Since the establishment of the global monetary system, economic relations have been intertwined as well as the high rates of trade and the multiplicity of currencies traded as the economies of the world are linked to each other in such a way that monetary policies applied in certain countries affect the economic policies of other countries. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign agricultural trade and some macroeconomic variables on the behavior of exchange rate whose effect is reflected on the structure of foreign agricultural trade. To fulfill paper requirement data were collected from secondary sources and one source was depended in collecting data which is ministry of planning – central statisti

This research was aimed to study the pollen morphology for the genus Pterocephalus(Vaill)  from Dipsacaceae family in Iraq, and to utilize these feathers in isolating the species as valuable taxonomic traits for enriching Iraqi flora. The study included characteristics of the type, shape, size, sculpturing and apertures, as well as determining the full dimensions using light microscopy as well as numerical analysis of this species and draw polygonal shapes and denderogram  convergence between species. The results of the study of pollen and polygonal forms showed significant differences in the characteristics at the level of each species, which helps to identifi

Hydatid Cysts were obtained  from liver, lungs, spleen, heart, and peritoneal cavity of 15 cows, from different Iraqi regions  between December 2014 and October 2015. Hydatid cysts (protoscoleces) were used for mitochondrial DNA extraction by using mechanical grinder, and the purification of mtDNA was done by (promega kit, USA). "The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) gene" was used as target for "polymerase chain reaction (PCR)" which successfully amplified the targeted this gene with 450 bp. The PCR products were purified and partial sequences were determine. The obtained sequences were aligned with the corresponding region of co1 gene in the Gene Bank nucleotide database to confirm t

Subsurface drip irrigation is one of the most efficient systems for management of water.  This study is aimed to analysis the wetted area for subsurface drip irrigation system.  Several models are developed for predicting the wetted widths and the wetted depths which are very important for designing an optimal irrigation system. HYDRUS/2D is used for predicting the dimensions of wetting patterns numerically by using the two dimensional transient flow of water from a subsurface drip irrigation through sandy loam and loamy sand soils.   The wetting patterns from a subsurface drip source are simulated by using the system of United States Department of Agriculture, USDA, the wetti

To improve both the quantity and quality of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seeds, a field experiment was conducted in the fall season of 2021-2022 at two locations: Qlyasan Agricultural Research Station and Kanipanka Research Station. The experiment was designed as factorial experiments (2×2×3) within Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using 3 replicates, the first factor was two sowing dates (20^th Oct. and 20^th Nov), the second factor was plant density (50 and 100 plants m^-2), and the third factor was the application of Nitrogen (15 and 30 kg ha^-1 as well as control). The mean results of the both locations indicated that the highest seed yield of 2759 kg ha^-1 g

The present research was conducted to the Gynandris sisyrinchium (L.) Parl. leaves extract to identify the phytochemicals present and determine the qualitative presence of phenols and flavonoids. The GC-MS findings have different peaks to determine the existence of 23 phytochemical compounds which may have a role in pharmacological activities. On another side, A photocatalytic degradation of extracted dye using ZnO and Sb₂O₃ was tested, which is done by the photodegrade of a suspended aqueous solution of extracted dye with 0.17gm/100ml of semiconductor starting with ZnO then Sb₂O₃ under UV lamp (125 Watts) at 298 K. To reach th

The current study  was carried out at the Fields belongs of Horticulture  Department, Collage of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of  Baghdad, Al-Jadiriyah for the spring season 2016 -2017 to study the effect for  inoculation mycorrhizae and  folair application  with bio stimulators and their interaction in the growth characters of  (local okra  ptera). A factorial experiment  (2  in randomized complete block design (RCBD), the experiment included (12) treatment  Distributed  in three  replicates. The three factors used in this experiment included . The inoculation with control (C) Mycorrhizae  ( M ) , Biozyme  (B ) ( B1 2cm

This study was aimed four electrodes were synthesized based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Two MIPs were prepared by using bromhexine hydrochloride (BHH) as the template, acryl amide (AA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) as monomers as well as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and penta erythritol triacrylate (PETA) as cross linkers respectively and benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The same composition was used in preparation of non-imprinted polymers (NIPs), but without the template (Bromhexine hydrochloride). To prepare the membranes, different plasticizers were used in PVC matrix such as: Di butyl sebacate (DBS), acetophenone (AP), di-octyl phthalate (DOPH) and tri-2-ethyl hexyl phosphate (TEHP). The characteristics

