAS patients and 25 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Single radial immune diffusion method was used for estimation of IgA level in two studied groups.
Results: S

Background : Diabetes mellitus is a stressful condition in which the increased production of free radicals impairs the generation of naturally occurring antioxidants like vitamins and
carotenoids . 
Aim :The present study deals with the changes in serum ß-carotene in type 2 diabetes mellitus, as modulated by glycemic control and oxidative stress .
Subjects & methods : Multiple biochemical parameters were obtained from plasma of 57 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 25 males and 32 females ) , on oral hypoglycemic with
a disease duration of 1- 15 years and 37 healthy normal subject s of matching age and sex to serve as controls. The biochemical parameters measured in the present study i

Background- Every war in the world has its characteristics and the Iraqi Iranian war 1980-1988 has been neglected for along time due to political factors . this study tried to
illustrate some of the features of casualties during this war .
Methods – review of records of all veterans evacuated to an advanced dressing station (ADS) serving a corps sector over one year starting from the 1st of Jan. 1982 to the 31st of
Dec. 1982.
Results – the total number of casualties reached this station was 3020 veterans . Mortality rate before reaching to the station was about 20%. The majority of veterans (70%) were
evacuated to the next station and most of them (90%) were injured during combat. Severe injuries co

a prospective study conducted at baghdad teaching hospital

Background: Preptin is an endocrine peptide with 34 amino acids. Conjugated with insulin, it is produced by β-cells from the pro-insulin-like growth factor 2 E-peptide. However, in addition to insulin, pancreatic hormone (Preptin) is released in response to elevated blood glucose levels. Preprint’s primary metabolic effect is to raise insulin synthesis, which is achieved through both an amplifying mechanism and a triggering route that is dependent on calcium signalling.

Objectives: To determine the Preptin in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) with and without Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods: One hundred and twenty Iraq

الخلفية : تختلف نتائج ما بعد جراحة الإنشقاق البطن الخلقي و قروة السروة بين البلدان المختلفة وخاصة بين البلدان المتقدمة والنامية.

الأهداف :الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد النتيجة المبكرة للمرضى المولودين إنشقاق البطن الخلقي و قروة السروة.

الموضوعات والطرق: شملت هذه الدراسة التحليلية 30 مريضًا (11 مريضًا إنشقاق البطن الخلقي  و 19 مريضًا قروة السروة). تم علاج المرضى في مدينة اربيل

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent chronic inflammatory skin condition with a familial tendency. It affects approximately 10%-20% of children and 1%-3% of adults worldwide. Chenopodium murale is clinically proven for treating many medical conditions, such as AD, due to its easy application and efficacy. Salvia plant has an anti-inflammatory effect on AD cases treated with phenolic compounds.

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory effect of the phytosterol fraction of Chenopodium murale (CM) in comparison to Salvia frigida (SF).

Methods: This study was conducted from December 2020 to June 2021 in the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medic

خلفية البحث: ان المغذيات الدقيقة الأساسية الموجودة في تراكيز منخفضة جدا في الجسم مثل السيلينيوم والزنك والنحاس تلعب دورًا

مهمًا في العمليات الفيسيولوجية المختلفة وتعتبر أساسا في الأداء السليم لجهاز المناعة وقد أظهرت العديد من الدراسات أن هده المغذيات

الدقيقة قد يكون لها دور في الصرع الحراري عند الاطفال.

الهدف: تحديد مستوى الزنك والنحاس في ا

تعد آلام البطن الحادة واحدة من أهم الأسباب الشائعة لمراجعة المرضى لقسم الجراحة التابع للمستشفيات ويعتبر جهاز الأمواج فوق الصوتية واحدا من أهم الأجهزة المستخدمة على نطاق واسع لتشخيص الأمراض الجراحية نظرا لسهولة استخدامه وسرعته ولعدم اختراقه للبطن وأيضا يعتبر من أهم الأجهزة التي تحدد لنا السبب الرئيسي لألام البطن الحادة .

