Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder specified by persistent hyperglycemia that occurs when β-cell insulin production became unable to control blood glucose with deterioration of response for insulin. The consequent development of DM complications with increased risk for many diseases caused by damaged variety of biological systems, including blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, heart, and nerves. Carnosine is a natural dipeptide (β-alanyl-L-histidine) expressed in both the central nervous system and periphery, it occurs in several tissues most notably in muscle where they represent an appreciable fraction of the total water-soluble nitrogen-containing compounds. Carnosine is synthesized by a cytosolic amino acid ligase, carnosine s

In recent decades, drug modification is no longer unusual in the pharmaceutical world as living things are evolving in response to environmental changes. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin is a common over-the-counter drug that can be purchased without medical prescription. Aspirin can inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin by blocking the cyclooxygenase (COX) which contributes to its properties such as anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antiplatelet and etc. It is also being considered as a chemopreventive agent due to its antithrombotic actions through the COX’s inhibition. However, the prolonged use of aspirin can cause heartburn, ulceration, and gastro-toxicity in children and adults. This review article hi

In several tissues, including the brain, heart, blood, intestines, adrenal glands, and liver, the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) was shown to be the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. There is strong evidence that TSPO is expressed in microglial cells in the central nervous system. Five transmembrane regions are seen at the cellular level in TSPO at the contact points between the outer and inner layers of mitochondria. The cytosolic region of the complex of amino acids that binds cholesterol is where cholesterol is taken up. TSPO is found as a monomer of 18 kDa and homomultimers and homodimers. Different factors, such as cholesterol concentration and reactive oxygen species, change the multimeric structure.

Surgical site infections are the second most common type of adverse events occurring in hospitalized patients. Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis refers to the use of preoperative and postoperative antibiotics to decrease the incidence of postoperative wound infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibiotic administration pattern for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis and the adherence to American Society of Health-System Pharmacists surgical antibiotic prophylaxis guideline in Medical City Teaching Hospitals/Baghdad. The medical records of one hundred patients who underwent elective surgical procedures were reviewed. Adherence to the recommendations of American society of health‑system pharmacists guideline was ass

Amoxicillin is commercially available in the form of capsules and tablets containing 250mg or 500mg for oral administration. It is also available in the form of suspension containing "25mg/ml” . Amoxicillin is presently used as the most common antibiotics .Ten healthy Human volunteers were characterized respected to their pharmacokinetic and bioavailability of two formulations of Amoxicillin from two sources of  industrial companies  after a single dose administration was given orally. A procedure is described for determination the concentration levels of Amoxicillin in human plasma of healthy volunteers using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with reversed-phase isocratic column at low wave length of UV-visib

The development of new cephalosporins with improved activity against resistant microbes, such as, MRSA (methicillin resistant Staph. aureus), P. aeruginosa, is of high potential. Chemical synthesis of two new series of thiadiazole linked to cysteine (series 1) and cephalosporins containing thiadiazole linked to cysteine through disulfide bond (series 2) were achieved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral (FT-IR, ¹H-NMR) and elemental microanalysis. The incorporation of privileged chemical moieties, such as, thiadiazole, Schiff base, cysteine and sulfonamide, has been found to have great contribution to the antimicrobial activities. Compounds of series 1 (1

This study includes synthesis of some nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds linked to amino acid esters or heterocyclic amines that may have a potential  activity as antimicrobial and/or cytotoxic.  Quinolines are an important group of organic compounds that possess useful biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal and antitumor .8-Hydroxyquinoline (8-HQ) and numerous of its derivatives exhibit potent activities against fungi and bacteria which make them good candidates for the treatment of many parasitic and microbial infection diseases.