The structure of fish community was evaluated before and after Aski-Kalak City at Greater Zab River, Erbil Province, Iraq during the period from November 2020 to October 2021. A total of 1582 specimens belonged to 25 fish species were collected and reached to 570 Kg of total weights. These fish were mostly belonging to Cyprinidae family and one for each Mugilidae, Siluridae, Bargridae, Sisoridae and Mastacembelidae. According to fish occurrence in (S1), there were five fish species be as resident, 8 and 10 species as seasonal and rare respectively. The annual values of fish species, weight and catches effort 10.7, 184 and 33.25 Kg/hour respectively, and in (S2) fish species of 6, 6 and 11 as resident, seasonal and rare respective

This study was aimed to evaluate the extent of the spread for  Mycoplasma gallisepticum  in the broiler chicken flocks of  the Samarra  city. 202 samples were collected from eight meat chicken fields in the city of Samarra for the period from September to December 2022, as these samples showed respiratory symptoms. The collected specimens were dissected in order to obtain both the trachea and the air sacs; After isolating the causative agent on Pleuropneumonia - like organisms (PPLOs) medium, mycoplasma infection reached 32.2%. The result appeared in the form of colonies with a shape similar to that of a “fried egg.” The rates of mycoplasma infection at culture fo

Climate is an important factor in the development of plant diseases. to be able to avoid yield loss due to disease explosion, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study of climatic factors as a direct and indirect influence. one that can be done is weather data-based forecasting.  This method can determine and estimate the likelihood of disease outbreaks in a certain period. In addition, disease forecasting can act as prevention due to pathogen attacks so as to avoid damage and yield loss and maintain the ecosystem of antagonistic fungi in the coffee ecosystem. Agro ecosystem management can encourage the development of antagonistic fungi as pathogen biological agents. Akanthomyces sp. species are widely reported a

The research aims to enhance farmers' access to agricultural credit by identifying the most important economic and social characteristics affecting the demand for agricultural loans. Farmers need agricultural credit as a source of financing due to their weak financial capabilities، and that farmers’ lack of access to credit may negatively affect the achievement of the level of production that maximizes profit or allow farmers to apply and use modern technologies or develop existing agricultural projects. Cross-sectional data were collected for a random sample of (275) farmers in Baghdad governorate. The Logit model was used to determine the most important factors affecting agricultural loans، which include gender، age، educ

 This study was aimed to obtain morphometric parameters of Duhok watershed evaluated through three aspects. The area was located at Duhok governorate with covers 394.87Km². Depending on stream orders, ten of sub-watersheds were extracted from the main watershed. Furthermore, Duhok watershed stream orders ranged from 1 to 6, as well as the total number of segmented stream reported for the total number of orders was (4175). The results of the current study indicate the Duhok watershed has a high relief ratio (0.026 m/km) and relative relief (0.95) which refers to steep slopes and excessive runoff. The ruggedness value is (4.09) indicates the study region is rugged w

This study aimed to investigate the expression level of microRNA-20a in plasma samples collected from 20 healthy males and 20 healthy females' as non-cancerous controls, 34 males and 26 females who diagnosed with CRC, the age range for both poles was at age range of 23 to 66 years old, those patients didn’t receive any chemical, radiological or surgical treatment and subjected to relative quantitative detection using RT-PCR technique. Specific primers designed for this purpose, the sequence of miR-20a retrieved from NCBI and miRBASE, the primers designed using stem-loop structure method, RNU-43 reference gene used for results normalization. The resulted data analyzed using the Livak method, the folding mean of CRC patients (12.

The study's goals are to use pyocyanin pigment produced by the clinical isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a reducing and stabilizing agent for nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs) and their use it antibacterial agents against biofilm-producing, multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from various clinical sources. The antibiotic susceptibility test of E. Coli isolates was shown to be resistant to ceftriaxone, cotrimoxazole, piperacillin-triazole, tetracycline, and ticarcillin, while sensitive to Amikacin, Amoxicillin, Nitrofurantoin, and Imipenem. NiO NPs are synthesized by using nickel sulfate NiSO₄ (10g) with a concentration of pyocyanin (10mg/10ml). The NiO NPs synthesized were characterized

