تستخدم تثخن الطبقه المبطنه للشريان السباتي الرئيسي على نطاق واسع كمؤشر مبكر على درجه تطور امراض الشرايين التاجيه و تصلب الشرايين و امراض اوعية القلب.  من المعروف ان داء السكري يسرع في تثخن الطبقة المبطنة للشرايين, وقد استخدم جهاز السونار لقياس سمك الطبقة المبطنة للشريان السباتي وكذلك مؤشرنسبة ضغط دم الكاحل للعضد, اللذان يعتبران كمعيارين للتشخيص المبكر لتصلب الشرايين وامراض الجهاز القلب

الخلاصة

المقدمة:  يعتبر تساقط الشعر حالة جلدية شائعة جدًا عادة ما يكون مصحوبا بأثار نفسية كبيره على المرضى,تساقط الشعر الكربي من الاسباب الأكثر شيوعًا لتساقط الشعر وبما أن الاضطرابات الغذائية هي أحد العوامل المحفزة له من ضمنها  فيتامين دال حيث انه أحد الفيتامينات المهمة.فيتامين دال فد يكون مفيدًا في علاج تساقط الشعر الكربي ونظرًا للعدد المحدود من الدراسات وقلة

المقدمة: تعد التهابات الجهاز التنفسي السفلي الحادة أحد الأسباب الرئيسية للمراضة والوفيات ، خاصة في البلدان النامية. هناك اختلافات عالمية كبيرة من ناحية اعداد الاصابات والمعالجات السريرية والنتائج ، بما في ذلك الوفيات.

هدف الدراسة: وصف السمات الديموغرافية ، محافظة الإقامة ، المهنة ونتائج السريرية لمرضى التهابات الجهاز التنفسي الحادة.

المرضى والطرق: تناولت دراسة بأثر رجعي 1009 مريض ، 406 مريضا كانوا مص

Background: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disorders caused by cellular and humoral immune dysfunction from infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV 1 and HIV 2).
Patients and Methods: The study was carried out in Kirkuk governorate on 5090 secondary school students from different localities of the city, for the period from the beginning of October 2005 to the end of March 2006. A special questionnaire was applied for each student containing age, sex, class, parent’s education, mode of transmission & methods of prevention.
Results: There was no significant difference between male and female regarding the etiology of AIDS.The knowledge of secondary school students was

Background: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is heterogenous syndrome. Because the diversity of disease processes and formation of complex lymphoid microstructures that indicate the multiple T cell activation pathways are involved .affected patients have major abnormalities in the T cell pool with clonally expanded CD4  + T cell that lose expression of the CD28null molecule and lack the ability for profiliration. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an indicator of the proliferation and differenation of lymphocyte, in particularly the T cell subcells.
Patients and Methods: Total ADA levels were measured in the sera of RA patients and healthy group according to Giusti (1981).
Results: The mean value of ADA was lo

Background: A quick and easy method was developed for extraction of DNA of eukaryotes from different samples, which are bone marrow and sperms in white mice Mus musculus strain (Balb/c).
Patients and Methods: this method using high salt buffer, Ethylene diemine tetracetec acid (EDTA), Trypsine,Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate(SDS), and urea without using Proteinase-K digestion or ultracentrifugation.
Results: This method was successful in extracting DNA from different samples in eukaryotic and this DNA is suitable for Hind III digestion.
Conclusion: Without further clean-up, the extracted DNA can be used for restriction endonuclease digestion or for numerous applications.