These pharmacological properties of quinolones  aroused our  interest in synthesizing several new compounds featuring heterocyclic rings of the quinoline derivatives linke

Patients with decompensated cirrhosis have typically prescribed a combination of therapeutic and prophylactic medications. Polypharmacy increases the probability of medication errors and drug related problems. Clinical pharmacists are highly effective at identifying, resolving, and preventing clinically important drug-related problems in their patients' care. The objectives of the study were the identification and classification of drug-related problems, as well as the discussion of these problems with health care providers (physicians, pharmacists, and nurses) and patients. Reduce their incidence as effectively as possible and educate all research participants on the significance of following their prescribed drug regimen

In Iraq, there is a limited research work exploring the clinical pharmacists' role from the point of view of other healthcare professionals.

 To investigate physicians' assessment of clinical pharmacy services at Baghdad hospitals, and compare junior physicians with senior physicians' point of view.

The study was conducted in twelve governmental hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. Data was collected from a sample of two hundred physicians, and through a validated, self-administered questionnaire, which comprised twenty statements in addition to a non-personal information form that precedes the questionnaire 

The study findings reveal a somewhat positive point of view towards clinical pharmacists' performance in

Biological drugs have an active substance that is made by a living organism or derived from a living organism. They are one of the important therapy options used in a wide range of diseases especially life-threatening diseases. Biological therapy opens new opportunities for treating different diseases for which drug therapy is minimal, but they have considerable differences in the safety consequences in comparison with non-biological drugs. The aim of the current study was to assess the post-marketing safety profile of biological drugs used in Iraqi hospitals by the analysis of the reported adverse drug reactions regarding their severity, seriousness, preventability, expectedness, and outcome. It is a retrospective study of the individu

The most prevalent chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic neuropathy. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is exacerbated by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress, which causes nerves to deteriorate in a programmed manner. Many clinical trials depend on supplement in an attempt to improve neuropathy symptoms such as (pain & tingling) and patient quality of life, one of them is Coenzyme Q10 which is reported to have an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, and was totally nontoxic and non-reported side effects. This study aimed to evaluate using a Coenzyme Q10 supplement as an adjuvant therapy to gabapentin to improve the clinical symptoms of diabetic neuropathy in relation to its anti-inflammatory and antioxid

Psoriasis is a long-lasting autoimmune disease that is characterized by swollen skin patches. Normally, these skin patches are dark, swollen, itchy and scaly. The single application of the innate TLR7/8 ligand Imiquimod (IMQ) in mice easily induces a dermatitis that closely resembles human psoriasis, critically dependent on the axis of IL-23/IL-17. Artemisia dracunculus prepared as an ointment and has been used topically to mice before imiquimod application. The results of the current study showed that A. dracunculus ointment can significantly reduce psoriasis area and severity index in (A. dracunculus ointment + imiquimod group as compared with both control group and (vehicle ointment + imiquimod) group.

Polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder of uncertain etiology , it is the most common endocrinopathy in women and most common cause of anovulatery infertility ,characterized by chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenemia .The present study was designed to investigate the effect of silymarin which is known to have antioxidant and insulin sensitivity effects on the  levels of glucose, insulin ,testosterone ,leutinizing hormone(LH) and progesterone .Ovulation rate and Homeostasis Model Assessment of insulin Resistance (HOMA) ratio were determined .A 3-months of treatment were conducted in 60 PCOS patients in three well-matched groups .The first one (n=20),received silymarin(750mg/day)  .The second group received

               Background : It took less than two months for the severe acute respiratory syndrome that caused by coronavirus disease 2019 to become a palsoemic . ATP/GTP binding protein 1 (AGTPBP1) is responsible for encoding a number of proteins, including cytosolic carboxypeptidase1 (CCP1), which has been investigated in degenerative diseases also has a role in the regulation of polyglutamylation of tubulin.