This study was aimed to determine  the active compounds in alcoholic extracts (methanolic 75% and ethanolic 75%) of  Pelargonium gravolens leaves and flowers as well as their antibacterial and antioxidant  activities. The methanolic extract of dry leaves and fresh flowers (30 g each) gave  4.8650, 2.8015 g  respectively. While ethanolic extract for the same parts gave 5.5787, 2.1832g respectively.    Spectrophotometric analysis showed that, the flavonoids content in leaves and flowers methanol extract  were  20.38, 70.90 μg rutin equivalent/g of extract, respectively, as for ethanol  extract  those values were 21.89, 71.63 μg rutin equivalent/g of ext

This study was aimed to identification of certain crosses to produce hybrids with higher performance per se can be aided by the determination of simple sequence repeats (SSR), which can improve our understanding of the genetic divergence of maize lines and their classification into different heterotic groups. Variability for each locus was measured using the polymorphism information content (PIC), with an average of 0.55, suggesting that the markers were highly informative. Analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated higher divergence among the maize lines, suggesting the existence of different groups. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean analysis (UPGMA) and th

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of resveratrol as a natural antioxidant in improving the chemical properties and some qualitative and microbial properties of chilled ground beef stored at 2 C° for 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days. The study included 7 different treatments: T1 (control treatment without addition) T2 (Resveratrol 0.10% g/kg) T3 (Resveratrol 0.20% g/kg) T4 (Resveratrol 0.30% g/kg) T5 (Resveratrol %0.40g/kg) T6 (Resveratrol %0.50g/kg) and T7 (Addition of Butylated hydroxyanisole 0.01% BHA). All addition treatments showed a significant (P<0.05) decreases in dry matter percentage of Fat and Ash and increase in protein, moisture and water holding capacity (WHC) percentage as compared with the control treatme

The current study aimed to study the effects of feeding olive leaves (OL) on milk yield, milk composition, body weight, and blood parameters of lactating Awassi ewes. Thirty-six newly lambed ewes and their single lambs were distributed at random and assigned to one of three diets: 0% OL (CON), 15% OL (OL15), and 30% OL (OL30) to replace the forage source in sheep's diets. The first seven days of the 56-day experiment were dedicated to adaptation, with the remaining 49 days dedicated to the collection of data. Dry matter (DM) intake was greater (p = 0.014) in the OL15 and OL30 groups compared with the CON group. Crude protein and ether extract intake was also the highest in the OL30 group (p=0.0172) followed by the OL15 group and

This study was carried out in order to isolate and diagnosis of common bacteria from bovine mastitis in Baghdad city which have the ability to produce biofilm and detect its molecular composition. Twenty five milk samples were collected from different regions in Baghdad city from udders of cows suffering from clinical and subclinical mastitis.Then cultured on blood agar. Gram staining was done to differentiate between bacteria gram positive which cultured on Mannitol Salt Agar and Nutrient Agar while gram negative bacteria were cultured on MacConkey agar and Eosin Methylene Blue agar. All bacterial isolates were subjected to different biochemical tests, API 20 E System, API Staph System and RapID^TMONE System kit to con

This study was aimed to isolate, identify and characterize the bacterial pathogens causing calf diarrhea in Baghdad province and study it's susceptibility toward different antibiotics. The study was conducted on 105 faecal samples collected directly from the rectum of diarrhoeic calves and brought to the laboratory for bacteriological examination. Isolation and identification of the microorganisms were confirmed on the basis of their, staining, cultural, morphology and biochemical tests. Furthermore, antibacterial test was study for different clinical isolates of pathogenic bacteria toward varying concentration of antibiotics by disc diffusion technique. samples

Wilt death disease on date palm tissue culture offshoots is a new interested phenomenon observed in Iraq since a several years, represented by fungal disease infecting plants in pots and/or soil, causing graduate wilt starts from down fronds to the top, ending with death.  The survey results revealed that infection percentage ranged from 4% in Abulkhaseeb district to 4.5% in Al-Seeba area with no significant differences among infected orchards (P-0.369), while the death percentage was 6.2% in Al-Seeba area comparing with 2.4% Abulkhaseeb with no significant differences too (P=0.368). The isolation results confirmed that Fusarium solani was the main isolated fungus from all root samples. Five isolates of F.solani

The research was conducted at Research Station, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad during fall seasons of 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 with the aim of studying the effect of foliar application with Moringa extract, yeast suspention, and adding humic acid on the vegetative and flowering growth of marigold plant and its content of plant pigments. A factorial experiment including three factors in (RCBD) with three replicates . First factor was foliar application with Moringa leaf extract at concentrations 4,6,8 % (M1,M2,M3), as well as yeast suspension at a concentration 5 and 10 g .L^-1 (Y1,Y2), in addition to the control treatment (Y0), and Adding humic acid to the soil at co

