The catalytic cracking of three feeds of extract lubricating oil, that produced as a by-product from the process of furfural extraction of lubricating oil base stock in AL-Dura refinery at different operating condition, were carried out at a fixed bed laboratory reactor. The initial boiling point for these feeds was 140 ºC for sample (1), 86 ºC for sample (2) and 80 ºC for sample (3). The catalytic cracking processes were carried out at temperature range 325-400 ºC and initially at atmospheric pressure after 30 minutes over 9.88 % HY-zeolite catalyst load. The comparison between the conversion at different operating conditions of catalytic cracking processes indicates that a high yield was obtained at 375°C, according to gasoline pr

Abstract 

Locally natural occurring Iraqi rocks of Bauxite and Porcelanite (after pre calcinations at 1000^oC for 1hr) were used, with the addition of different proportions of MgO and Al₂O₃, to prepare refractory materials. The effects of these additives on the physical and thermal properties of the prepared refractories were investigated.

Many batches of Bauxite/MgO, Bauxite/Al₂O₃, Bauxite/MgO/Al₂O₃, and   Porcelanite/ MgO/Al₂O₃ were prepared. The mixture is milled and classified into different size fractions; fine (less than 45μm) 40%, middle (45-75μm) 40%, and coarse (75-106μm) 20% .

Abstract

The current study presents numerical investigation of the fluid (air) flow characteristics and convection heat transfer around different corrugated surfaces geometry in the low Reynolds number region (Re<1000). The geometries are included wavy, triangle, and rectangular. The effect of different geometry parameters such as aspect ratio and number of cycles per unit length on flow field characteristics and heat transfer was estimated and compared with each other. The computerized fluid dynamics package (ANSYS 14) is used to simulate the flow field and heat transfer, solve the governing equations, and extract the results. It is found that the turbulence intensity for rectangular extended surface was larg

Abstract

This work involves studying corrosion resistance of AA 6061T6 butt welded joints using Two different welding processes, tungsten inert gas (TIG) and a solid state welding process known as friction stir welding, TIG welding process carried out by using Rolled sheet of thickness6mm to obtain a weld joint with dimension of (100, 50, 5) mm using ER4043 DE (Al Si₅) as filler metal and argon as shielding gas, while Friction stir welding process carried out using CNC milling machine with a tool of rotational speed 1000 rpm and welding speed of 50mm/min to obtain the same butt joint dimensions. Also one of weld joint in the same dimensions subjected to synergistic weld

In the present study, nanoporous material type MCM-41 was prepared by the sol-gel technique and was used as a carrier for prednisolone (PRD) drug delivery. The structural properties of mesoporous were fully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption /desorption and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR). The mass transfer in term of adsorption process (loading) and desorption process (releasing) properties were investigated. The maximum drug loading efficiency was equal to 38% and 47.5% at different concentrations. The PRD released was prudently studied in water media of pH 6.8 simulated body fluid (SBF) in according to "United State Pharmacopeia (USP38)". The results proved that the release of prednisolone from MCM-41

As they are the smallest functional parts of the muscle, motor units (MUs) are considered as the basic building blocks of the neuromuscular system. Monitoring MU recruitment, de-recruitment, and firing rate (by either invasive or surface techniques) leads to the understanding of motor control strategies and of their pathological alterations. EMG signal decomposition is the process of identification and classification of individual motor unit action potentials (MUAPs) in the interference pattern detected with either intramuscular or surface electrodes. Signal processing techniques were used in EMG signal decomposition to understand fundamental and physiological issues. Many techniques have been developed to decompose intramuscularly detec

This paper presents a fully computerized method to backup the router configuration file. The method consists of a friendly graphical interface programmed by Java programming language.

    The proposed method is compared with the two existing methods, namely: TFTP server method and Copy/Paste method. The comparison reveals that the proposed method has many advantages over the existing ones. The proposed method has been implemented on Cisco routers (series 2500, 2600 and 2800).

Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is the refractive technique that began with a physical scraping of the epithelial layer of cornea subsequent by laser treatment. Post this procedure to about 48 hours the removed epithelial layer regenerated to protect the eye again. The regeneration process (called re-epithelization) started from the limbus of the cornea toward the central part of it. The re-epithelization mechanism consists of a change in cell density (mitosis) and cell concentration (migration) with a velocity in two directions: radial and tangential. In the present study, an estimation for both radial (responsible for the overlapped layers toward the outward direction of the cornea) and tangential comp

تقدم هذه الورقة البحثية خوارزمية مبتكرة تهدف إلى تحسين أداء نظام حركة المحرك الخطوي الذي يعمل بنظام الحلقة المفتوحة من خلال إغلاق الحلقة باستخدام اجهزة ذات كلفة معقولة ، تحقق الخوارزمية المقترحة مستوى أعلى من المرونة من حيث السرعة ومدى الاوزان المسموح بها لأجهزة S / R. تم تصميم الخوارزمية للعمل ضمن نظام تحكم موزع (DCS) ، حيث تعمل وحدات تحكم متعددة معًا لتلبية متطلبات المستخدم. من خلال تقليل متطلبات الأجهزة ، وق

 The distribution of chilled water flow rate in terminal unit is a major factor used to evaluate the performance of central air conditioning unit. In this work, a theoretical chilled water distribution in the terminal units has been studied to predict the optimum heat performance of terminal unit. The central Air-conditioning unit model consists of cooling/ heating coil (three units), chilled water source (chiller), three-way and two-way valve with bypass, piping network, and pump. The term of optimization in terminal unit ingredient has two categories, the first is the uniform of the water flow rate representing in statically permanents standard deviation (minimum value) and the second category is the maximum heat transfer rate fro

        In this study the design and installation of evaporative air cooler was carried out using completely outdoor air (fresh air) according to two stage evaporative cooling principle. The laboratory equipment was installed by designing and manufacturing a cross flow plate heat exchanger, where aluminum plates used for this purpose with dimensions (50 × 30 × 40 cm). The surfaces of heat exchanger were covered by sawdust from wetted channels side, to increase the percentage of wetting these surfaces and hence improve the performance and efficiency of air cooler.

        An experimental study was carried out to estimate the performance of cooling system, where som

The purpose of this preliminary study is to verify the possibility of using Iraqi Zahdi date palm biomass as a resource for biogas production, methane in particular using thermophilic anaerobic digestion with waste water treatment activated sludge. Moreover, is to investigate the influence of extra nutrients addition to the digestion mixture. Biogas was captured in sealed jars with remote sensing modules connected to computer with integrated program to record the gas pressure continuously. A total gas pressure with 67% Methane was produced from date pulp waste fermentation with a yield of 0.57 Lit for each gram volatile solid of substrate. Addition of 1% yeast extract solution as nutrient increased Methane yield in liters by 5.9%. This i

     Hot-wire cutting is one of the important, non-traditional thermomechanical way to cut polymer, usually expanded foam and extruded foam, in low volume manufacturing. The study and analysis of Hot-Wire cutting parameters play an important role to enhance the quality and accuracy of the process and products. The effects on the surface have been investigated by using experimental tests designed according to the Taguchi orthogonal array (OA). In this study, four parameters with five levels for each parameter have been used: [temperature of wire (A) (100, 120, 130, 150, 160) °C], [diameter of wire (B) (0.3,0.4,0.5,0.7,0.8) mm], [velocity of cutting (C) (200, 300,400,500,600) mm/min], [and density of foam (D) (0.01,0.0

Shaky Baghdad heavy crude oil 22 API is processed by distillation and solvent extraction. The purpose of distillation is to separate the light distillates    (light fractions) which represent 35% of heavy crude oil, and to obtain the reduced crude oil. The heavy residue (9 API) is  extracted with Iraqi light naphtha to get the deasphaltened oil (DAO), the extraction carried out with temperature range of 20-75 ^oC, solvent to oil ratio 5-15:1(ml:g) and a mixing time of 15 minutes. In general, results show that API of DAO increased twice the API of reduced crude oil while sulfur and metals content decreased 20% and 50% respectively. Deasphaltened oil produced from various operating conditions blended with the

The first successful implementation of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) was published a little over a decade ago. It is time to review the progress that has been made in this research area. This paper provides taxonomy for classifying Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) implementation of ANNs. Different implementation techniques and design issues are discussed, such as obtaining a suitable activation function and numerical truncation technique trade-off, the improvement of the learning algorithm to reduce the cost of neuron and in result the total cost and the total speed of the complete ANN. Finally, the implementation of a complete very fast circuit for the pattern of English Digit Numbers NN has four layers of 70 nodes (neurons) o