Patients and methods : A 150 people participated in this study were split into three groups, The first group (G₁), served as control group included (50) subjects . Second group (G₂)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), also known as a common polygenic endocrine condition, affects the ovaries and results in infertility and abortion. Dyslipidemia, Diabetes, hypertension, endometrial cancer, and other illnesses may all be made more likely by PCOS. Various drugs are used to treat PCOS, but they have several drawbacks and cannot effectively cure the condition. Therefore, and due to its strong antioxidant activity, anti-obesity, anti-inflammation, and other actions, the flavonoid quercetin has been proven to have health-promoting properties. The purpose of the study was to assess quercetin's impact activity in the treatment of PCOS - induced rats. A PCOS rat model was developed using testosterone.  Female albino Wistar

Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome is a common disease that affects children’s kidneys and occurs due to a specific defect in the glomeruli, which leads to the leakage of protein into urine in large quantities. Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), produced by bone, is essential for controlling the metabolism of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D and phosphate, but it also requires the Klotho co-receptor to perform its function. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether FGF-23 can be used as a biomarker to determine the likelihood of recurrent relapse as well as to differentiate between steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) treated with glucocorticosteroids. In this cross-sectio

The pigweed family, Amaranthaceae, includes Amaranthus viridis, popularly known as green amaranth. This herb grows quickly and has an annual lifespan. Traditionally, it has been used to treat anemia, eczema, bronchitis, inflammation, and leprosy. Additionally for respiratory issues, ocular conditions, and asthma.

The phytochemical analysis of Amaranthus viridis L extracts identifies the presence of several categories of biologically active substances (phytochemicals): phenolics, which include flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids. Alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, various classes of triterpenoids, and steroids were also found.

Numerous investigations on A. viridis have been conducted to explore i

Numerous pharmacological compounds now on the market are ineffective in treating brain disorders ,they are not getting to the brain with the concentration required to have a pharmacological effect. Since there are many barrier as blood brain barrier (BBB), P-glycoprotein (an active efflux transporter), and specific enzymatic activity are some of the mechanisms that protect the brain from harmful circumstances. These systems, in particular BBB hinder therapeutic interventions of many medications . Thus, the majority of the medicine cannot give the desired effect because they cannot penetrate the brain, so they are useless in the treatment of brain illnesses . As a result, numerous Therefore, strategies that could enhance drug delivery to

         Niosomes are bilayer vesicles formed by the self-assembly of non-ionic surfactants, they are receiving increasing attention as a potential oral drug delivery system specifically for poor soluble drugs to enhance its dissolution and ultimately its absorption and oral bioavailability. Axitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor works by blocking the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), decreasing the development of neovascularization which supress the tumour growth. It is classified as class 11 drug which has low bioavailability due to its poor solubility and absorption.  In this study, axitinib (AXT) capsules based niosomes formulated by thin film hydratio

Disulfiram (DSF) is a thiocarbamate derivative that has been used for the treatment of alcoholism. Researchers recently found out that DSF, a medicine authorized by the FDA to prevent alcohol consumption, has been investigated for its potential in cancer treatment. DSF, when taken by mouth, undergoes extensive metabolism in the liver, making it unsuitable for cancer treatment via oral administration. Furthermore, DSF has demonstrated the ability to enhance the cytotoxic impact of anticancer medications while preserving healthy cells. To solve the problem of instability and insufficient therapeutic efficacy, invasomal vesicles developed with better entrapment efficiency and size to serve as a carrier for the transdermal delivery of disulf

Hepatic fibrosis is a pathophysiological outcome of sustained wound healing response to chronic liver injury charecterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Progressive liver fibrosis can be caused by chronic infection of hepatitis B or C, alcohol abuse, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and other relatively conditions. Liver fibrosis, the subsequent cirrhosis represent a serious medical burden; yet, there is still a lack of approved methods or drugs t

Nanomicelles, a nanocarrier drug system, recently applied in medical research as a technique to deliver therapies to the targeted site. Normal nanomicelles building units are amphiphilic molecules (surfactants or polymers) containing hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic heads that self-assembled into the hydrophobic core-hydrophilic shell-like structure that dispersed into the aqueous media upon hydration. Polymeric nanomicelles had a lower critical micelle concentration by thousands of folds than surfactants of low molecular weight, resulting in a higher stability and circulation time after administration. Mixed nanomicelles have an extra advantage by improving the stability and encapsulation e

