Carbon capture and storage technologies are crucial in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. This study investigates the enhancement of CO₂ absorption through refining amine blends, specifically diethylenetriamine (DETA) with monoethanolamine (MEA) and tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) with MEA at different concentrations and employing chemical promoters to boost the performance of the gas treatment system. The behaviour of these amines was evaluated by the impact of mixing DETA and MEA across different concentrations. The results showed that the removal efficiency increased with increasing DETA concentration. Similarly, the TEPA-MEA blend was investigated, demonstrating an increase in removal efficiency with increasing TEPA c

   The effectiveness of dynamic models in field development and predicting future reservoir performance depends on the accuracy and reliability of geological models. These models are constructed based on an accurate categorization of reservoir rock types and the identification of flow units. understanding the geological structure, lithological characteristics, and depositional processes is crucial in differentiating rock types and determining flow units within strata. This study focuses on identifying rock types and flow units within the upper Cretaceous reservoir/Qamchuqa formation of the Jambur oilfield. By employing four petrophysical techniques across six wells, it was determined that the Rock Fabric Number technique and the Winlan

Wellbore instability and sand production onset modeling are very affected by Sonic Shear Wave Time (SSW). In any field, SSW is not available for all wells due to the high cost of measuring. Many authors developed empirical correlations using information from selected worldwide fields for SSW prediction. Recently, researchers have used different Artificial Intelligence methods for estimating SSW. Three existing empirical correlations of Carroll, Freund, and Brocher are used to estimate SSW in this paper, while a fourth new empirical correlation is established. For comparing with the empirical correlation results, another study's Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used. The same data t

   Due to their recalcitrant characteristics, Azo dyes such as methyl orange (MO) are extremely poisonous substances, making their removal from textile industry wastewater a major problem. By employing various EC-Adsorption combined system configurations and reusing alum sludge as an adsorbent, the current study seeks to investigate the efficiency of these various systems in removing MO dye. To estimate their benefits and limitations, experiments were carried out utilizing nickel foam (NiF) and aluminum plate (Al plate) as anodes, and stainless-steel mesh (SS mesh) as cathode in the presence of alum sludge as an adsorbent in all systems. The EC-Adsorption combined system with NiF as anode and two SS meshes as cathodes with 10 g/L of al

   In the present work, tetracycline (TC) was removed from a simulated wastewater through a new photo-anodic oxidation process with a rotating graphite cylinder anode. The effects of current density, pH, rotation speed, and NaCl addition were evaluated. The results confirmed that increasing the current density results in improving the removal of TC. However, increasing the current density beyond 5 mA/cm² had little effect on TC removal. Results revealed that TC removal using photoanodic oxidation can be achieved at high performance with an initial pH of 5. Increasing or decreasing pH beyond this value has a negative effect on TC removal. Increasing rotation speed gave better performance for TC removal due to the increase in

This study investigates the enhancement of heavy crude oil transportability from the East Baghdad Oil field through viscosity and density reduction. The proposed approach combined the use of silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles, kerosene, and the anionic surfactant SDBS. Prior to application, the silica nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). These techniques confirmed the particles’ thermal stability, crystalline structure, nanoscale morphology, and elemental composition, validating their suitability for crude oil modification. A nanofluid was formulated wi

   This comprehensive review examines the fundamental principles and practical applications of heterogeneous electrochemical wastewater treatment utilizing Fenton's reactions. The fundamental equations involved in generating hydroxyl-free radicals in electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes have been reviewed. Photoelectro-Fenton processes have been proven to be the most effective methods for mineralizing and degrading pollutants in wastewater. The primary focus is on understanding the limitations of hybrid Fenton processes and proposing practical solutions to address these challenges. Additionally, the study evaluated the significance of electrode configuration development and light penetration enhancement in promoting hydroge

    Mauddud formation is one of the most prominent formations in Northeastern Iraq due to its significant hydrocarbon reserves, making accurate geomechanical characterization essential for safe drilling operations and informed development planning. This study constructs a calibrated post-drill one dimensional mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) for selected wells, levering Techlog software to integrate rock mechanical data, image logs, multi-arm caliper measurements, conventional well logs, drilling reports, and core analyses. The methodology provides a detailed workflow for estimating geomechanical properties from log and image analysis to model calibration. Validation of the 1-D MEM performed through cross-comparison with direct measure

   The Gullfaks field is a complex field and it’s divided into several formations, which have reservoirs in several stratigraphic layers and fragments of numerous faults. With current technological advancement techniques used in the Gullfaks field, the WJSTP is one of the solution-testing platforms that focuses on treating produced water for re-injection back into the reservoir to increase oil production. The implementation of chemical injection with WJSTP in the Gullfaks field, attributed to reservoir permeability to increase oil production, is the aim of this paper. To attest to the set aimed, a three-dimensional static model of the reservoir is constructed using data provided by NGB Geosciences Consulting LTD. With credit to the P