Background: Molecular DNA hybridization has confirmed more than 120 different human papilloma virus (HPV) genotypes. A small group of them have high- risk oncogenic potential. Many studies have described an association of such high risk-HPV genotypes with a variety of esophageal benign tumors as well as malignant squamous cell carcinomas.
Patients and Methods: A total number of 90 tissue specimens were collected from 50 patients with esophageal squamous cell (SCC), adenocarcinoma (AC) and carcinoma in situ (CIS); 20 patients with squamous acanthosis (SA); and 20 individuals with apparently-healthy esophageal tissues (AHET). The molecular detection methods for HPV detection and genotyping were performed by in s

Summary:
Background: CM is the leading cause of infant deaths and account for much greater proportion of infant mortality’ than does premature birth. A malformation is a primary structural defect arising from a localized error in morphogenesis. This is a prospective study devoted to define the causes and frequencies of congenital malformations (CM) in Maternal and Children Hospital (MCH) in Al-Anbar govemorate (west of Iraq) and a comparison is done with other Iraqi and international studies.
FdC Med Baghdad Methods: Congenital malformations were studied over a period of 2 years from the 1st of July 2000 2007/ Vol. 49, No.3 f0 fjle 30th ofJune 2002 in 12831 births including stillbirths at MCH in Al- Anbar govemorate (west Receive

Background: genetic factors were considered to play a possible role the development of autoimmune hepatitis.
Patients and methods: polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primers (PCRSSP) was the method used to asses HLA-typing of 100 blood samples of 60 AIH patients and 40 healthy normal controls.
Results: comparison between AIH patients and healthy controls showed several antigens deviations in their frequencies. HLA-A*113 (A1/-/Null) observed to play a possible risk factor in this disease while significant loss of HLA-A*2 allele were clearly observed which prompt us to believe that it could act as a protective factor, on the other hand, increased frequency of HLA-B*8 & B*14 were statist

Background: Autoantibodies against liver membrane are the specific autoantibodies found in AIH. Cytochrome P450 1A2 has been identified as the
target autoantigen for these autoantibodies
The aim of the study : is to evaluate the prevalence and clinical relevance of LMA in AIH
Methods: The study was performed on 73 Iraqi patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) of unknown cause , attending the teaching hospital for gastroenterology and
liver disease in a period between November 2003 and July 2004. Anti-liver membrane antibodies were studied by IFA technique.
Results: LMA was detected in the sera of 28(57.14)and 3(37.5%) patients with type 1 and type 3 AIH respectively, but never in the sera of h

خلفية البحث: تلعب فعالية التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي  دورا رئيسا في التسبب في الإعاقة سواء بصورة مباشرة أو عبر آثار غير مباشرة من خلال ضرر المفصل. تقييم نشاط مرض التهاب المفاصل الروماتويدي مهم للتنبؤ بنتيجة وفعالية التدخلات العلاجية خلال فترة المتابعة .معيار نشاط المرض السريري (س د اي آي) هو أداة بسيطة جديدة لقياس فعالية المرض

الهدف: : لتقييم صحة وموثوقية (سي

Back ground: Although adult stem cells possess plasticity that permit differentiation along new lineages, production of exocrine and endocrine pancreatic cells and insulin-secreting beta-cells from adult non pancreatic stem cells has been considered controversial. We present that highly purified adult rat hepatic oval stem cells, which are capable of differentiation to hepatocytes and bile ducts epithelium, can also trans-differentiate into pancreatic exocrine-endocrine tissue, when homogenized hepatic tissue is implanted into subcutaneous tissue .
Methods and Materials: A total of 60 adult Swiss albino rats were divided into two groups . Group I , control group (30 animals) was injected with normal salin

Backgrund: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of chlamydia the pneumonia in community-acquired pnevmonia in Iraq.

الخلفية : ظهور المشيب هي علامة لتقدم السن وجدت انها تقترن بالقصور الشرياني . المتلازمة الايضية هي مايطلق على مجموعة عوامل الخطورة التي غالبا ماتزيد من مخاطر الاصابة بتصلب الشرايين.

الهدف : اختبار الاقتران بين العمر الذي يبدأ به ظهور الشيب والعرضة للاصابة بالمتلازمة الايضية.

