Nanomaterials have an excellent potential for improving the rheological and tribological properties of lubricating oil. In this study, oleic acid was used to surface-modify nanoparticles to enhance the dispersion and stability of Nanofluid. The surface modification was conducted for inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) TiO₂ and CuO with oleic acid (OA) surfactant, where oleic acid could render the surface of TiO₂-CuO hydrophobic. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the surface modification of NPs. The main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of adding modified TiO₂-CuO NPs with weight ratio 1:1 on thermal-physical propertie

Water flooding is one of the most important methods used in enhanced production; it was a pioneer method in use, but the development of technology within the oil industry, takes this subject toward another form in the oil production and application in oil fields with all types of oils and oil reservoirs. Now days most of the injection wells directed from the vertical to re-entry of full horizontal wells in order to get full of horizontal wells advantages.
This paper describes the potential benefits for using of re-entry horizontal injection wells as well as combination of re –entry horizontal injection and production wells. Al Qurainat productive sector was selected for study, which is one of the four main productive sectors of Sout

This research was aimed to study the efficiency of microfiltration membranes for the treatment of oily wastewater and the factors affecting the performance of the microfiltration membranes experimental work were includes operating the microfiltration process using polypropylene membrane (1 micron) and ceramic membrane (0.5 micron) constructed as candle; two methods of operation were examined: dead end and cross flow. The oil emulsion was prepared using two types of oils: vegetable oil and motor oil (classic oil 20W-50). The operating parameters studied are: feed oil concentration 50 – 800 mg/l, feed flow rate 10 – 40 l/h, and temperature 30 – 50 oC, for dead end and cross flow microfiltration.
It was found that water flux decrea

One of the most important and common problems in petroleum engineering; reservoir, and production engineering is coning; either water or gas coning. Almost 75% of the drilled wells worldwide contains this problem, and in Iraq water coning problem is much wider than the gas coning problem thus in this paper we try to clarify most of the reasons causing water coning and some of applicable solutions to avoid it using the simulation program (CMG Builder) to build a single well model considering an Iraqi well in north of Iraq black oil field with a bottom water drive, Coning was decreased by 57% by dividing into sub-layers (8) layers rather than (4) layers, also it was decreased (Coning) by 45% when perforation numbers and positions was chang

The Pb²⁺ ions biosorption removal onto dead biomass of Chlorophyta algae is optimized by employing response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD)-based experiments were carried out, and RSM was used to evaluate the results. The effects of contact time (15-120min), with pH solution (2-7), initial lead concentration (25-100 mg/L), biomass dose (0.01-1 g/100 mL), agitation speed (100-300 rpm) on the biosorption process were investigated. The optimal conditions of the experimental, data were pH (5), metal concentration (50mg/L), dosage (0.2g/100mL), agitation speed (200 rpm), and contact time of 120 min with constant particle size (63 mm), which gave 98.88% removal efficiency. All the

   AlPO₄ solid acid catalyst was prepared in order to use it in transesterification reaction of edible oil after supporting it with tungsten oxide. The maximum conversion of edible oil was obtained 78.78% at catalyst concentration (5gm.), temperature 70°Ϲ, 30/1 methanol/edible oil molar ratio, and time 5hr. The study of kinetics of the transesterification reaction of edible oil indicates that the reaction has an order of 3/2, while the value of activation energy for  transesterification reaction is 51.367 kJ/mole and frequency factor equal 26219.13(L/ mol.minute).

The inhibitive power of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) was investigated toward the corrosion of carbon steel in 0.2N H₂SO₄ solution in the temperature range of 30-60˚C and PVA concentration range of 150-2000 ppm.

   The corrosion rate was measured using both the weight loss and the electrochemical techniques. The weight loss results showed that PVA could serve as a corrosion inhibitor but its inhibition power was found to be low for the corrosion of carbon steel in the acidic media. Electrochemical analysis of the corrosion process of carbon steel in an electrochemical corrosion cell was investigated using 3-Electrode corrosion cell. Polarization technique was used for carbon steel corrosion in 0.2N H

Three cohesionless free flowing materials of different density were mixed in an air fluidized bed to study the mixing process by calculating performance of mixing index according to Rose equation (1959) and to study the effect of four variables (air velocity, mixing time, particle size of trace component and concentration of trace component) on the mixing index and as well as on mixing performance. It was found that mixing index increases with increasing the air velocity, mixing time and concentration of trace component until the optimum value. Mixing index depends on the magnitude of difference in particle size The first set of experiments (salt then sand then cast iron) give higher mixing index and better performance of mixing than the

This study investigates the enhancement of heavy crude oil transportability from the East Baghdad Oil field through viscosity and density reduction. The proposed approach combined the use of silica (SiO₂) nanoparticles, kerosene, and the anionic surfactant SDBS. Prior to application, the silica nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). These techniques confirmed the particles’ thermal stability, crystalline structure, nanoscale morphology, and elemental composition, validating their suitability for crude oil modification. A nanofluid was formulated wi