   A low-cost in-line ozone monitor based on the principle of ultraviolet absorption was built and tested for different ozone for concentrations up to 300 mg h^-1 and flow rates up to 5 lpm using air as a feed source. A widely available T5 ultraviolet (UV) tube was used as a UV source and two UV light absorption cells were made to act as reference and measuring cells. The output of the two cells was used to calculate the ozone concentration using Beer-Lambert’s law. To correlate the output readings of the ozone monitor with those obtained using the iodometric titration method, a correction factor of 1.5117 was determined and applied. The results demonstrate a strong linear correlation ≥0.99 between estimated and measured

   In this study, Pristine Y zeolite (CBV 400) of Si/Al )2.5( was treated to produce modified mesoporous zeolites. The process involved the aid of post-synthesis sequential dealumination in its conventional mode and ultrasonic-assisted desilication techniques. Both ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and oxalic acid (OX) were tested as chelating reagents in the dealumination step for 1, 3, and 6 h. The dealuminated samples of zeolite were treated sophisticatedly with sodium hydroxide NaOH in a water bath sonication at a frequency of 20 Hz and 65 ºC for different times of 5 and 15 min. Dealumination of the original zeolite by OX acid for 3h and desilication of the acid-treated sample with NaOH solu

   Airlift bioreactors have been classified as a promising technology for microalgae cultivation. Several improvements have contributed to increasing the mixing efficiency and production. However, some challenges are still facing this biological process. One challenge is the efficient dissolution and delivery of carbon dioxide to microalgae cells, which remains a limiting factor in the biological processes. On the other hand, sparging the gas in large quantities may lead to gas loss if microorganisms do not completely consume it. In this study, microalgae were cultivated in two stages and compared: the first stage of injecting 5 ml of carbon solution into a conical flask and the second stage of sparging 5 liters/hour in an airlift bior

   The kinetic study of the visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye by the Ag₂O@CRA heterojunction photocatalyst and robust polyvinylidene fluoride membranes incorporating Ag₂O@CRA heterojunction photocatalyst (PVDF/Ag₂O@CRA) was investigated. This study involves a comparison of the outcomes of the kinetic study performed based on the experimental data of the oxidative photocatalytic degradation of the MB dye. The zero-order, pseudo-first-order, and modified Freundlich kinetic models were applied to accomplish this study. The results showed that the photocatalytic oxidation of the MB dye by the Ag₂O@CRA photocatalyst followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the apparent rate

Membrane fouling is a major problem encountered in the use of microfiltration (MF) processes to separate the emulsified oil from water. This work involves assessing the efficacy of removing oil-in-water emulsion (O/W emulsion), and evaluating fouling resistance by studying the membrane morphology before and after fouling, and after washing with different cleaning solutions via field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis. Also, the fundamental mechanism involved in the flux drop during crossflow MF has been assessed using models such as the Hermia blocking models and the modified model by Field. The standard and intermediate pore blocking models provided the best prediction for experimental behavior when analyzing the dec

The concept of entransy dissipation was determined for new type of heat exchanger (shell and double concentric tubes heat exchanger). Three parameters, hot oil flow rate, temperature of inlet hot oil and pressure drop of system were investigated with this concept (entransy dissipation). The results showed that the value of entransy dissipation of oil and of system which represents the summation of entransy dissipation of both oil and water increased with increasing the flow rate of hot oil and these values were larger when cold water flow rate was doubled. Also they were increased with increasing the hot oil inlet temperature at a certain flow rate of hot oil. Furthermore, the pressure drops for hot oil in both shell side and inner tubes

Drilling with casing (DWC) can be considered as a modern drilling technique in which both of drilling and casing operations done in the same time by using the casing to transfer the hydraulic and mechanical power to the bit instead of traditional drilling string. To overcome oil well control, minimizing the total cost through enhancing drilling efficiency, drilling with casing was proposed as an enabling technology.

   Two surface sections (17 1/2 - and 12 1/4- inch) were drilled successfully in Rumaila oil field with  casing strings which reached 655m and 1524m measured depths respectively.

   By using DWC technique, the total drill/case phase time was reduced up to 20% comparing to conventional

The fouling depositions of crude oil stream were studied theoretically in a shell and tube heat exchanger to investigate the effect of depositions on the heat transfer process. The employed heat exchanger was with steam flowing in the inner tubes and crude oil in the shell at different velocities and bulk temperatures. It is assumed that fouling occurs only on the heated stream side (crude oil). The analysis was carried out for turbulent flow heat transfer conditions with wide range of Reynolds number, bulk temperature and time. Many previously proposed models for fouling resistance were employed to estimate a new model for fouling rate. It is found that the fouling rate and consequently the heat transfer coefficient were affected by Rey