الهدف :

دراسة أمراض البطن الأكثر شيوع

تعد اضطرابات الثدي من الامور التي تخلف تاثيرات نفسية . ولحسن الحظ ان اكثر الاعراض تشخيصا هي وجود كتلة في الثدي.

الغاية 

توضيح العلامات السريرية والمرضية وعلامات السونار لاضطرابات الثدي عند الذكور

المرضى وطرق البحث 

تم جمع نتائج 93 مريض من الفترة كانون الثاني 2008 الى كانون الاول 2009 في مستشفى بغداد التعليمي ومركز الكشف المبك

 خلفية: كبير الوزن عند الولادة هي واحدة من العوامل المهمة التي تؤثر على معدلات الاعتلال والوفيات ما حول الولادة. فإنه قد يؤدي إلى لول لا رجعة فيه بسبب صدمة الولادة واختناق الجنين

أهداف: تهدف هذه الدراسة الى مقارنة النتائج قصيرة الامد للرضع كبيري الحجم لامهات مصابات و غير مصابات بداء السكري

 وأكثر، غرام  4000 ذو اوزان المرضى والطرق:اجريت

المقدمة:

علاج اعادة التوعي لمرضى الجذع الايسر او الشرايين التاجية الثلاثة بقى مسألة حجة لوقت طويل سواء من قبل التدخل التاجي الجلدي او تطعيم طريق الشريان التاجي سنتاكس صممت لتقيم استراتيجية اعادة التوعي المثالية بين التدخل التاجي الجلدي وتطعيم طريق الشريان التاجي لمرضى الجذع الايسر او مرضى الشرايين التاجية الثلاث.

الطريقة:دراسة اجريت في ال

خلفية: وعادة ما توصف antiemetics وقائية لالغثيان والقيء عندما توصف المسكنات الأفيونية في قسم الطوارئ.

الهدف: لتقييم حدوث الغثيان والقيء بعد تسكين الترامادول، وتأثير بروكلوربيرازين في هذه الإصابة.

كانت تدار الرابع ترامادول مع prochlorperzine (المجموعة الأولى)، أو البيريدوكسين (المجموعة الثانية) إلى 44 مريضا يعانون من آلام حادة سيفر: المرضى والأساليب.

النتا

المقدمة :يعتبر المفراس الحلزوني الطريقة الاولى لفحص المرضى الذين يعانون من الصمم الولادي لاستطاعته التعرف على التشوهات الخلقية للاذن الداخلية التي من الممكن ان تكون مسؤولة عن الصمم الولادي. 

الهدف:لعَرْض حالاتِ شذوذ الأذن الداخلية الموضَحة في المفراس الحلزوني في الأطفالِ المصابين بالصمم الخلقي ولتَقييم اهمية المفراس الحلزوني للتنبؤِ بزرعِ القوقعة.وكذلك لتَقييم مدى حدوث

Background: Extradural hematoma (epidural hematoma) result from tearing of dural or skull vessels caused by deformation of the skull or fracture. Epidural hematoma can occur at all ages but are seen primarily in patients younger than 60 years.
Patients and Methods: this prospective study was conducted on 50 patients (38 male, 12 female) suffering from head injury and has a CT scan evidence of extradural hematoma during the period from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2008 in Neurology surgery hospital.
Results: There were 4 patients above 50years, the cause of injury was fall in50%, assault24%, RTA20%and bullet injury 6%.the commonest site was temporal region 42%.surgical treatment were done to 39 patient

Background: The coexistence of renal and heart failure carries an extremely bad prognosis. The exact cause of deterioration of kidney function and the mechanism underlying this interaction are complex, multifactorial in nature, and still not completely understood. Both the heart and the kidney act in tandem to regulate blood pressure, vascular tone, diuresis, natriuresis, etc.
Patients and methods: Sixty patients mean age 65.5 year were complaining heart failure duo to different causes assessed for renal function (blood urea &creatinine) and cardiac function by echocardiography in day 0 and 10 day after treatment of heart failure.
Results: The mean value (±S.D) of blood urea and serum creatinine on day 0 were 64.17mg/dL (±30.