   This comprehensive review examines the fundamental principles and practical applications of heterogeneous electrochemical wastewater treatment utilizing Fenton's reactions. The fundamental equations involved in generating hydroxyl-free radicals in electro-Fenton and photoelectro-Fenton processes have been reviewed. Photoelectro-Fenton processes have been proven to be the most effective methods for mineralizing and degrading pollutants in wastewater. The primary focus is on understanding the limitations of hybrid Fenton processes and proposing practical solutions to address these challenges. Additionally, the study evaluated the significance of electrode configuration development and light penetration enhancement in promoting hydroge

   A low-cost in-line ozone monitor based on the principle of ultraviolet absorption was built and tested for different ozone for concentrations up to 300 mg h^-1 and flow rates up to 5 lpm using air as a feed source. A widely available T5 ultraviolet (UV) tube was used as a UV source and two UV light absorption cells were made to act as reference and measuring cells. The output of the two cells was used to calculate the ozone concentration using Beer-Lambert’s law. To correlate the output readings of the ozone monitor with those obtained using the iodometric titration method, a correction factor of 1.5117 was determined and applied. The results demonstrate a strong linear correlation ≥0.99 between estimated and measured

    Mauddud formation is one of the most prominent formations in Northeastern Iraq due to its significant hydrocarbon reserves, making accurate geomechanical characterization essential for safe drilling operations and informed development planning. This study constructs a calibrated post-drill one dimensional mechanical earth model (1D-MEM) for selected wells, levering Techlog software to integrate rock mechanical data, image logs, multi-arm caliper measurements, conventional well logs, drilling reports, and core analyses. The methodology provides a detailed workflow for estimating geomechanical properties from log and image analysis to model calibration. Validation of the 1-D MEM performed through cross-comparison with direct measure

   The Gullfaks field is a complex field and it’s divided into several formations, which have reservoirs in several stratigraphic layers and fragments of numerous faults. With current technological advancement techniques used in the Gullfaks field, the WJSTP is one of the solution-testing platforms that focuses on treating produced water for re-injection back into the reservoir to increase oil production. The implementation of chemical injection with WJSTP in the Gullfaks field, attributed to reservoir permeability to increase oil production, is the aim of this paper. To attest to the set aimed, a three-dimensional static model of the reservoir is constructed using data provided by NGB Geosciences Consulting LTD. With credit to the P

   Due to their recalcitrant characteristics, Azo dyes such as methyl orange (MO) are extremely poisonous substances, making their removal from textile industry wastewater a major problem. By employing various EC-Adsorption combined system configurations and reusing alum sludge as an adsorbent, the current study seeks to investigate the efficiency of these various systems in removing MO dye. To estimate their benefits and limitations, experiments were carried out utilizing nickel foam (NiF) and aluminum plate (Al plate) as anodes, and stainless-steel mesh (SS mesh) as cathode in the presence of alum sludge as an adsorbent in all systems. The EC-Adsorption combined system with NiF as anode and two SS meshes as cathodes with 10 g/L of al

   In the present work, tetracycline (TC) was removed from a simulated wastewater through a new photo-anodic oxidation process with a rotating graphite cylinder anode. The effects of current density, pH, rotation speed, and NaCl addition were evaluated. The results confirmed that increasing the current density results in improving the removal of TC. However, increasing the current density beyond 5 mA/cm² had little effect on TC removal. Results revealed that TC removal using photoanodic oxidation can be achieved at high performance with an initial pH of 5. Increasing or decreasing pH beyond this value has a negative effect on TC removal. Increasing rotation speed gave better performance for TC removal due to the increase in

   In this study, Pristine Y zeolite (CBV 400) of Si/Al )2.5( was treated to produce modified mesoporous zeolites. The process involved the aid of post-synthesis sequential dealumination in its conventional mode and ultrasonic-assisted desilication techniques. Both ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and oxalic acid (OX) were tested as chelating reagents in the dealumination step for 1, 3, and 6 h. The dealuminated samples of zeolite were treated sophisticatedly with sodium hydroxide NaOH in a water bath sonication at a frequency of 20 Hz and 65 ºC for different times of 5 and 15 min. Dealumination of the original zeolite by OX acid for 3h and desilication of the acid-treated sample with NaOH solu

   Airlift bioreactors have been classified as a promising technology for microalgae cultivation. Several improvements have contributed to increasing the mixing efficiency and production. However, some challenges are still facing this biological process. One challenge is the efficient dissolution and delivery of carbon dioxide to microalgae cells, which remains a limiting factor in the biological processes. On the other hand, sparging the gas in large quantities may lead to gas loss if microorganisms do not completely consume it. In this study, microalgae were cultivated in two stages and compared: the first stage of injecting 5 ml of carbon solution into a conical flask and the second stage of sparging 5 liters/hour in an airlift bior