يأتي الاستخدام العالمي لبولي ميثيل ميثاكريلات (PMMA) كمادة أساسية لأطقم الأسنان من سهولة المعالجة والإصلاح والتوافق الحيوي والمظهر الجمالي الممتاز. ومع ذلك ، فإن أوجه القصور في مواد البوليمر ، مثل الخواص الميكانيكية والفيزيائية غير كافية. كان الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم القوة المستعرضة وقابلية البلل PMMA بعد الاختلاط مع جزيئات الزركونيا و PMMA المبلمرة [ZP] كمواد مالئة بنسبة مختلفة. المواد والأساليب: تم اقتراح م

The paper is concerned with, the behavior of the hydrostatic thrust bearings lubricated with liquid-solid lubricants using Einstein viscosity formula, and taking into account the centrifugal force resulting from high speed.  Also studied is the effect of the bearing dimensions on the pressure, flow rate, load capacity, shear stress, power consumption and stiffness.

The theoretical results show an increase in load capacity by (8.3%) in the presence of solid graphite particles with concentration of (16%) by weight as compared with pure oil, with increasing shear stress.  .

In general the performance of hydrostatic thrust bearings improve for load carrying capacity, volume flow rate,

The ratio of draft tube to reactor diameters is of decisive importance for the operation behavior of air lift loop reactors. The influence of draft tube geometry was investigated with respect to oxygen mass transfer and mixing time. The diameter ratio was varied between 0.33 and 0.80. The measurements were performed in two loop reactors with liquid capacities of 11.775 and 26.49 liters using aqueous with solutions of different coalescence behavior. The results show that there is no single diameter ratio which would produce most favorable conditions for the two process parameters. With respect to the more important requirements of aerobic cultures, i.e high oxygen mass transfer and efficient mixing, a diameter ratio between 0.5 and 0.6 is

The recent trend towards the use of a blockchain as a means to guarantee the security of health data has raised concerns with regard to its applicability in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios due to computationally heavy primitives (e.g. hashing functions) and lack of scalability. As a solution to this problem, this article introduces Rabbit-256: an addition–rotation–XOR-based sponge construction derived from the Rabbit stream cipher that is twisted and adapted to a lightweight hash function, suitably adapted for distributed solutions in healthcare systems with a blockchain nature. Rabbit-256 is a lightweight encryption cipher that wears the mask of a hash function but with better diffusion and avalanche through an official buildup i

Whilst wireless communication technologies proliferate, putting extra demand on the finite radio frequency spectrum and leading to issues of congestion, underutilisation and interference, this dissertation presents a modern spectrum management model on the binary genetic algorithm (BGA) capable of improving detection accuracy and adaptive spectrum access in cognitive radio networks (CRNs). BGA follows binary encoding to determine optimum weighting factors for secondary users in a CRN scenario with a much faster performance and better reliability than conventional genetic approaches. In the cooperative spectrum-sensing scheme proposed in this paper, multiple secondary users will forward their local sensing outcomes to a fusion centre in w

Traffic lights operating on a fixed schedule are mostly time-consuming; for example, running green signals in the absence of vehicles, leading to a buildup of long queues at red lights. This inefficiency results in congestion in cities, contributes to delays and economic losses and intensifies pollution levels. In this study, a deep learning-based adaptive image processing traffic light control system for real-time dynamic regulation of signals was proposed. Different from typical sensor-based solutions, the proposed method uses established surveillance cameras, enabling cost-efficient deployment and easy installation. A YOLOv10-based detection model identifies and classifies vehicles by type, applying weight factors to effectively estim

This study presents the preparation method and characterisation of activated carbon (AC) from pomegranate waste by using chemical with microwave activation. Pomegranate peels in powder form were impregnated in 40–60 %wt sulphuric acid with different ratios (1:3 of pomegranate to sulphuric acid) and times (2–6 h) for chemical activation. The impregnated samples were activated in microwave under inert atmosphere at different powers (450–900 W) and activation times (7–21 min) to produce AC. Design-Expert software (version 13) was selected with the I-optimal method to analyse the effects of AC preparation variables. The preparation variables, including acid concentration, impregnation time, impregnation rat

A​‍​‌‍​‍‌ gantry robot is one of the most common types of industrial robots with linear movement. This type of robot is also known as a Cartesian or linear robot. It is an automated industrial system that moves along linear paths, enabling it to create a 3D envelope of the space in which it operates. A robot of this type has a standardised configuration process because it can have several sets of axes, such as X, Y and Z. The gantry robot picks up products from several places, so it can search through various locations. Afterwards, it carefully deposits the products on a conveyor belt for the next stage of the procedure or final ​‍​‌‍​‍‌shipment. This integration enables continuous and automated material f