This experiment was conducted at one of the plastic houses at the research station of College of Agriculture - Anbar University at Ramadi city, Al-Bu’itha region, during Tow season 2021-2022 and 2022-2023, to determine the response of three okra hybrids (V1, V2 and V3) to application of growth regulators Brassinolide (BR) (T0, T1 and T2) and Thidiazuron (TDZ) (T3 and T4) to various growth and yield characteristics. The experiment was conducted using RCBD Within split plot design and three replicates,  The hybrid Abeer exhibited a significant superiority over other hybrids in plant height (107.80 and 111.62 cm), number of lateral branches (8.37 and 9.71 branches plant-1), number of leaves (128.39 and 133.21 leaf plant-1), l

The present research provides the first comprehensive and integrated taxonomic revision of Picris spp. distributed in the Rawanduz (MRO) district- Kurdistan Region- Iraq, a region where members of the genus have long been considered taxonomically challenging. Two species, the biennial to perennial Picris strigose and annual Picris kotschyi, were documented and examined using detailed morphological, micro-morphological, and anatomical analyses. Plant Materials were collected from natural populations representing different elevations, and a wide range of diagnostic characters were evaluated, including vegetative and reproductive morphology, trichome structure, achene features, ecological preferences, and geograph

This study was aimed to investigate facing the total quality management application in training extension centers of Iraq. This study was conducted on all Iraqi governorates except the Kurdistan Region, A random sample was withdrawn from them by 50% (8 governorates). The sample included agricultural managers and extension employees working in the training extension centers and their affiliated farms in the governorates included in the research sample, included 149 respondents. Data were collected from the respondents by personal interview method during the period 9/7/2023-5/9/2023. The results showed existence of could be determinants that face the application of total quality management in the training extension centers, as the financia

   This study was aimed to investigate the response of "Barhi" cultivar trees to sheep manure, pollinator's and number of pollinations. This experiment was carried out during 2022 and 2023 seasons at one of "Barhi" palm orchards propagated by tissue culture, grown in Al-Dawwar date palm station affiliated to Ministry of Agriculture. ten-year-old Barhi cultivar. Factors of experiment included addition of three levels of sheep manure, 0 (M₀), 20 (M₁) and 40 kg,tree^-1 (M₂), as well as two pollinators cultivar, Ghanami Akhdar (P₁), and local cultivar (P₂), while pollinations number were three times; once (N₁), Two pollinat

This study was aimed to evaluation of broad leaf  herbicide  season 2022/2023 at this research included two factors, the first: weed pesticides with four levels (control, 2, 4-D, Cranstar and Lintor) and with the recommended concentrations for each herbicide. The second: planting distances: which are 15 and 30 cm between the lines. The research was carried out using within factorial experiments complete randomized block design (RCBD), sowing took place on 11/15/2022, with a seeding rate of (100) kg . h^-1 for Sham 6 cultivar, the herbicides were sprayed by a dorsal sprayer with a capacity of 16 liters on 11/2/2023, and on 3/25/2023 the weed characteristics were studied, and on 5/27/2023 the yield characteristi

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary sesame hulls (SH) on the growth and blood profiles of growing lambs. Twenty-four lambs (initial body weight = 21.8 ± 1.35 kg; age = 75 ± 2.5 days) were randomly assigned to 3 diets. Diets with no SH (CON), 75 g/kg   SH (SH75), or 150 g/kg SH (SH150), for 120 days, with 10 days adaptation period, followed by 110 days for data collection. The dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and metabolizable energy intake were greater in the SH75 and SH150 diets than in the CON diet. Conversely, the group SH150 exhibited the highest values (P < 0.05) of ether extract intake. Lambs fed diets containing SH showed greater final body weigh

A field experiment was conducted during the spring season of 2024 at the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, to study cultivation sustainability of sunflower influenced by nitrogen fertilization and bacterial biofertilization. A split-plot arrangement within randomized complete block design with three replications was used. The main plots received 0, 25, 50 and 75% of recommended nitrogen, while the sub-plots were sown with seeds inoculated with Azotobacter chroococum, Azospirillum brasilense, their mixture and without inoculation, in addition to application of recommended nitrogen fertilization (200 Kg N ha^-1) for later comparison with fertilizer combinations. The Fi