   The kinetic study of the visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye by the Ag₂O@CRA heterojunction photocatalyst and robust polyvinylidene fluoride membranes incorporating Ag₂O@CRA heterojunction photocatalyst (PVDF/Ag₂O@CRA) was investigated. This study involves a comparison of the outcomes of the kinetic study performed based on the experimental data of the oxidative photocatalytic degradation of the MB dye. The zero-order, pseudo-first-order, and modified Freundlich kinetic models were applied to accomplish this study. The results showed that the photocatalytic oxidation of the MB dye by the Ag₂O@CRA photocatalyst followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the apparent rate

     In this study, oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene (DBT) with H₂O₂ as an oxidant was studied, whereas the catalyst used was zirconium oxide supported on Activated carbon (AC). Zirconium oxide (ZrO₂) was impregnated over prepared activated carbon (AC) and characterized by various techniques such as XRD, FTIR, BET, SEM, and EDX. This composite was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for oxidation desulfurization of simulated oil. The results of this study showed that ZrO₂/AC composite exhibited significant catalytic activity and stability, effectively lowering sulfur content under mild conditions. Factors such as reaction temperature (30, 40, 50, 60°C), time (5, 10, 15,20,30,60

   The petroleum industry's operations often involve substantial water usage, resulting in vast quantities of contaminated water, with a volume of the polluted water body estimated as about half the quantity of oil utilized in the refinement process. This wastewater contains various substances that are harmful to the health and environment, including hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and other toxic chemicals. This research aims to explore photocatalytic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles to treat oil refinery wastewater. The effectiveness of this approach will be assessed by measuring the rate of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) reduction while identifying the best conditions to achieve the best performance and maximizing energy efficiency.

   Chitosan polymer is an essential supporting material for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) because of its exceptional capping and stabilizing qualities, biocompatibility, biodegradability, eco-friendliness, polycationicity, and non-toxicity. To produce copper-based chitosan nanoparticles, choose a suitable chemical procedure hydrothermal method. Each approach offers advantages in terms of homogeneity, morphology, and particle size. This study has produced, described, and examined the bacteriological characteristics of metal nanoparticles based on chitosan, including copper nanoparticles (CS-Cu NPs). Chitosan-based metal nanoparticles have been created using the solution casting technique. The generated nanoparticles wer

    This paper explores the sorption potential of red Iraqi kaolin (IRK) for methylene blue (MB) elimination by sorption process. Batch tests were examined the impact of agitation time, IRK dose, pH, shaking speed, and MB concentration. The results demonstrated that IRK effectively removes MB, achieving a maximum elimination efficiency of 91.976% within 0.05 g/100 mL, 120 min, 7, 200 rpm and 50 mg/L for IRK dosage, contact duration, pH, shaking speed, and concentration of MB, respectively. The kinetic analysis showed that the sorption mechanism was fitted a pseudo 2^nd order, therefore chemisorption is the primary mechanism. Intra-particle diffusion investigation demonstrated that the sorption mechanism is influenced by man

   The petroleum industry faces a significant problem in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from carbonate reservoirs because of their mostly oil-wet character, which restricts hydrocarbon extraction. To better understand how surfactant-polymer techniques can enhance oil recovery, this study investigates the effectiveness of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stand-alone agent and the function of ionically modified smart water on carbonate properties. The study focuses on its effect on critical parameters essential for effective oil displacement and recovery, such as wettability alteration, interfacial tension, and surface tension (ST) using different brines (smart water). The ability of the polymer PVA to lower interfacial and surface tension wa

Rates of zinc consumption during cathodic protection of a copper pipeline carrying saline water were measured by the loss in weight technique. The study of sacrificial anode cathodic protection of short copper tube using zinc strip extended axially in the pipe revealed that : (i) The increase of zinc consumption with time of exposure (1-3 h's) at different flow rates (turbulent flow) (300-600 l/hr) while the temperature , solution concentration and the pH were fixed at 20ºC, 3.5%wt NaCl, and pH=8 respectively in absence and presence of bacteria.(ii)Increase of zinc consumption with flow rates (300-600 l/hr) at different temperatures (10-40ºC) while solution concentration and time of exposure were fixed at 3.5 %wt NaCl and 3hr's respect

This work was conducted to determine the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (Ky.a) infixed bed adsorption using hexane-benzene mixture by adsorption onto a fixed bed of white silica gel. Benzene concentration was measured by gas chromatography. The effect of feed flow rate and initial concentration of benzene in hexane-benzene mixture on the volumetric mass transfer coefficient and on the adsorption capacity of silica gel was investigated.

In general, the volumetric mass transfer coefficient increases with increasing hexane flow rate, and with increasing initial concentration of benzene in the mixture. The ultimate value of (Ky.a) was at 53 ml/min of hexane flow rate with benzene initial concentration of (6.53 wt. %), and it wa