In this paper, we characterize the percolation condition for a continuum secondary cognitive radio network under the SINR model. We show that the well-established condition for continuum percolation does not hold true in the SINR regime. Thus, we find the condition under which a cognitive radio network percolates. We argue that due to the SINR requirements of the secondaries along with the interference tolerance of the primaries, not all the deployed secondary nodes necessarily contribute towards the percolation process- even though they might participate in the communication process. We model the invisibility of such nodes using the concept of Poisson thinning, both in the presence and absence of primaries. Invisibility occurs due to nodes that i) cannot decode transmissions except from their nearest neighbors, ii) are always interfered, and iii) belong to isolated components. We find the thinning probability in terms of primary and secondary densities, communication radii, and interference cancellation coefficient. Further, we show how the effective coverage radius shrinks which also adds to the thinning. Theoretical findings are validated through simulations.
A field experiment was carried out during the seasons 2016 and 2017 in the farm of the Department of Field Crops Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences-University of Baghdad to evaluate the effect of(Aminopyralid + Flurasulam, Coldinafop-propargyl and Flucarbazone-sodium) herbicides and seeding rate (100, 125 and 150) Kg.ha-1 and the interaction between them in growth characteristics, grain and yield components in wheat (Var. IPA99). The results showed that herbicides used were significantly efficient in studied characteristics compared to weedy treatment. Herbicide Flucarbazone-sodium gave higher weed control after 60 and 90 days of spraying the he
Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 as well Zn+2 compounds mixed ligand from 8-hydroxyquinoline(8-HQ) also tributylphosphine (PBu3) have been attended at aquatic ethyl alcohol for (1:2:2) (M:8-HQ:PBu3). Produced complexes have been identified by utilizing atomic absorption flame, FT-IR as well UV-Vis spectrum manners also magnetic susceptibility as well as conductivity methods. At addendum antibacterial efficiency from the ligands as well complexes oboist three species about bacteria have been as well examined. Ligands and their complexes show good bacterial efficiencies. Of the gained datum the octahedral geometry was proposed into whole prepared complexes
The current research aims to identify the time-management skills based on the post-test of the experimental group as well as to examine the effect of a training program on developing the skills of managing time among the study sample. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher designed a scale of time management skill included (30) paragraphs. The research reached that the training program is significantly effective in managing and organizing time. There are statistically significant differences in pre-posttest between the experimental and control groups.
One of the unique properties of laser heating applications is its powerful ability for precise pouring of energy on the needed regions in heat treatment applications. The rapid rise in temperature at the irradiated region produces a high temperature gradient, which contributes in phase metallurgical changes, inside the volume of the irradiated material. This article presents a comprehensive numerical work for a model based on experimentally laser heated AISI 1110 steel samples. The numerical investigation is based on the finite element method (FEM) taking in consideration the temperature dependent material properties to predict the temperature distribution within the irradiated material volume. The finite element analysis (FEA) was carried
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