In amputation surgery, osseointegration is the placement of a metal implant in the residual bone and is conducted with an external prosthesis. In this study, the prospective application of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy in a transtibial osseointegrated prosthesis was carefully examined. The alloy demonstrated favourable mechanical properties, such as strong mechanical strength with an average yield strength of 482 MPa, ultimate tensile strength of 551.843 MPa and modulus of elasticity of 74 GPa. In compression testing, the material showed its resilience to compressive loads, exhibiting 700 MPa yield strength and 1010 MPa compressive strength. The elastic modulus of Ti–13Nb–13Zr alloy is approximately 55–65 GPa, which is much closer to that

To assist decision-makers in selecting the best solutions and arriving at better solutions for temporary shelter and to identify key issues related to temporary shelter methods and provide some principles and recommendations, this study presented a theoretical investigation into the measurement of thermal comfort in standard relief tents in cold climates. The results were analysed and compared using the CBE MRT and CBE Thermal Comfort tools based on field-measured values inside a tent from December 2024 to February 2025. The results on 11, 13, 14 and 18 December 2024, were selected to avoid repetition. Thermal comfort is a key factor in the design and use of tents in cold regions because of its direct impact on the safety and well-being

This study examines the thermal and electrical characteristics of insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) in boost direct current (DC)–DC converters used in photovoltaic systems with respect to how switching and conduction losses vary under different operating conditions. The behaviour of IKWH70N65WR6 IGBT was measured (PLECS software) with load resistances of 5, 10 and 20 Ω at switching frequencies of 1–100 kHz. Important results are as follows: conduction losses prevail at low frequencies and load currents and switching losses increase towards high frequencies. Thermal stress is the highest at mid-range frequencies (50–60 kHz) and IGBT junction temperatures peak to 123 °C. Reduced load resistance leads to increased power con

This research aims to assess the behavior and effectiveness of flash graphene (FG) in the remediation of pH, EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), cations, and Fe⁺³ from real groundwater (GW) of the wells of the Al-Raeed Research Station, which is used in reclamation and irrigation. enclose that contaminant levels in remediated real GW abide criterion of Iraqis and Food and Agriculture (FAO) standards. Adsorption technology in the batch adsorption mode experiment was achieved by FG, a carbon-based, highly porous structure that has strong adsorption capacity due to its beneficial surface area (71.7 m²/gm). A locally designed and manufactured electroflash reactor was used to synthesize FG by converting activated carbon de

In this study many specimen s were prepared from 2024-T3 Aluminum alloy for corrosion test by the dimensions of (15*15*3) mm according to ASTM G71-31 and then subjected to shot peening process at different time (15, 30, 45) minutes using steel ball having a diameter of 2.75 mm and Rockwell Hardness of 55R_C to induce compressive residual stress which were measured using X-Ray diffraction method, surface roughness and   hardness were tested before and after peening. Electrochemical corrosion test by Tafel extrapolation method was carried out in an environment of 3 .5% NaCl solutions (sea water) where Corrosion rate calculated using Tafle equation.

The obtained results show a favorable influence of SP treatment

Binary mixtures of three, heavy oil-stocks was subjected to density measurements at temperatures of 30, 35 and 40 °C. and precise data was acquired on the volumetric behavior of these systems. The results are reported in terms of equations for excess specific volumes of mixtures. The heavy oil-stocks used were of good varity, namely 40 stock, 60 stock, and 150 stock. The lightest one is 40 stock with °API gravity 33.69 while 60 stock is a middle type and 150 stock is a heavy one, with °API gravity 27.74 and 23.79 respectively. Temperatures in the range of 30-40 °C have a minor effect on excess volume of heavy oil-stock binary mixture thus, insignificant expansion or shrinkage is observed by increasing the temperature this effect beco

This work is concerned with a two stages four beds adsorption chiller utilizing activated carbon-methanol adsorption pair that operates on six separated processes. The four beds that act as thermal compressors are powered by a low grade thermal energy in the form of hot water at a temperature range of 65 to 83 °C.  As well as, the water pumps and control cycle consume insignificant electrical power. This adsorption chiller consists of three water cycles. The first water cycle is the driven hot water cycle. The second cycle is the cold water cycle to cool the carbon, which adsorbs the methanol. Finally, the chilled water cycle that is used to overcome the building load. The theoretical results showed that average cycle cooling power