Background: Acute exercise stress is associated with a lower lymphocyte functional response. It is suggested that exercise can enhance or reduce immunity depending on the frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise.
Subjects and Methods: From November 2007 to January 2008, thirty healthy Volunteers were recruited from medical, paramedical staffs, and students of Baghdad College of Medicine (all males). Participants were chosen according to the following: (1)Age (between 20 and 35 years), (2) Non obese : Body mass index (BMI in kg/m2) was used as an index of obesity, (3) Non-smoker, (4) No recent medical problem, (5) No recent medications, and (6) No musculoskeletal complaint. After a general m

Background: Population studies suggest that 3–8% of asymptomatic adults have thyroid nodules. Nodules have a 5–15% prevalence of malignancy. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is the primary and frequently initial tool for assessing the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules and selecting patients for thyroid surgery.
Patients and Methods: This prospective study was done during the period from June 2007 to November 2008. The study includes 141 patients with palpable solitary or multiple thyroid nodules. Only patients with normal or low TSH values were referred for ultrasound examination and ultrasound guided FNAC, which were done using fine needles (G 20).
Results: eleven patients (7.8%) have insuffici

Background: The etiology of ischemic heart disease (IHD) is believed to have an immunological component. Association with human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) has been previously reported, particularly with DR6.
Patients and methods: 75 cardiac patients were admitted to the coronary care unit, Baghdad Teaching Hospital over the period October 2008-May 2009 with the clinical diagnosis of acute
coronary syndrome and STEMI myocardial infarction their ages range was (25-82) years the number of male was (55) (73.3%) and female was (20) (26.7%). All cases have routine ECG, cardiac marker’s measurements, routine haematological, Biochemical test and 2mls of blood reserved for HLA study.
Results: It was found that H

Background: image processing of medical images is major method to increase reliability of cancer diagnosis.
Methods: The proposed system proceeded into two stages: First, enhancement stage which was performed using of median filter to reduce the noise and artifacts that present in a CT image of a human lung with a cancer, Second: implementation of k-means clustering algorithm.
Results: the result image of k-means algorithm compared with the image resulted from implementation of fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm.
Conclusion: We found that the time required for k-means algorithm implementation is less than that of FCM algorithm.MATLAB package (version 7.3) was used in writing the programming code of our w

الارتفاع الغير طبيعي للحامض البولي  هي حالة مرضية   حاصلة نتيجة الانتاج المتزايد للحامض او قلة في طرح هذا الحامض عن طريق الجسم او بسبب كلتا الحالتين . الحامض البولي هو الناتج النهائي لل purine  الموجود في الجسم .

أثناء سنِ الرشد، يَزِيدُ تركيزَ بلازما الحامضِ البوليِ بشكل  إضافي وهذه الزيادةِ تتفاوت حسب الاختلاف الحاصل  بالطول ، وزن جسمِ، ضغط دمّ، وظيفة الكلى، استخد

خلفيه البحث:الرهاب الاجتماعي هو شعور بالخوف من واحده أو أكثر من المواقف الاجتماعية مصحوبه بأعراض القلق حيث يتجنب المريض هذه المواقف.

أهداف البحث: يهدف البحث الى بيان معدل انتشار اضطراب الرهاب الاجتماعي لدى طلبه كليه الطب ,ودراسة الخصائص الاجتماعيةوالديموغرافية ,مع توضيح مدى تأثير الرهاب الاجتماعي غلى التحصيل الاكاديمي. كذلك يهدف البحث لدر

خلفية الدراسة : مرض بايلز تشوه نمو نهايات العظام العائلي هو مرض يصيب نهايات العظام الطويلة مع تشوه يشبه شكل قدح الاختبار المختبري.

المرضى وطرق العمل : العلامات السريرية لخمس حالات مسجلة من مرض بايلز (بايلز) تميزت بصفات ميكانيكا حياتية تختلف عن صفات العظام الطبيعية قدمت في البحث. المريض الاول كان لديه انحراف الركبتين الى الجهة الوحشية اجريت لها عملية قص وتعديل العظم مع تثبيت داخل