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a powerful type of pharmaceutical medications that combine immunotherapy and chemotherapy. Pemetrexed is a multitarget antifolate agent that inhibit essential enzymes involve in purine and pyrimidine synthesis, therefore serious toxicities of pemetrexed are due to lack of selectivity despite its broad antitumor activity in a wide variety of solid tumors. The aim of the study was to formulate and evaluate our prepared Atezolizumab (AtZ)-pemetrexed (Pem) conjugates as an intravenous (I.V) injectable dosage form. The characterization of the I.V formulation involved drug content, particle size, pyrogen test, sterility test, toxicity test, and stability test. The work revealed that our previously prepared

Dermatophytosis is the most common contagious fungal disease. Iraq, like the other many countries around the world, is facing an emergence of chronic, resistant and relapsing tinea infections. This study compared the efficacy, safety and the relapse rate of a combination therapeutic regimen of itraconazole and terbinafine vs. itraconazole alone in the treatment of chronic tinea infections. The research was conducted at the dermatology and venereology outpatient’s unit, Ramadi Teaching Hospital, Iraq, during the period from May 2022 to May 2023. Patients were divided equally into two groups. Group I received combination of itraconazole and terbinafine while group II was on itraconazole alone for eight weeks for each group. For assessmen

One of the innovative approaches to delivering drugs via topical route is nanoemulation (NE), which is easy to manufacture, stable over the long term, and has a potent solubilization property. Pimecrolimus is a low water soluble drug used to treat psoriasis, eczema, atopic dermatitis and vitiligo. This work describes the high-energy ultrasonication technique used to prepare pimecrolimus nanoemulsion. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram was created in order to determine the ideal ratios of oil-surfactant/co-surfactant mixture for the creation of nanoemulsions. Based on pimecrolimus's solubility in various oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, Tween 80 was chosen as a surfactant, ethanol as a co-surfactant, and benzyl alcohol as an oil phase .

The term "inflammatory bowel disease" refers to a group of gastrointestinal tract inflammatory disorders that are considered idiopathic, chronic, and relapsing. The two primary disorders that comprise inflammatory bowel disease are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Infliximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, is a medication used to treat a number of autoimmune diseases such ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a tool used in therapeutic decision-making that allows dosage modifications to be made in accordance with clinical and laboratory measures, usually blood concentrations of the drug, in order to achieve the drug exposure linked to the best res

The transdermal route of drug delivery has received significant attention in pharmaceutical research due to its ability to overcome many challenges associated with oral medication administration, including the ability to bypass first-pass metabolism, ensuring a more predictable and prolonged period of action, as well as minimizing the occurrence of adverse reactions. Transferosomes are a type of ultra-deformable lipid-based vesicles, that have the potential to offer several benefits compared to the traditional lipid-based vesicles such as liposome. The major goal of this research was to prepare (for the first time) dapagliflozin-loaded transferosomes for the purpose of minimizing the potential risk of hyperglycemia associated with oral a

          Chronic stable angina pectoris (CSAP) is a prevalent heart disease which can be defined as a symptom or a clinical syndrome of stable coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is usually caused by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques or blood clot within coronary arteries that may lead to ischemia. miRNA 133a is mainly expressed in the muscle and it has a role in apoptosis, angiogenesis, hypertrophy, atherosclerosis and ischemia. MR-proADM is of endothelial origin and produced by different sites in the body mainly by the heart, kidneys, lungs and adrenal medulla. MR-proADM plasma level is thought to be predictive of CAD. The aim of the current study was to detect the serum levels of micr

           Isradipine is a calcium channel blocker, it’s the drug of choice for oral therapy of severe hypertension and urgent hypertension crises in pediatrics. It belongs to the BCS class II. Its oral bioavailability will be approximately 15 to 24 %.

          This study aims to prepare a stable, low-toxic, eco-friendly, surfactant-free oral oil-in-water emulsion of Isradipine for pediatric patients and enhance dosing accuracy. Isradipine surfactants–free emulsions (SFE) were prepared to protect this ester drug from hydrolysis, oxidation, photosensitivity, increasing its solubility and absorption, thereby improving its bioavailabi