الطرق : اربعمائة وواحد وثمانون شخص اشيب الشعر اشتركوا في ال

متلازمة النفق الرسغي هي واحدة من امراض الاعصاب المحيطية الشائعة الناتجة عن انضغاط العصب الوسطي في الرسغ اما كمرض اولي او ثانوي مصاحب لامراض اخرى ويعتمد تشخيصها على الاعراض والفحوصات السريرية ونتائج الفحوصات الكهروفسلجية للعصب الوسطي والعضلة المبعدة القصيرة للابهام. العلاج المتداول لهذه المتلازمة يتضمن تداخلات جراحية أو تداخلات تحفضية من عقاقير دوائية ومساند وعلاج فيزياوي طبيعي ومن ضمن تلك

Back ground: This study was conducted to estimate the relation ship of the incisive papilla to the antero posterior arrangement of the maxillary anterior teeth in a two different groups (Iraqi and Yemenian groups), because incisive papilla is considered as a reliable and relatively stable anatomic land mark.
Materials and Methods: Maxillary and mandibular stone casts were collected from 100 dental students, (50) of Iraqi dental students in Baghdad university and (50) of Yemenian dental students in Ibb university at the 3rd and 4th classes. Age ranged from 21-25 years. Alginate impression, dental stone, stock trays were used. Photographic technique was used to measure anatomic land marks located on de

Background: Determine how do obesity and type2 diabetes intertwined? and what it takes to turn an obese person into a person with diabetes. That link may help to understand why some obese people never develop diabetes while many others do. Serum sugar level was used as indicator of insulin level; leptin level was used as indicator of leptin resistance.
A total of 50 obese subjects were involved in this study, 25 obese subject (BMI >30) had diabetes mellitus type 2(no insulin dependant), selected from Baghdad teaching Hospital in Baghdad /Iraq. The remaining 25 obese (BMI >30) were normal healthy individuals.
Patients and Methods: ELSA technique was used for the measurement of serum leptin. Blood

Background: This study was done to assist bond strength of glass ionomer cement reinforced by different amount of Hydroxyapatite
Materials and methods: In this study a hydroxyapatite materials were added to glass ionomer cement at different ratios; 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% (by weight) and the bond strength was detected by construction a cylinders from these mixed materials, constructed on exposed dentine of human extracted premolar teeth and by Zwick’s universal testing machine the bond strength were detected for these mixed materials.
Results: Results showed that the glass ionomer cement reinforced by hydroxyapatite has higher bond strength than conventional glass ionomer cement and the hydroyapat

Background: proteins, glycoproteins and fructose as parameters used to assess infertility in men.
Objective: To determine and correlate serum and seminal plasma of total proteins, glycoproteins and fructose with infertility in men.
Patients and Methods: The study was performed on 154 subjects; 109 infertile men (oligospermic and azoospermic) and 45 normal volunteers (normospermic men). All sera and seminal plasma were submitted for total proteins, glycoproteins and fructose levels measurment.
Results: No significant difference was noted in serum and seminal plasma of total proteins in oligospermic and azoospermic and that of normospermic men (P>0.05) compared to normospermic men. Statistical sign

Background: clinically significant macular edema (CSME) is the commonest cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes mellitus and laser focal photocoagulation is the golden standard for treating it. Patients and Methods: A frequency doubled Nd: YAG laser was used to treat all eyes included in this study with diabetic maculopathy. Thirty eyes of three insulin dependent and twenty six non insulin dependent diabetic Iraqi patients were included. The study involved twenty six males, three females and followed for one year. Their ages were ranging between 36- 59 years, all of them from patients attending ophthalmic out-patient department in the medical city in the period between January 2005 and June 2006

Background: Sacrococcygeal teratoma is seen in 1 in every 35000 live births, and is the most common tumor presenting in newborn and children but also reported in adults.(1)
Sacrococcygeal teratoma are the most common type of germ cell tumors (both benign and malignant) diagnosed in neonates , infants and children younger than 4 years.(2)
Case report: A 2 years old male child presented with a visible lump or mass under the skin at the top of the buttocks crease after falling on the ground on his buttocks, and the parents give a history that the child had a constipation since birth. The case was diagnosed as endodermal sinus tumor with yolk sac elements on the bases of clinical examination, ultrasonograp