In this work, fluid catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil to produce gasoline over prepared faujasite type Y zeolite was investigated using experimental laboratory plant scale of fluidized bed reactor.
The catalytic activity of prepared faujasite type NaY, NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolites was investigated. The cracking process was carried out in the temperature range 440 to 500 oC, weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) range 10 to 25 h-1 ,and atmospheric pressure . The catalytic activities of the prepared faujasite type NaY , NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolites were determined in terms of vacuum gas oil (VGO) conversion, and gasoline yield . The conversion at 500oC and WHSV10 hr-1 by using faujasite type NaY, NaNH4Y and NaHY zeolite were 50.2%, 64.1% and 6

In the present work, the efficiency of Tri-octyl Methyl Ammonium Chloride (TOMAC) ionic liquid was investigated as new and green demulsifier for three types of Iraqi crude oil emulsions (Nafut Khana (NK), Kirkuk and Basrah). The separation efficiency was studied at room temperature and by using microwave heating technique. Several batch experiments were done to specify the suitable conditions for the emulsification and demulsification which were specified as 45 minutes and 3000 rpm for crude oil emulsification while the ionic liquid doses were (500,300,150,50) ppm and the conditions of microwave heating were 1000 watt and 50 second as irradiation time. The results were very encouraging especially for NK and Kirkuk crude oil emulsions whe

   Box-Wilson experimental design method was employed to optimized lead ions removal efficiency by bulk liquid membrane (BLM) method. The optimization procedure was primarily based on four impartial relevant parameters: pH of feed phase (4-6), pH of stripping phase (9-11), carrier concentration TBP (5-10) %, and initial metal concentration (60-120 ppm). maximum recovery efficiency of lead ions is 83.852% was virtually done following thirty one-of-a-kind experimental runs, as exact through 2⁴-Central Composite Design (CCD). The best values for the aforementioned four parameters, corresponding to the most restoration efficiency were: 5, 10, 7.5% (v/v), and 90 mg/l, respectively. The obtained experimental data had been

Oil well drilling fluid rheology, lubricity, swelling, and fluid loss control are all critical factors to take into account before beginning the hole's construction. Drilling fluids can be made smoother, more cost-effective, and more efficient by investigating and evaluating the effects of various nanoparticles including aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) and iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) on their performance. A drilling fluid's performance can be assessed by comparing its baseline characteristics to those of nanoparticle (NPs) enhanced fluids. It was found that the drilling mud contained NPs in concentrations of 0,0.25, 0. 5, 0.75 and 1 g. According to the results, when drilling fluid was used without NPs, the coeff

The dynamics of a single condensing two-phase bubble of two different dispersed-continuous systems were studied. The systems were, CCl₄ - water and CCl₄ - 100% glycerol. Cinephotography was used to determine the change in height, diameter and time. These results were used to determine the experimental rise velocity of the bubble, which was compared with a theoretical one based on some equations used. It was found that the velocity of the first system remained almost constant, while it decreased gradually for the second system.

The biosorption of Pb (II), Cd (II), and Hg (II) from simulated aqueous solutions using baker’s yeast biomass was investigated. Batch type experiments were carried out to find the equilibrium isotherm data for each component (single, binary, and ternary), and the adsorption rate constants. Kinetics pseudo-first and second order rate models applied to the adsorption data to estimate the rate constant for each solute, the results showed that the Cd (II), Pb (II), and Hg (II) uptake process followed the pseudo-second order rate model with (R2) 0.963, 0.979, and 0.960 respectively. The equilibrium isotherm data were fitted with five theoretical models. Langmuir model provides the best fitting for the experimental results with (R2) 0.992, 0

   Lithology identification plays a crucial role in reservoir characteristics, as it directly influences petrophysical evaluations and informs decisions on permeable zone detection, hydrocarbon reserve estimation, and production optimization. This paper aims to identify lithology and minerals composition within the Mishrif Formation of the Ratawi Oilfield using well log data from five open hole logs of wells RT-2, RT-4, RT-5, RT-6, and RT-42. At this step, the logging lithology identification tasks often involve constructing a lithology identification model based on the assumption that the log data are interconnected. Lithology and minerals were identified using three empirical methods: Neutron-Density cross plots for lithology identif

   This study aimed to explain the biosynthesis process of Zinc and Iron oxide nanoparticles (Zn^- O⁺ Fe^- ONPs) using an extracellular enzyme, which in turn produced from particular environmental bacteria isolates Escherichia coli a stabilizing and reducing agent. Biosynthesized (ZnO+FeO) nanoparticles have presented many applications such as catalysis, biosensing, anticancer, and biomedical, etc. The optimum condition for Zn-O and Fe-O biosynthesis was characterized through several techniques such as UV-Vis, AFM, XRD, FT-IR, and FE-SEM. In particular, a cut-off phenomenon of the biological synthesized Zn-O and Fe-O was found at around 287 nm using UV-Vis, while spherical shape particles were noticed usi