Background: Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is a prototypical resistant bacterium in root canal infections and a leading cause of endodontic treatment failure. German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) flower extract has been used as a traditional medicine to treat infections. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of chamomile extract on the removal of E. faecalis root canal biofilm. Materials and Methods: Chamomile flower extract was prepared and subjected to detailed chemical analysis. For the in vitro biofilm model, human mandibular premolars (n=48) with 18-20mm working length were used. Root canal preparation was performed using the ProTaper® Next system. Each sample was split longitudinally and reassembled within a pre-prepared silicone matrix, and a mature E. faecalis biofilm was grown for seven days. Samples were randomised into four groups (n=12 for each arm) based on the type of irrigant protocol comprising normal saline, 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), dual irrigation with 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 3% NaOCl, and chamomile extract. After irrigation, residual biofilms were measured in (n=9/group) using densiometric measurements. Observational analysis of residual biofilm was performed in (n=3/group) using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results: Phytochemical investigations showed that chamomile extract is rich in antimicrobial components such as flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, tannins, and others. Spectrophotometry analysis showed a statistically significant difference between the normal saline group with mean optical density (OD)= 0.63044; ±0.106 and each of EDTA and NaOCl group (mean OD=0.35922; ±0.091), chamomile group (mean OD=0.37611; ±0.106) at p<0.001, and the NaOCl group (mean OD=0.46344; ±0.096) at p<0.01. No statistically significant difference between chamomile group and NaOCl and the dual EDTA and NaOCl irrigation protocol. SEM images showed removal of E. faecalis biofilm and smear layer was in the order: dual EDTA and NaOCl irrigation>chamomile extract>NaOCl. Conclusions: Chamomile flower extract has an apparent removal efficacy of E. faecalis biofilm from root canals. It may be a promising antimicrobial material to be used as a natural endodontic irrigation solution.
The objective of this research work is to evaluate the quality of central concrete plant of Al-Rasheed Company by using Six Sigma approach which is a measure of quality that strives for near elimination of defects using the statistical methods to improve outputs that are critical to customers. The fundamental objective of Six Sigma methodology is the implementation of a measurement-based strategy that focuses on process improvement and variation reduction to reach delighting customers, and then suggesting an improvement system to improve the production of concrete in Al-Rasheed State Contracting Construction Company.
A field survey includes two parts (open and close questionnaire) that aimed to get the data and information required f
Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) beams have gained attention due to their promising mechanical properties and potential for structural applications. Combining GFRP core and encasing materials creates a composite beam with superior mechanical properties. This paper describes the testing encased GFRP beams as composite Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams under low-velocity impact load. Theoretical analysis was used with practical results to simulate the tested beams' behavior and predict the generated energies during the impact loading. The impact response was investigated using repeated drops of 42.5 kg falling mass from various heights. An analysis was performed using accelerometer readings to calculate the generalized inertial load. The in
... Show More(E)-2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yliazenyl)-4-methoxyaniline was synthesized by reaction the diazonium salt of 2-aminobenzothiazole with 4-methoxyaniline. Identified of the ligand by spectral techniques (UV-Vis, FTIR,1HNMR and LC-Mass) and microelemental analysis (C.H.N.S.O) are used to produce of the azo ligand. Complexes of (Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) were synthesized and identified using atomic absorption of flame, elemental analysis, infrared and UV-Vis spectral process as well conductivity and magnetic quantifications. Nature of compounds produced have been studied followed the mole ratio and continuous contrast methods, Beer's law followed during a concentration scope (1×10-4-3×10-4 mole/L). height molar absorptivity of compound solutions h
... Show MoreObjective: to evaluate the results of (Modification of Russe method) in treatment of nonunion fracture scaphoid bone by bone graft with external splintage (plaster of paris cast (pop ).
Methods:Prospective study done on 26 patients (24 male, 2 female), age range between 25-42 years (mean age 34 years), fracture site at middle 1/3 with minimal displacements with no carpal bone or radial bone injury, technique of Matte- Russe method (explore the bone through volar approach using bone graft from iliac crest (cortico-cancellous peg plus cancellus bone) with thumb spica for 90 days with period of follow up 12-18 months.
Results: out of 26 patients treated by this method , 23 patients (88.5%) union was achieved radiologically by the end
In this paper, a FPGA model of intelligent traffic light system with power saving was built. The intelligent traffic light system consists of sensors placed on the side's ends of the intersection to sense the presence or absence of vehicles. This system reduces the waiting time when the traffic light is red, through the transition from traffic light state to the other state, when the first state spends a lot of time, because there are no more vehicles. The proposed system is built using VHDL, simulated using Xilinx ISE 9.2i package, and implemented using Spartan-3A XC3S700A FPGA kit. Implementation and Simulation behavioral model results show that the proposed intelligent traffic light system model satisfies the specified operational req
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