Background: Techniques of Inguinal hernia repair have seen an evolution from the pure tissue repair to the prosthetic repair and in the recent years past to laparoscopic repair. High recurrence rates using fascia for the hernia repair or the use of sutures under tension prompted the development of polypropylene mesh to reinforce the posterior wall of the inguinal canal.The aim of this study is to compare the post operative results of Lichtenstein mesh technique with Dar ning repair.<br />Patients and methods:-A prospective study of "100" patients with inguinal hernia were conducted to evaluate two methods, of open repair of inguinal hernia Lichtenstein mesh technique with Traditional non-mesh technique (modified Bassini or Darning)

Background: Sepsis is recognized as the leading cause of neonatal mortality globally, yet its detection remains challenging due to inconclusive signs and symptoms.
Objective: This study aimed to examine the variations in complete blood count (CBC), D-dimer, ferritin, interleukin-10, urea, and electrolyte levels among neonates with sepsis compared to healthy newborns and to identify and characterize the associated symptoms and risk factors.
Methods: An observational study was conducted at the Children's Welfare Teaching Hospital in Baghdad during the period from first of September 2023 to first of March 2024, the research involved a total of 187

Background:

Background:

Background: the integrity of cardiovascular reflexes & autonomic activities can be assessed by different tests and different techniques. However most of these studies carried out on male subject & usually on young group only .very little researches available concerning the differences in cardiovascular reflexes between male & female in different age group.
Aim of study: is to investigate the differences in cardiovascular reflexes in young , old male & female in response to go head up tilting using totally non- invasive system .
Sub. & Methods: this study was carried out in AL-Najaf teaching hospital on 85 normal sub. , 41 males c6 44 females they were divided into two age groups (20-40 years) & (41-60 years)

خلفية : تعد عقيدات الغدة الدرقية من المشاكل الصحية الشائعة تبرز أهميتها بإستبعاد الاورام السرطانية من هذه العقد والتي تحصل بنسبة 7% - 15% من الحالات ومن الجدير بالذكر أنه ونتيجة لعوامل متعددة أصبح المعدل السنوي للإصابة بسرطان الغدة الدرقية ثلاثة أضعاف ماكان عليه في السابق . إن سرطان الغدة الدرقية العرضي هو أي سرطان تابع للغدة الدرقية والذي لم يستدل عليه عن طريق التحقيقات والفحوصات السابقة للعمليات الجراح

 المقدمة:تعتبر مبيضات البيضاء  عامل فطري معدي اساسي في عدوى الانسان. يعتبر الالتصاق الخطوة الاساسية لتمركز و لتكوين الاصابات المبيضية

الاهداف:التعرف ومقارنه الجين بين العزلات المختلفة العائدة للمبيضات البيضاء بطريقة تفاعل البلمرة التسلسلي.

المرضى وطرق العمل:

 تم جمع 108 عينه من مختلف عزل المبيضيات البيضاء م

الخلفية : السحايا هي التهاب الاغشية الحامية التي تغطي الدماغ والحبل الشوكي المعروف ب meninges. أنها السبب الرئيسي الذي يسبب الاصابة والوفيات بين الاطفال الرضع والاطفال تحت سن الخامسة من العمر.

المرضى وطرق التشخيص : تضمنت الدراسة 250 عينة من السائل الشوكي لاطفال تحت سن الخامسة من العمر شخصوا سريرياً بأصابتهم بمرض السحايا والتي جمعت  منذ شباط 2012 الى أذار 2013 من بعض

لمقدمة:درجة السنتاكس ٢ تعد طريقة ارشادية لاختيار طريقة العلاج في المرضى اللذين يعانون من امراض شرايين القلب التاجية المعقدة مع او بدون امراض الشريان الايسر الرئيسي غير المحمي.
الهدف: لتقييم نسبة عدم التوافق بين القرار السريري لاختصاصي القلبية وتوصيات درجة السنتاكس ٢ بالنسبة لخطة العلاج في المرضى المصابين بآمراض شرايين القلب التاجية المعقدة مع او بدون امراض الشريان الايسر الرئيسي غير المحمي